Simultaneamente, eleva-se o interesse pelo desenvolvimento sustentável e os inerentes desafios a ele vinculados. Por outro lado, como uma possibilidade de alcançá-lo entrou em evidência o conceito de Ecologia Industrial (EI). Sua perspectiva fundamental tem a natureza como modelo visando a integração entre os sistemas ecológico e industriais. Caracteriza-se por três escalas de atuação e a Simbiose Industrial (SI) é a mais difundida, envolvendo o intercâmbio de materiais, produtos, água, energia, resíduos, informações, experiências e conhecimentos entre organizações (POSCH, 2010; GIURCO et al., 2011). Entretanto, Deutz (2009) destaca que a EI possui questões emergentes e que necessitam de mais aprofundamentos com as ciências sociais. Em geral, suas pesquisas partem do campo técnico e encontram dificuldades de serem implementadas e aceitas porque não foram confrontadas com os sistemas sociais e de poder que envolvem as organizações. Existindo espaços para estudos que considerem aspectos como cultura, valores, elementos políticos e de poder nas relações interorganizacionais. Dedicando-se uma atenção mínima a esses aspectos reduz-se o potencial contributivo da EI. O desafio é aprofundar, ampliar e integrar as análises em uma concepção sistêmica e transdisciplinar orientada para o desenvolvimento sustentável. Resultados satisfatórios diante dessas imposições abrangem investimentos em P&D, em produtos ecoinovadores e alterações nas práticas de negócios (LOMBARDI; LAYBOURN, 2012). Assim, esta tese objetivou analisar as percepções dos atores de um parque tecnológico diante das interações da Ecologia Industrial com as convergências entre as teorias de Sistemas, Institucional e da Dependência de Recursos. A construção do referencial teórico pautado nas referidas teorias possibilitou estabelecer conexões com a EI e promover a elaboração das categorias de análise que serviram de base para a construção das proposições. A partir da abordagem qualitativa, de uma perspectiva multidisciplinar e do estudo de caso, definiu-se como objeto de estudo a Associação Parque Tecnológico de Santa Maria, RS, Brasil. Utilizou-se dados primários e secundários compostos por fontes como documentos, acompanhamento de reuniões e observações. Contudo, o principal instrumento de coleta foram entrevistas realizadas com 28 integrantes do parque tecnológico. Para a análise dos dados empregou-se a técnica de análise de conteúdo. Os resultados evidenciaram que os atores reconhecem a necessidade de ações integradas entre organizações, todavia ainda não consideram que a preservação ambiental seja um valor socialmente aceito e reconhecido com impactos significativos nos resultados empresariais que garantam a sobrevivência da organização. Em geral, as relações não são pautadas por um contexto institucional que incentiva objetivos compartilhados visando suprir recursos críticos. Decisões oriundas do hábito e a ausência de clareza sobre os pressupostos da EI dificultam a sua operacionalização. Embora seja afirmado que exista disposição para abdicar do controle de recursos para obtenção de melhores resultados coletivos, empiricamente a intenção foi pouco observada. Os atores percebem falta de discernimento quanto às responsabilidades das universidades e dos setores público e privado locais no desenvolvimento das interações. / At the same time the interest in sustainable development grows, so does the interest in the challenges it brings. As a possible tool to solve these challenges came the idea of Industrial Ecology (IE), which has as its main perspective nature as a model in the integration of the ecological and industrial systems. It is characterized by scales of action and the most well know of them is Industrial Symbioses (IS), which involves the exchange of materials, products, water, energy, residue, information, experiences and knowledge among organizations (POSCH, 2010; GIURCO et al., 2011). Deutz (2009), however, notes that IE brings about new questions in need of a bigger connection with social sciences. Usually researches start in a more technical field and face difficulties to be implemented and accepted because they weren‟t confronted beforehand with the social and power systems that organizations revolve around. Opening spaces for studies that take into consideration aspects such as culture, values, organizational politics and power structures and pays attention to these details can reduce the impacts of IE. The challenge is to examine carefully, broaden and integrate this analysis in a transdisciplinary and systemic view directed towards sustainable development. Satisfactory results in face of these impositions involve investments in R&D (research and development), in eco-innovative products and changes in business practices. (LOMBARDI; LAYBOURN, 2012). Thus, this thesis aimed to analyze the perception of subjects of a technological park on the interactions of Industrial Ecology with the coming together of the Systems, Institutional and Resource Dependency theories. The theoretical reference based on the aforementioned theories made it possible to establish connections with IE and create the categories of analysis that served as a basis to the prepositions. Based on the qualitative approach, on a multidisciplinary perspective and a case study, the Associação Parque Tecnológico of Santa Maria, RS, Brazil was chosen as study subject. Primary and secondary data from documents, meeting notes and observations were used. However, the main data were interviews of 28 members of the technological park. To analyze the data the method of content analysis was used. The results showed that the subjects recognize the need for integrated actions among organizations, yet do not consider that environmental conservation is a socially accepted and well know concept with high impact on business results that can guarantee a company‟s survival. Generally, relationships are not guided by an institutional context that motivates shared goals aiming to supply critical resources. Decisions made out of habit and in the absence of clarity surrounding the purpose of IE can hinder its performance. Although it is said that there is disposition to abdicate resource control to achieve better and shared results, in practice this was rarely observed. The subjects found that universities and the private and public sector lack insight regarding their responsibilities for developing interactions.

Para o mundo atual é necessária a mudança de paradigmas e entre as mudanças mais prementes encontra-se a necessidade de garantir a sustentabilidade dos empreendimentos humanos. Assim, a gestão empresarial tende a mudar e, para adequarse a essa nova forma de gestão, o conceito de Ecologia Industrial e o uso de softwares de controle podem ser de grande valia. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo desenvolver metodologia do uso desses softwares na aplicação do conceito de Ecologia Industrial em empresas da área de eletroeletrônicos, preferencialmente ligadas à área de microeletrônica, para definir indicadores de sustentabilidade adequados ao sistema e indicar possíveis melhorias de processo pela formação de ecossistemas industriais. O setor eletroeletrônico foi avaliado preliminarmente e apresentou, devido ao alto valor agregado de seus produtos, várias oportunidades de redução de custos, de melhoria ambiental e social na cadeia produtiva devido à reutilização de co-produtos gerados internamente ou por outras empresas, sugerindo um esforço para aumentar a formação de ecossistemas industriais neste setor. Como a formação de ecossistemas industriais é muito dependente da troca, é relevante o fato dos estudos de caso mostrarem a importância das distâncias e, deste modo, entre os prováveis impactos significativos, a emissão de carbono precisa ser fortemente considerada. Para a área de insumos para a microeletrônica, avaliada preliminarmente no programa QITS (Quartz Industrial Trade System), a possibilidade do uso de lascas de silício e de bagaço de cana é dificultada pelas distâncias entre os produtos e respectiva emissão de carbono decorrente do translado. Outros insumos são normalmente adquiridos e descartados em ciclos ainda mais abertos. Na área de microeletrônica, ciclos de reuso de água com galvânicas existem, mas não de outros produtos, como soluções aquosas ácidas ou alcalinas, que poderiam ser recicladas em metalúrgicas, onde o grau de pureza exigido é menor. Na área de circuito impresso e de montagem em superfície vários co-produtos já são reciclados, porém, uma troca entre produtores, não envolvendo recicladoras, proporcionaria um ganho econômico maior. Soluções aquosas similares às utilizadas em microeletrônica também poderiam ser utilizadas, porém, novamente as distâncias são as principais variáveis a dificultar tal processo. A reciclagem de equipamentos completos esbarra em várias dificuldades, entre elas os aspectos legais. Para as micros e pequenas empresas o desenvolvimento de banco de dados permite a implantação da Ecologia Industrial sem altos custos associados. Estes bancos de dados também favorecem a obtenção de indicadores requisitados por outros atores ambientais, tal como bolsa de valores. / Nowadays, paradigm changes are needed and one of the most urgent changes required is to assure sustainability on human entrepreneurships. Therefore, entrepreneurship management will be modified and Industrial Ecology concept allied to software applications can be very useful. The aim of this work was development of suitable methodology for Industrial Ecology concept implementation using software. Brazilian industries on the electronic sector were evaluated in order to define sustainability indicators and also to propose processes improvement using industrial ecosystems. Preliminary evaluations of the electronic sector shows, due to the high value of the products, several possibilities for cost reduction and environmental and social improvement as well. The opportunities can be implemented with non-product exchanges inside the plants or among different plants, i.e. by industrial ecosystem formation. However, as industrial ecosystems require intense exchange among participants distance between plants is a high constraint and can associates a significant environemental impact, mainly due to carbon emission. Reactants production for Microeletronics was formerly evaluated on QITS (Quartz Industrial Trade System) program. The program suggested the use of sugarcane biomass and quartz for silicon production. However, due to the high distances between these two products, carbon emission inhibits the ecosystem. Moreover, other products are also acquired and discarded in open circles. Microelectronics can reuse water in partnership with the galvanic industries but not other products, such as acid and basic aqueous solution, mainly on metallurgic processes. Print circuit board and surface mounting technology several non-products are already recycled, nonetheless the best economical practice would be a direct change, i. e., no recyclers involved. Aqueous solutions are hardly recycled due to distance between sites. Equipment recycling is a huge problem due to the legal concerns on disassembly For micro and small industries simple software, such as database, allows Industrial Ecology implementation with very low cost. These databases also favor obtaining sustainability indicators required for several stakeholders, such as stockers.

Orientadores: Evandro Ziggiatti Monteiro, Emília Wanda Rutkowski / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Civil, Arquitetura e Urbanismo / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-21T01:26:14Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dalbelo_ThalitadosSantos_M.pdf: 5599855 bytes, checksum: 31f8451899d9973b546f6e667f60287e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012 / Resumo: Esta pesquisa analisa a aplicação das diretrizes de ecologia industrial e de arquitetura dos edifícios industriais através de sua certificação ambiental. A revisão teórico-conceitual aborda a evolução dessa arquitetura ao longo das revoluções industriais, principalmente no que se refere ao processo de projeto, às tecnologias construtivas e à relação do edifício com seu entorno. Expõe também o conceito de ecologia industrial, seus princípios, diretrizes e aplicações no meio urbano, culminando com os indicadores de desempenho de edifícios presentes no processo de certificação ambiental de edifícios industriais - Building Establishment Environmental (BREEAM). Partindo da hipótese de que a ecologia industrial é um conceito mais amplo, em termos de sustentabilidade, o método de análise baseia-se na construção de um quadro de correlação entre suas diretrizes, as diretrizes de arquitetura e a certificação pelo BREEAM. O objetivo principal desta pesquisa é traçar diretrizes que agregam mais ecologia à arquitetura dos edifícios industriais, contribuindo para o aumento da sustentabilidade / Abstract: This research analyses the application of the guidelines of industrial ecology and architecture of industrial buildings through its environmental certification. The theoretical-conceptual review focuses on the evolution of this architecture over the industrial revolutions, especially with regard to the design process, to building technologies and the relationship of the building with its surroundings. It also exposes the concept of industrial ecology, its principles, guidelines and application in urban areas, culminating in the performance indicators of buildings present in the process of environmental certification of industrial buildings - Environmental Building Establishment (BREEAM). On the assumption that industrial ecology is a broader concept of sustainability, the method of analysis is based on preparing correlation table between their guidelines, the architectural guidelines and the BREEAM certification. The main objective of this research is to establish guidelines that add the most ecology to industrial building's architecture, contributing to increase sustainability / Mestrado / Arquitetura e Construção / Mestre em Engenharia Civil

Environmentally extended multiregional input-output (EE MRIO) tables have emerged as a key framework to provide a comprehensive description of the global economy and analyze its effects on the environment. Of the available EE MRIO databases, EXIOBASE stands out as a database compatible with the System of Environmental-Economic Accounting (SEEA) with a high sectorial detail matched with multiple social and environmental satellite accounts. In this paper, we present the latest developments realized with EXIOBASE 3-a time series of EE MRIO tables ranging from 1995 to 2011 for 44 countries (28 EU member plus 16 major economies) and five rest of the world regions. EXIOBASE 3 builds upon the previous versions of EXIOBASE by using rectangular supply-use tables (SUTs) in a 163 industry by 200 products classification as the main building locks. In order to capture structural changes, economic developments, as reported by national statistical agencies, were imposed on the available, disaggregated SUTs from EXIOBASE 2. These initial estimates were further refined by incorporating detailed data on energy, agricultural production, resource extraction, and bilateral trade. EXIOBASE 3 inherits the high level of environmental stressor detail from its precursor, with further improvement in the level of detail for resource xtraction. To account for the expansion of the European Union (EU), EXIOBASE 3 was developed with the full EU28 country set (including the new member state Croatia). EXIOBASE 3 provides a unique tool for analyzing the dynamics of environmental pressures of economic activities over time.

This paper serves as an introduction to this special issue on the use of multiregional input- output modeling in assessments of natural resource use and resource use efficiency. Due to globalization, growth in trade has outpaced growth in global gross domestic product (GDP). As a consequence, impacts of consumption of a country increasingly take place abroad. Various methods have been developed to perform so-called footprint analyses. We argue that global multiregional input-output (GMRIO) analysis has the largest potential to provide a consistent accounting framework to calculate a variety of different footprint indicators. The state of the art in GMRIO has, however, various shortcomings, such as limited sector and regional detail and incomplete extensions. The work presented in this special issue addresses a number of such problems and how to possibly overcome them, focusing on the construction of a new GMRIO database (EXIOBASE V3). This database includes long time series in both current and constant prices, a high level of product and sector detail, a physical representation of the world economy, and allows analyzing which footprints out of the many possible indicators provide most information for policy making. Various options for empirical analyses are presented in this special issue. Finally, we analyze how GMRIOs can be further standardized and gradually moved from the scientific to the official statistical domain.

Principales places d’importations et de transformation des énergies d’origine fossile, les espaces portuaires concentrent des défis de mutations industrielles, de réduction des émissions de gaz à effet de serre et de diversification du bouquet énergétique. En mobilisant les cadres théoriques de l’écologie industrielle et de la complexité, ce travail de de thèse vise à à mieux comprendre et caractériser les processus d’adaptation actuels développés au sein de ces territoires. Appréhendé dans une acception large de son périmètre, le territoire portuaire se révèle être un formidable terrain d’expérimentations de nouvelles pratiques basées sur une plus grande coopération entre acteurs, à la croisée des chemins entre une économie circulaire globale et une écologie industrielle locale. Partant d’un retour d’expériences mené à l’échelle internationale de démarches d’écologie industrielle, ayant permis la mise en évidence de différents modèles territoriaux d’organisation, ce travail de recherche a ensuite comparé l’évolution socio-écologique de trois territoires portuaires européen et asiatiques. Si la dynamique de métropolisation semble apparaître comme une constante dans la plupart de ces grands espaces côtiers, celle-ci contribue aussi à la complexification de la matrice territoriale portuaire. De nouvelles approches d’ordre organisationnel viennent ainsi compléter les évolutions technologiques. Dans une troisième partie, l’étude de l’espace portuaire de Marseille-Fos a ainsi permis de mettre en lumière un phénomène d’interactions fonctionnelles opéré au sein du territoire, au profit de sa transition progressive vers une société à bas-carbone. / One of the major issues facing our industrialized societies is the energy transition, which induces major industrial and social transformations. Port and harbor areas, which are strategic places concerning import and transformation of fossil fuels, concentrate these industrial challenges, dealing with mitigation of emissions of greenhouse gases and diversification of energy mix. By mobilizing the theoretical frameworks of industrial ecology and complexity, this PhD work aims to better understand and characterize current adaptation process developed within these territories. In this work, we consider the industrial, urban and agricultural subsystems present in a port area. When doing this, the port area is proving to be a formidable field of experimentation of new practices based on greater cooperation between players at the crossroads between a global circular economy and a local industrial ecology. Starting from an international feedback which enabled the identification of different territorial organization models, this research then compared the socio-ecological evolution of three European and Asian port areas. If the dynamics of metropolisation seem to appear as a constant in most of these large coastal areas, it also contributes to the whole complexity of the port territorial matrix. Indeed, new organizational approaches now complement technological developments. In the third part, the study of the port area of Marseille-Fos has enabled to highlight a phenomenon of functional interactions operated within the territory for the benefit of its gradual transition to a low-carbon society.

Humans are at a critical juncture in terms of how to evolve to deal with increasingly urgent global ecological and social trends. Questions of ecological sustainability are inextricably linked to patterns of human production and consumption. The current economic system operates without regard for unbending ecological laws. Industrial Ecology is an alternative theory for planning, designing and managing production and consumption activities to operate within biophysical limits by applying ecological principles to industrial operations. This thesis explores implementing Industrial Ecology with eco-industrial parks - sites with a redundant and diverse set of businesses co-located to operate as ecologically compatible and economically viable systems. Projects underway are using different concepts, strategies and organizational forms, but all seek to apply Industrial Ecology principles. My literature review discusses the benefits, challenges and risks associated with eco-industrial parks and summarizes key design elements from existing cases. The City of Richmond is used to analyze the capacity of a municipality and its policy and regulatory framework for eco-industrial parks based on key design elements. Structured interviews informed the evaluation of capacity. I found Richmond's Official Community Plan, Industrial Strategy and zoning bylaw conceptually support and would not prevent eco-industrial park development; however, policy lacks economy-environment linkages and does not further Industrial Ecology. Regulatory barriers to implementation of physical design features of eco-industrial parks involve zoning, land use patterns, permitting, ownership and water concerns, but the barriers are flexible in terms of presenting obstacles rather than being prohibitive. Municipal capacity gaps exist for non-physical design features relating to information systems and organization and management. I make recommendations for Richmond to increase eco-industrial development capacity based on Industrial Ecology theory, other eco-industrial park cases and a personal interpretation of what is required for sustainable development. Richmond has significant potential to become a leader in industrial innovation at the level of local systems to which horizontal and vertical links can be established for achieving long-term sustainability. / Applied Science, Faculty of / Community and Regional Planning (SCARP), School of / Graduate

O aumento do consumo mundial de carnes, em função do crescimento da renda, principalmente nos países em desenvolvimento, alerta para o crescente uso de recursos naturais e geração de resíduos resultante destes processos. A carne de frango surge como a principal opção para suprir esta demanda, e o Brasil apresenta-se como um dos maiores players mundiais deste mercado. O Sul do Brasil, principal região produtora de frangos, enfrenta hoje questões ambientais relacionadas ao tratamento e destinação dos dejetos e a consequente contaminação do solo e dos lençóis freáticos, o que vem limitando a expansão do setor. Atualmente, a principal fonte proteica para nutrição animal é o farelo de soja, que por ser uma fonte nobre de alimento e energia (biocombustíveis), tem apresentado preços elevados no mercado mundial. O uso de insetos como fonte proteica alternativa à dieta de frangos de corte vem sendo estudado, a fim de suprir, pelo menos em parte, esta demanda. As larvas da mosca Black Soldier Fly (BSF) possuem capacidade para digerir grandes quantidades de matéria orgânica, tanto de substratos com origem vegetal como animal. Deste bioprocessamento resulta o farelo de insetos, rico em proteína e lipídios; a quitina, composto para uso farmacêutico; e o composto orgânico, com potencial para ser utilizado como biofertilizante. Apesar das limitações de ordem cultural, sanitárias e de escala de produção, para implantação desta tecnologia no curto prazo, seu potencial vem sendo confirmado Visando aproximar o uso de insetos à realidade brasileira, primeiramente, identificaram-se as espécies que mais se adaptam as condições edafoclimáticas, e aquelas com maior potencial para processar substratos menos nobres como resíduos de grãos e dejeto animal. De acordo com as 5 características desejáveis na escolha das espécies de insetos, proposta pela Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), identificaram-se as larvas de BSF e de mosca doméstica, conforme discutido no Capítulo 3 da presente tese. A fim de identificar o status quo da avicultura brasileira do Sul do país, realizou-se a análise emergética de uma típica propriedade em sistema convencional de produção, com alto nível tecnológico. A discussão dos índices emergéticos e possibilidades de incremento em sustentabilidade foi apresentada no quarto capítulo da tese. Já o Capítulo 5, apresenta os resultados da análise emergética realizada num projeto piloto de criação e processamento de larvas de BSF no Brasil. A partir da análise bromatológica do substrato (resíduo de grãos), farelo de insetos e composto orgânico, provenientes deste projeto, determinou-se a transformidade do farelo de insetos. Esta contribuição inédita alimentará o banco de dados do International Society for the Advancement of Emergy Research (ISAER) Os demais índices emergéticos do processo foram calculados e, por meio de uma análise comparativa com o farelo de soja, também foram discutidos no terceiro artigo. Demonstrou-se os ganhos em sustentabilidade que esta inovação tecnológica pode provocar, tendo o farelo de insetos apresentado os melhores índices. Visando responder ao problema de pesquisa da presente tese: o uso de farelo de inseto pode aumentar a sustentabilidade da avicultura brasileira?; realizou-se a análise emergética comparativa de uma típica propriedade avícola em Chapecó, Santa Catarina, no ano de 2015, modificando somente a fonte proteica da dieta das aves. Foram identificados ganhos em transformidade (emergia por joule do produto), renovabilidade e nos demais índices emergéticos, demonstrando, que a inserção desta tecnologia, mesmo que no longo prazo, tem potencial para melhorar a sustentabilidade da produção de carne de frango. O apelo mundial por sustentabilidade na produção de carne é um constante desafio para os agronegócios. Mesmo com as limitações identificadas, que ainda requerem investigações e regulamentações, a tecnologia de produção de farelo de insetos apresenta-se como uma oportunidade para melhorar aspectos sociais e ambientais, além dos econômicos, voltados à sustentabilidade. / The worldwide increase of meat consumption due to growing income, especially in developing countries, alerts us to the escalating use of natural resources and waste generation from these processes. Poultry meat appears as the main option to meet this demand and Brazil represents the biggest world player in this market. The main Brazilian poultry production region, in the South, faces environmental concerns related to destination and treatment of this organic waste which is contaminating soil and groundwater. These issues are limiting the expansion of the poultry sector. Currently, soybean meal, the main protein source for animal nutrition and a noble source of energy (biofuels), is facing increasing prices in the world market. The use of insects as an alternative protein source for poultry diet has being studied, aiming to supply, at least in part, this demand. Black Soldier Fly (BSF) larvae have the capacity to digest huge volumes of organic material from both animal and vegetal origin. The products from this bioprocessing are insect meal, rich in protein and lipids; chitin, a pharmaceutical compound; and the organic compound that can be used as biofertilizer. Despite cultural, sanitary and scale production limitations to insert this technology in the short term, its potential is already confirmed. In Brazil, the species most adaptable to edaphoclimatic conditions and those with the greatest potential to bioprocess ‘poorer’ substrates such as grain residues and animal waste were identified as BSF and domestic fly larvae These species show the five desirable characteristics proposed by the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) as discussed in Chapter Three of the thesis. An emergetic analysis of a typical farm in a conventional production system with an advanced technological level was conducted to identify the status quo of Brazilian poultry production in the Southern region. Emergetic index and the possibilities to increase sustainability of the sector are presented in Chapter Four. Chapter Five presents results from an emergy assessment of a pilot project of rearing and processing BSF larvae in Brazil. Through bromatological analysis of the substrate (grain residue), insect meal and organic compound from this project, the transformity of insect meal was determined. This unpublished contribution can feed into the database of the International Society for the Advancement of Emergy Research (ISAER). Remaining emergetic index from the process was calculated and discussed in the third article. Gains in sustainability and better index was demonstrated in favor of insect meal The research study was designed to answer the question: Can use of insect meal increase sustainability in Brazilian poultry production? A comparative emergy assessment was carried out on a typical poultry farm in Chapecó, Santa Catarina, in 2015, in which only the protein source of the poultry diet was modified. Transformity (emergy per joule of product), renewability and remaining index was calculated. It demonstrated that, even over a longer period of time, this technology has the potential to improve sustainability in poultry production. The worldwide appeal for sustainability in meat production is a constant challenge to agribusiness. Even with some limitations that still require research, the technology of insect meal is an opportunity to improve social and environmental aspects, as well as economic, while directed at sustainability.

This thesis project is a proposal of a scenario of an industrial collaboration that could become the basis for the development of an Eco-Industrial Park inside the King Abdullah University of Science and Technology using the water desalination plant as the foundation of this network. It is defined why the university is a suitable place for a development of this type; what industrial networks can be formed and what environmental, economic and social benefits could be achieved if the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia implemented this project around the country. An Eco-Industrial Park is a collaboration between industries where they share resources and create an exchange network of wastes and by-products with the objective of obtaining positive environmental, economic and social impacts. In the proposed scenario, the initial collaboration is between a PV solar plant and the water desalination located inside the university. With the use of solar energy there are savings of CO2 emissions, which turn into positive impacts on the environment. The idea is that this initial collaboration could be extended in the future to provide the entire energy consumption of the KAUST community. The project also provides an insight into how an industrial symbiosis could be formed taking as a base this industrial collaboration. However, further studies and analysis are required in order to provide more solid information regarding the development of an Eco-Industrial Park.

Industrial ecology is a field of study that encourages the use of closed-loop material cycles to achieve sustainability. Loop closing requires the movement of materials over space, and has long been practiced in the iron and steel industry. Iron and steel (ferrous) scrap generated in the U.S. is increasingly exported to countries in Asia, lengthening the transportation distance associated with closing the loop on the iron and steel life cycle. In order to understand the environmental cost of transporting this commodity, an activity-based maritime transportation model and a theoretical in-land transportation model are used to estimate emissions generated. Results indicate that 10.4 mmt of total emissions were generated, and emissions increased by 136 percent from 2004 to 2009. Increases in the amount of emissions generated are due to increases in the amount of scrap exported and distance it is transported.