Para o mundo atual é necessária a mudança de paradigmas e entre as mudanças mais prementes encontra-se a necessidade de garantir a sustentabilidade dos empreendimentos humanos. Assim, a gestão empresarial tende a mudar e, para adequarse a essa nova forma de gestão, o conceito de Ecologia Industrial e o uso de softwares de controle podem ser de grande valia. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo desenvolver metodologia do uso desses softwares na aplicação do conceito de Ecologia Industrial em empresas da área de eletroeletrônicos, preferencialmente ligadas à área de microeletrônica, para definir indicadores de sustentabilidade adequados ao sistema e indicar possíveis melhorias de processo pela formação de ecossistemas industriais. O setor eletroeletrônico foi avaliado preliminarmente e apresentou, devido ao alto valor agregado de seus produtos, várias oportunidades de redução de custos, de melhoria ambiental e social na cadeia produtiva devido à reutilização de co-produtos gerados internamente ou por outras empresas, sugerindo um esforço para aumentar a formação de ecossistemas industriais neste setor. Como a formação de ecossistemas industriais é muito dependente da troca, é relevante o fato dos estudos de caso mostrarem a importância das distâncias e, deste modo, entre os prováveis impactos significativos, a emissão de carbono precisa ser fortemente considerada. Para a área de insumos para a microeletrônica, avaliada preliminarmente no programa QITS (Quartz Industrial Trade System), a possibilidade do uso de lascas de silício e de bagaço de cana é dificultada pelas distâncias entre os produtos e respectiva emissão de carbono decorrente do translado. Outros insumos são normalmente adquiridos e descartados em ciclos ainda mais abertos. Na área de microeletrônica, ciclos de reuso de água com galvânicas existem, mas não de outros produtos, como soluções aquosas ácidas ou alcalinas, que poderiam ser recicladas em metalúrgicas, onde o grau de pureza exigido é menor. Na área de circuito impresso e de montagem em superfície vários co-produtos já são reciclados, porém, uma troca entre produtores, não envolvendo recicladoras, proporcionaria um ganho econômico maior. Soluções aquosas similares às utilizadas em microeletrônica também poderiam ser utilizadas, porém, novamente as distâncias são as principais variáveis a dificultar tal processo. A reciclagem de equipamentos completos esbarra em várias dificuldades, entre elas os aspectos legais. Para as micros e pequenas empresas o desenvolvimento de banco de dados permite a implantação da Ecologia Industrial sem altos custos associados. Estes bancos de dados também favorecem a obtenção de indicadores requisitados por outros atores ambientais, tal como bolsa de valores. / Nowadays, paradigm changes are needed and one of the most urgent changes required is to assure sustainability on human entrepreneurships. Therefore, entrepreneurship management will be modified and Industrial Ecology concept allied to software applications can be very useful. The aim of this work was development of suitable methodology for Industrial Ecology concept implementation using software. Brazilian industries on the electronic sector were evaluated in order to define sustainability indicators and also to propose processes improvement using industrial ecosystems. Preliminary evaluations of the electronic sector shows, due to the high value of the products, several possibilities for cost reduction and environmental and social improvement as well. The opportunities can be implemented with non-product exchanges inside the plants or among different plants, i.e. by industrial ecosystem formation. However, as industrial ecosystems require intense exchange among participants distance between plants is a high constraint and can associates a significant environemental impact, mainly due to carbon emission. Reactants production for Microeletronics was formerly evaluated on QITS (Quartz Industrial Trade System) program. The program suggested the use of sugarcane biomass and quartz for silicon production. However, due to the high distances between these two products, carbon emission inhibits the ecosystem. Moreover, other products are also acquired and discarded in open circles. Microelectronics can reuse water in partnership with the galvanic industries but not other products, such as acid and basic aqueous solution, mainly on metallurgic processes. Print circuit board and surface mounting technology several non-products are already recycled, nonetheless the best economical practice would be a direct change, i. e., no recyclers involved. Aqueous solutions are hardly recycled due to distance between sites. Equipment recycling is a huge problem due to the legal concerns on disassembly For micro and small industries simple software, such as database, allows Industrial Ecology implementation with very low cost. These databases also favor obtaining sustainability indicators required for several stakeholders, such as stockers.

The systems analysis of biomass in the Borås municipality is conducted so as to identify the amount of biomass consumed by certain designated systems for this study. Using the principles of urban metabolism and material flow accounting, the system boundary is setup and biomass is categorized into system specific entities which are to be quantified. The symbiosis principle and the cascading approach of resource utilization are used to determine the systems which are working together and the resources they share among each other. Selected flows are established to be calculated for paper and paper products; fuel and construction wood; biogas; and blended transportation fuels. The flows are considered one by one, it is found that the consumption system and the waste management system are main players in the flow of paper and its products. The flow of fuel and construction wood is surveyed across different companies in the municipality for 2013. The fate of the waste construction wood for 2011 is traced across the waste handling systems of Borås Energi och Miljö till the Combined Heat and Power plant at Ryaverket. The quantities of fuel wood consumed by the CHP and residential heat are received from statistical sources. The main players in the biogas production flow are the waste management system and the digesters at Gässlösa and Sobacken. The consumption of enriched biogas is then examined for different transportation sub-systems. The flows for blended fuels is considered for petrol, diesel; separately analysed from them are their blended quantities of ethanol and other renewable additives. The sold quantities of petrol and diesel have been received from the market survey for the year 2013. The flows are then individually validated by common critical parameters to determine how reliable the information sources are. The resulting flows are discussed for the symbiosis of resources and significance of urban metabolism concepts. / Program: Masterutbildning i energi- och materialåtervinning

Orientador: Emilia Wanda Rutkowski / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Civil, Arquitetura e Urbanismo / Made available in DSpace on 2018-09-27T13:16:56Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Lima_JulianaChavesFontes_M.pdf: 738234 bytes, checksum: b06e9cb35cd93549388524bb7a01b092 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008 / Resumo: O setor industrial começa, no século 21, a repensar e reprojetar seus processos com a intenção de minimizar o uso dos recursos naturais, buscar matérias-primas menos impactantes, estudar o impacto de seus produtos em todo o seu ciclo de vida, reconhecer sua interdependência com o meio e mudar o sentido unidirecional dos fluxos de energia e resíduos para ciclos fechados. Ao longo destas discussões uma série de instrumentos foi sendo desenvolvidos para atender à indústria. Por esta razão o presente trabalho analisou a evolução das abordagens ambientais no cenário empresarial a fim de discutir os instrumentos industriais utilizados na busca da sustentabilidade ambiental empresarial. / Abstract: The industrial sector has began, in the 21st century, to rethink and redesign its production processes aiming to minimize natural resources depletion, to foster the use of environmental friendly materials, to research the impact related to the products throughout their life cycle, and to recognize the interdependence between environment and industrial systems in order to change from processes based on unidirectional flows of energy and materials into closed-loops systems. During this period, a number of instruments were developed to fulfill the industry needs. For that reason, this study analyzes the evolution of environmental approaches in the industrial scenario in order to discuss the instruments used to achieve the environmental sustainability of business. / Mestrado / Saneamento e Ambiente / Mestre em Engenharia Civil

Abstract not available

Environmental costs of products are closely related to their environmental impacts incurred at all life cycle stages of a product. Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) and Life Cycle Costing (LCC) methods are often used to estimate these environmental costs and impacts. However, LCA analysis is known to be a costly and time-consuming method, whereas LCC analysis often neglects the social cost which is currently paid by society as a whole. Therefore, this research proposes a new methodology to assess the environmental impact and social cost for the entire life cycle of a product, which can be used as a simple and transparent tool for the early conceptual design stage. The methodology delivers the Environmental Impact Drivers and the associated Social Cost Drivers for all product life cycle stages via spreadsheets, and it provides the Life Cycle Impact Assessment (LCIA) method in the SimaPro software as a user interface. Furthermore, the drivers provide the values for four different geographical regions and damage categories. The conceptual model is based on the impact pathway approach which integrates the Simplified LCA (SLCA) model and the social cost databases. The SLCA model is derived from an extension of previous research whereas the social costs are based on the most suitable Economic Valuation (EV) studies such as the EPS2000d, EXMOD, Ecosense and Asian EV studies. The data collection for the SLCA database was accomplished by using the LCA analysis of the Eco Indicator 99 H/A method and the Hierarchical clustering technique. The data for the social cost database was collected using the Benefit Transfer Method which obtains the EV studies mainly from the Environmental Valuation Reference Inventory (EVRI) data source. Several case studies utilising existing products, including a product redesign case study were used to prove the concept and demonstrate the efficiency of this proposed methodology.

<p>A collaborative approach to industry-environment issues is acknowledged as a key aspect of sustainable development. Sincerely, resource sharing among firms offers the potential to increase stability of operations, especially in supply-constrained areas, by ensuring that access to important inputs such as water, energy and raw materials are guaranteed. Industrial Symbiosis (IS), a sub-field of Industrial Ecology, is primarily concerned with the cyclical flow of resources through networks of industrial units as a means of cooperatively approaching environmentally sustainable industrial activity. In line with this principle, a critical assessment of the change in environmental performance brought about by industrial symbiosis (IS) was conducted in nineteen selected eco-industrial park case studies identified in all regions of the world with the exception of the African continent. Case study selection criteria were based on models of eco-industrial parks proposed by Chertow (2000). A description of the type of material exchanges that go on in each case study was carried out which revealed evidence of implemented synergies in respective case studies. A comparative assessment of cross-case patterns which is a semi-quantitative matrix used to quantify the degree of environmental performance showed that there was a clear evidence of improved environmental performance among respective case studies investigated where water, energy and material flows served as indicators. Results obtained from the study showed a common pattern of industrial presence in respective case studies reflecting the occurrence of heavy process industries such as oil refineries, cement industries, petrochemical industries, and steel industries. The principle of “anchor tenant” proposed by some experts in the field of industrial ecology was strongly supported by the obtained results. Symbiotic cooperation among participating firms in respective case studies were mainly on areas like cogeneration, re-use of materials, recycling and wastewater treatment and re-use.</p>

<p>This thesis studies the Danish and Norwegian recycling systems for construction and demolition (C&D) waste. The architectural, Engineering and Construction (AEC) industry is a major contributor to societies waste production; accounting for approximately 40% of the waste production. It is therefore important to manage the C&D waste effectively to move society towards sustainability.</p><p>This study applies the Industrial Ecology paradigm. This involved multidisciplinary approach, spanning the fields of Industrial Ecology, Systems Engineering and Organizational and Social Studies.</p><p>The scope of this thesis is threefold. The first scope is to get a better understanding of the processes that are taking place within the socio-technical sphere of a recycling system. Second, what is the nature of the C&D waste and what are the environmental impacts from the various waste fractions. Third, how can this information be used to improve recycling systems for C&D waste.</p><p>The study show that the suggestions in the National Action Plan and the corresponding policies are eco-effective, but that the environmental impact is very transport dependent. The study also shows that there is a great need to focus on future waste composition in the design of recycling systems for C&D waste. However, such waste projections are difficult to perform due to poor data availability.</p><p>There is a need for making more qualified decisions on environmental issues, with regard to long term management of such recycling systems. Long term models combined with environmental and economic information can make a powerful tool for such analysis.</p>

This thesis studies the Danish and Norwegian recycling systems for construction and demolition (C&amp;D) waste. The architectural, Engineering and Construction (AEC) industry is a major contributor to societies waste production; accounting for approximately 40% of the waste production. It is therefore important to manage the C&amp;D waste effectively to move society towards sustainability. This study applies the Industrial Ecology paradigm. This involved multidisciplinary approach, spanning the fields of Industrial Ecology, Systems Engineering and Organizational and Social Studies. The scope of this thesis is threefold. The first scope is to get a better understanding of the processes that are taking place within the socio-technical sphere of a recycling system. Second, what is the nature of the C&amp;D waste and what are the environmental impacts from the various waste fractions. Third, how can this information be used to improve recycling systems for C&amp;D waste. The study show that the suggestions in the National Action Plan and the corresponding policies are eco-effective, but that the environmental impact is very transport dependent. The study also shows that there is a great need to focus on future waste composition in the design of recycling systems for C&amp;D waste. However, such waste projections are difficult to perform due to poor data availability. There is a need for making more qualified decisions on environmental issues, with regard to long term management of such recycling systems. Long term models combined with environmental and economic information can make a powerful tool for such analysis.

A collaborative approach to industry-environment issues is acknowledged as a key aspect of sustainable development. Sincerely, resource sharing among firms offers the potential to increase stability of operations, especially in supply-constrained areas, by ensuring that access to important inputs such as water, energy and raw materials are guaranteed. Industrial Symbiosis (IS), a sub-field of Industrial Ecology, is primarily concerned with the cyclical flow of resources through networks of industrial units as a means of cooperatively approaching environmentally sustainable industrial activity. In line with this principle, a critical assessment of the change in environmental performance brought about by industrial symbiosis (IS) was conducted in nineteen selected eco-industrial park case studies identified in all regions of the world with the exception of the African continent. Case study selection criteria were based on models of eco-industrial parks proposed by Chertow (2000). A description of the type of material exchanges that go on in each case study was carried out which revealed evidence of implemented synergies in respective case studies. A comparative assessment of cross-case patterns which is a semi-quantitative matrix used to quantify the degree of environmental performance showed that there was a clear evidence of improved environmental performance among respective case studies investigated where water, energy and material flows served as indicators. Results obtained from the study showed a common pattern of industrial presence in respective case studies reflecting the occurrence of heavy process industries such as oil refineries, cement industries, petrochemical industries, and steel industries. The principle of “anchor tenant” proposed by some experts in the field of industrial ecology was strongly supported by the obtained results. Symbiotic cooperation among participating firms in respective case studies were mainly on areas like cogeneration, re-use of materials, recycling and wastewater treatment and re-use.

High Technology Industries have always bragged and boasted of their less-pollution or even non-pollution, while constantly environmental conflict as well as pollution illustrates that environmental pollution problems relatively exist in the wholeness of Science Park. Besides, there is still wide gap between individual factory owner¡¦s ecological thinking and enforceable policy. The research background retraces that industries are obviously under the global drives for sustainable development and friendly environment. Based on Industrial Ecology, the study constructs eco-behavior for the Science Park, and then verifies the relationship and effect among factories¡¦ inner cognition, external driving group and affective intention. Constructed on the Theory of Planned Behavior, the study model includes inner attitude toward the behavior, external subjective norm, perceived behavioral control, and eco-behavioral intention. The relationship among the above hypotheses are modified and analyzed by applying the Structural Equations Modeling, the real information are compared with hypotheses, the results are contrasted with modeled theory, and furthermore concluded as the followings. The survey objects are factories in Southern and Central Taiwan Science Park, the questionnaires targets are mainly their first level managers and environmental department supervisors. The total effective surveys are 154, with retrieved rate of 63.9%. Various targets are tested and proved they are all way beyond the acceptable standard. The above three behavior models are all legitimately reached. Both represent that the TPB in the study offers future factories¡¦ eco-behavior a sensible interpretation for prediction and rationalization. The factories¡¦ management behavior for eco-industrial development tends to industrial symbiosis; that is, the current drive is voluntary, while their productive behavior comes from external driving pressure. Finally, the study indicates invigorating way to eco-industrial intention and proposes enhancing voluntary drive to eco-industrial thinking.