The purposes of this thesis are probing into the joint venture of China¡¦s automobile industry, because I am studying on why the development of China¡¦s automobile industry is many differences. The result of the research can help me to understand the transition in Chinese automobile industry from 1994 to 2004 and can the joint-venture policy give Chinese automobile industry any help. And then how Chinese automobile industry utilize opportunities and avoid threat by inference. No matter Taiwan, China or the western scholar analyse Chinese automobile industry by one side. Hence, this research will analyse the relationships among supply, demand and government policy in the joint-venture policy of the Chinese automobile industry. In the meanwhile, analyzing the advantages and disadvantages that the joint-venture policy brought with the role of China, and then find the reason the obstacle takes place in the development of Chinese automobile industry. The conclusion of this paper is because of the central government¡¦s and local governments¡¦ goals are inconsistent, let multinational enterprise break up Chinese motor corporation one by one in the negotiation of cooperation. This is the reason that Chinese automobile industry and market preferrence are inconsistent now.

China, as a leading apparel manufacturer and exporter in the world possesses significant market potential for growth because of its growing demand power. Given that low labor costs are increasingly no longer one of the competitive advantages held by Chinese apparel manufacturers, developing powerful and profitable globally recognized apparel brands may be the way to obtain sustainable success for firms in the Chinese apparel industry. Accordingly, Michael Porter’s The Competitive Advantage of Nations (1990) will be applied as a theoretical framework to discuss the competitiveness of a nation’s apparel industry. Brand management, satisfying exacting domestic demands, and stimulating marketing competition will be integrated. Using Porter’s theoretical foundation for demand conditions, a proposed model of fashion sophistication is introduced and a measurement survey utilizing Gen-Y Chinese fashion consumers is assessed. Furthermore, the research on Gen-Y consumers’ fashion sophistication discovered their specialized characteristics which represent exacting domestic demand for apparel products.

China, as a leading apparel manufacturer and exporter in the world possesses significant market potential for growth because of its growing demand power. Given that low labor costs are increasingly no longer one of the competitive advantages held by Chinese apparel manufacturers, developing powerful and profitable globally recognized apparel brands may be the way to obtain sustainable success for firms in the Chinese apparel industry. Accordingly, Michael Porter’s The Competitive Advantage of Nations (1990) will be applied as a theoretical framework to discuss the competitiveness of a nation’s apparel industry. Brand management, satisfying exacting domestic demands, and stimulating marketing competition will be integrated. Using Porter’s theoretical foundation for demand conditions, a proposed model of fashion sophistication is introduced and a measurement survey utilizing Gen-Y Chinese fashion consumers is assessed. Furthermore, the research on Gen-Y consumers’ fashion sophistication discovered their specialized characteristics which represent exacting domestic demand for apparel products.

Disertační práce vychází z perspektivity globálních hodnotových řetězců a globálních produkčních sítí, které poskytují vhodný konceptuální rámec pro analýzu pravděpodobnosti delokalizace a intenzity průmyslového upgradingu. Průmyslový upgrading je považován za nezbytnou podmínku udržení konkurenceschopnosti vyspělých zemí, které čelí růstu cen výrobních faktorů. V první části práce se autor zabývá otázkou, které obory zpracovatelského průmyslu Česka jsou nejvíce ohroženy přesunem výroby do zahraničí a zda dochází ke koncentraci mezinárodně mobilních, nákladově orientovaných investic v zaostávajících regionech s vysokou mírou nezaměstnanosti a dostupnými investičními pobídkami. V druhé části byla pro období 1998-2006 měřena intenzita upgradingu široce vymezeného automobilového průmyslu Česka, jakožto nosného oboru české ekonomiky. Cílem bylo zjistit, zda byly firmy v automobilovém průmyslu Česka schopny inovovat a modernizovat své výrobní kapacity pro udržení konkurenceschopnosti navzdory rostoucím nákladům i poklesu poptávky v krizovém období 2008-2009. Vzhledem k nadměrné orientaci české ekonomiky na automobilový průmysl byly očekávány významné dopady na vývoj regionálního vzorce nezaměstnanosti. Pro tyto účely byly vytvořeny dvě unikátní databáze mikrodat, založených na ročních podnikových...

O estudo apresenta uma análise sobre as trajetórias de Progressão Industrial em empresas/setores produtivos de países em desenvolvimento que participam de cadeias globais de formação de valor. Para isto são estudadas as cadeias produtivas do complexo têxtil-vestuário em Honduras e no Brasil. A análise usa as abordagens de Cadeias de Formação de Valor - Global Commodity Chains, assim como os modelos de Industrial Upgrading e a tipologia de Modernização Industrial. Estas abordagens julgaram-se complementares para a construção do referencial teórico do estudo. Em Honduras a pesquisa focalizou o caso das empresas maquiladoras de roupa, no Brasil estudaram-se as cadeias lideradas por empresas brasileiras que atuam no mercado nacional e internacional. “Estudos de Casos Múltiplos" foi a metodologia escolhida para a realização da pesquisa de campo, em função da necessidade de estudar casos complexos em contextos diferenciados. A reflexão final conclui que há diversos caminhos de inserção nas cadeias produtivas globais para as empresas dos países em desenvolvimento. Os avanços em termos Progressão Industrial para as empresas que participam dessas cadeias são limitados não só por aspectos tecnológicos ou de habilidades da força de trabalho local se não também pelas regulamentações do comércio internacional. Os acordos preferenciais e as barreiras comerciais são fundamentais para determinar as relações entre as empresas líderes e as subcontratadas, assim como a estrutura e a governance das cadeias produtivas globais. Mas também conclui-se que é possível uma inserção no mercado internacional menos dependente das empresas dos países centrais, que é através de cadeias lideradas por empresas dos países em desenvolvimento, utilizando para isso estratégias de inovação tecnológica, de gestão e em design e investimentos na valorização de marcas, atividades que geram maior valor agregado e permitem sua apropriação. / Abstract: The thesis is an analysis about the ways of the industrial upgrade in productive companies/sectors of developing countries which are included in global value chains. It was selected the productive chains of the textile/apparel sector in Honduras and Brazil. The analysis uses the approaches of global value chains and global commodity as well as the patterns (models?) of industrial upgrading and the typology of industrial modernization. These approaches were considered important to the theoretical references of the study. In Honduras, the research focus was on the dressing “maquilas". In Brazil the focus was on those chains leaded by Brazilian companies acting both in the national and international market. It was chosen the multiple study case methodology to the field research due to the complexity of the cases in different environments. It was concluded that there are several ways for a developing country company to be inserted in the productive global chains. It is limited the development in terms of industrial upgrading for those companies which participate in these chains, not only by technological and manpower aspects but by the international commerce regulatory framework. The commercial barriers and the preferential agreements are fundamental to determine the relations between the leading companies and the sub-contracted ones as well as the structure and the governance of the global productive chains. Otherwise, the study shows that by using strategies as: technological and management innovation; design and investments in the valuation of trademarks, the companies from developing countries can get international markets because these strategies aggregate more value and facilitate their appropriation. Resumem: Este estudio presenta el análisis de las trayectorias de Avance Industrial en empresas y sectores productivos de países en desarrollo que participan de cadenas globales de formación de valor, para el cual se estudian las cadenas productivas del complejo industrial textil-vestido en Honduras e en Brasil. Para la construcción del marco teórico se utilizan los modelos de Cadenas de Formación de Valor - Global Commodity Chains, de Industrial Upgrading y la topología de Modernización Industrial. En Honduras se investigaron las empresas maquiladoras de ropa y en Brasil las cadenas lideradas por empresas brasileñas que actúan en el mercado nacional y en el internacional. Se escogió la metodología de “Estudios de Casos Múltiples" para realizar la investigación de campo, debido a la necesidad de analizar casos complejos en diferentes contextos. Se concluye finalmente que hay diversos caminos para la participación de las empresas de los países en desarrollo en cadenas productivas globales y que los avances en términos de Avance Industrial para estas empresas son limitados, no solo por aspectos tecnológicos o por la falta de habilidades de la fuerza laboral local, sino además por las leyes del comercio internacional. Los tratados de preferenciales y las barreras comerciales son determinantes fundamentales de las relaciones entre las empresas líderes y las subcontratadas, de la composición y de la estructura de poder en dichas cadenas productivas globales. Pero se concluye además, que hay posibilidades de participar en el mercado internacional de forma menos dependiente de las empresas de los países desarrollados y que esto puede ser alcanzado en cadenas productivas lideradas por empresas de los países en desarrollo, si estas implementan estrategias de innovación tecnológica y de gestión, con inversión en diseño y en la valorización de marcas originales pues son estas, pues son estas las actividades que generan mayor valor agregado y posibilitan su apropiación

天津經過百年來的努力發展，以及改革開放後濱海新區在「十一五規劃」被納入國家發展戰略，不但成為中國大陸高收入的城市，亦是眾多外資亟欲前往的投資地點。從天津三級產業結構的觀察，可以發現雖然目前天津的第二、三級產業的分布仍與先進國家有所落差，但整體來說，仍是逐漸從二三一的產業結構往三二一的產業結構發展。但1997年至2006年仍發生工業化現象，即工業部門產值比重增加。這段時間亦伴隨產業升級，使得產業結構從消費財產業轉成為資本財產業。由政策上觀察，此結果主要與天津濱海新區的發展關係最密切。 從本研究的ARDL時間序列模型的估計中發現，造成天津工業化的最主要因素為資本勞動比的提升與貿易依存度的增加，而造成產業升級的主要因素則為外資與財政的科技支出。天津政府在經濟迅速發展的條件下，調節產業結構的均衡發展亦是重要任務，使得天津以及中國大陸其他城市能夠早日進入已開發國家的產業結構模式。 / After centuries of efforts to develop and the Binhai New Area being writing into national development strategies in the "Eleventh Five-Year Plan" after reform and open-up, Tianjin has not only become the high-income cities in mainland China, but also a location that many foreign investment is anxious to go. According to the observation of Thrice Industrial structure in Tianjin, there is a big gap that the distribution of Tianjin’s secondary and tertiary industry with compared with other advanced countries. However, on the whole, there is still a gradual shift from the industrial structure of two-three-one to three-two-one. From 1997 to 2006, there is still a phenomenon of industrialization in Tianjin, which means that the percentage of secondary industry increasing the whole industrial sectors’ GDP. It’s also accompanied with industrial upgrading, which means that industrial structure will turn from consumer goods industries to capital property industries. From the prospect of policy, this result is most closely related to the development of the Tianjin Binhai New Area. By using ARDL time series model, this study estimates found that the most important factor of Tianjin industrialization was the capital-labor ratio improvement and the increase of trade dependence. The main factor of causing the industrial upgrading was the foreign investment and finance spending on technology. Under the rapid economic development, adjusting the industrial structure for balanced development is also Tianjin Government’s important task that could help Tianjin and other cities in mainland China as early as possible to enter the mode of development of the country's industrial structure.

O estudo apresenta uma análise sobre as trajetórias de Progressão Industrial em empresas/setores produtivos de países em desenvolvimento que participam de cadeias globais de formação de valor. Para isto são estudadas as cadeias produtivas do complexo têxtil-vestuário em Honduras e no Brasil. A análise usa as abordagens de Cadeias de Formação de Valor - Global Commodity Chains, assim como os modelos de Industrial Upgrading e a tipologia de Modernização Industrial. Estas abordagens julgaram-se complementares para a construção do referencial teórico do estudo. Em Honduras a pesquisa focalizou o caso das empresas maquiladoras de roupa, no Brasil estudaram-se as cadeias lideradas por empresas brasileiras que atuam no mercado nacional e internacional. “Estudos de Casos Múltiplos” foi a metodologia escolhida para a realização da pesquisa de campo, em função da necessidade de estudar casos complexos em contextos diferenciados. A reflexão final conclui que há diversos caminhos de inserção nas cadeias produtivas globais para as empresas dos países em desenvolvimento. Os avanços em termos Progressão Industrial para as empresas que participam dessas cadeias são limitados não só por aspectos tecnológicos ou de habilidades da força de trabalho local se não também pelas regulamentações do comércio internacional. Os acordos preferenciais e as barreiras comerciais são fundamentais para determinar as relações entre as empresas líderes e as subcontratadas, assim como a estrutura e a governance das cadeias produtivas globais. Mas também conclui-se que é possível uma inserção no mercado internacional menos dependente das empresas dos países centrais, que é através de cadeias lideradas por empresas dos países em desenvolvimento, utilizando para isso estratégias de inovação tecnológica, de gestão e em design e investimentos na valorização de marcas, atividades que geram maior valor agregado e permitem sua apropriação. / Abstract: The thesis is an analysis about the ways of the industrial upgrade in productive companies/sectors of developing countries which are included in global value chains. It was selected the productive chains of the textile/apparel sector in Honduras and Brazil. The analysis uses the approaches of global value chains and global commodity as well as the patterns (models?) of industrial upgrading and the typology of industrial modernization. These approaches were considered important to the theoretical references of the study. In Honduras, the research focus was on the dressing “maquilas”. In Brazil the focus was on those chains leaded by Brazilian companies acting both in the national and international market. It was chosen the multiple study case methodology to the field research due to the complexity of the cases in different environments. It was concluded that there are several ways for a developing country company to be inserted in the productive global chains. It is limited the development in terms of industrial upgrading for those companies which participate in these chains, not only by technological and manpower aspects but by the international commerce regulatory framework. The commercial barriers and the preferential agreements are fundamental to determine the relations between the leading companies and the sub-contracted ones as well as the structure and the governance of the global productive chains. Otherwise, the study shows that by using strategies as: technological and management innovation; design and investments in the valuation of trademarks, the companies from developing countries can get international markets because these strategies aggregate more value and facilitate their appropriation. Resumem: Este estudio presenta el análisis de las trayectorias de Avance Industrial en empresas y sectores productivos de países en desarrollo que participan de cadenas globales de formación de valor, para el cual se estudian las cadenas productivas del complejo industrial textil-vestido en Honduras e en Brasil. Para la construcción del marco teórico se utilizan los modelos de Cadenas de Formación de Valor - Global Commodity Chains, de Industrial Upgrading y la topología de Modernización Industrial. En Honduras se investigaron las empresas maquiladoras de ropa y en Brasil las cadenas lideradas por empresas brasileñas que actúan en el mercado nacional y en el internacional. Se escogió la metodología de “Estudios de Casos Múltiples” para realizar la investigación de campo, debido a la necesidad de analizar casos complejos en diferentes contextos. Se concluye finalmente que hay diversos caminos para la participación de las empresas de los países en desarrollo en cadenas productivas globales y que los avances en términos de Avance Industrial para estas empresas son limitados, no solo por aspectos tecnológicos o por la falta de habilidades de la fuerza laboral local, sino además por las leyes del comercio internacional. Los tratados de preferenciales y las barreras comerciales son determinantes fundamentales de las relaciones entre las empresas líderes y las subcontratadas, de la composición y de la estructura de poder en dichas cadenas productivas globales. Pero se concluye además, que hay posibilidades de participar en el mercado internacional de forma menos dependiente de las empresas de los países desarrollados y que esto puede ser alcanzado en cadenas productivas lideradas por empresas de los países en desarrollo, si estas implementan estrategias de innovación tecnológica y de gestión, con inversión en diseño y en la valorización de marcas originales pues son estas, pues son estas las actividades que generan mayor valor agregado y posibilitan su apropiación

本文利用一九九三∼一九九四年，與一九九七∼一九九九年中國大陸官方的地區別產業合併資料（panel data），運用固定效果計量模型（fixed effect model），以Chenery修正後的Hoffmann指數的倒數（C-H指數）為應變數，來檢測外人直接投資，對中國大陸製造業產業升級的影響。 從實證模型的迴歸結果發現。首先，在檢視外資對中國大陸製造業產業升級上，結果發現中國大陸外資的引進，對製造業的產業升級並沒有幫助，甚至出現反工業化（de-industrialization）的情形。這樣的結果雖人令人驚訝卻也合理。歸咎原因，在於（1）中國大陸的外資來源，大部分是來自台港澳外資，而台港澳外資所投資的產業，主要是在勞力密集型的產業，生產消費財產品居多。（2）從實證結果中可知，並非絕對表示中國大陸製造業沒有產業升級的情形，而是表示外資在其本身所投資的產業，相對於全國平均產業，其產業升級的幅度小於全國平均產業的水準。因此相對而言，外資對中國大陸製造業，並沒有促進產業升級的影響。 其次，針對不同來源外資，對中國大陸製造業產業升級的影響。實證結果顯示，台港澳外資對中國大陸製造業的產業升級，並無顯著影響；一般外資的引進，對中國大陸製造業的產業升級並沒有幫助，反而出現反工業化的情形。 另外，針對不同來源外資，對不同工業化程度地區製造業產業升級的影響。實證結果顯示，台港澳外資，對中國大陸高工業化程度地區的製造業工業化程度的影響，與在低工業化程度地區的製造業比較，有提升產業升級的影響；一般外資對中國大陸高工業化程度地區製造業的產業升級，與低工業化程度地區製造業比較，並無明顯不同。 雖然從研究結果可得知，似乎中國大陸引進外資越多，不但無助於產業升級，甚至出現反工業化的情形。然而，從中國大陸的產業發展策略來看，在一九七九年改革開放之前，由於中國大陸實行重工業優先發展的「趕超戰略」，雖然使得中國大陸的工業得以迅速發展，但卻造成產業結構的嚴重失衡，農、輕、重工業的比例關係失調。因此，在引進外資的政策與過程中，希望利用外資的力量，來彌補中國大陸消費財產業的缺口，尤其佔外資來源最大的台港澳外資，也多是以生產消費財產業為主。所以整體而言，中國大陸引進外資的策略，對整體產業結構的調整，仍是有利的。 / This thesis investigates the issue regarding whether or not foreign direct investment (FDI) has upgraded China’s industrial structure. Using China’s official regionally-based panel data in 1993~1994, and 1997~1999, and several specifications of the fixed-effect model with a reciprocal of the Chenery-revised-Hoffmann ratio (C-H ratio) as the dependent variable, the primary finding is that FDI has had a negative influence on industrial upgrading in China during this period. This conclusion is surprising, but reasonable, due to (1) FDI resources coming from Hong Kong and Taiwan are concentrated on consumption goods industries in China. (2) FDI didn’t have absolutely a negative influence on industrial upgrading in China. Relative to the level of industrialization, industries of FDI is less then total industries. Therefore, FDI was no use on industrial upgrading in China. Secondly, this thesis separated the source of FDI into Taiwan, Hong Kong and Macao (THM hereafter), and other FDI (FOR hereafter), the conclusion indicated that both THM and FOR have had a negative influence on industrial upgrading in China during this period. Besides, relative to the different level of industrialization, the conclusion indicated that THM has had positive influence in the regions of low level of industrialization, than in the regions of high level of industrialization. FOR has had no influence in all regions. Although the conclusion showed that FDI has had a negative influence on industrial upgrading in China during this period. However, due to the development of heavy industry was priority in China’s industrial policy before 1979, the industrial structure in China was not balance. Therefore, to attract FDI has became the most important policy to make up for the gap of consumer goods industry. In conclusion, the policy to attract FDI could adjust the industrial structure in China.