Cette thèse porte sur la mesure de l'inégalité d'opportunité et son effet sur la croissance économique. Le Chapitre 1 étudie les propriétés axiomatiques de deux approches de mesure concurrentes. Dans les deux cas, la population est partitionnée en groupes rassemblant des personnes partageant les mêmes circonstances, ces déterminants de revenu que les individus ne peuvent choisir (ex. sexe ou milieu familial). L'inégalité d'opportunité est alors mesurée comme celle présente au sein d'une distribution contrefactuelle où chacun se voit attribuer le revenu représentatif de son groupe. La première approche considère la moyenne arithmétique comme revenu représentatif. Lorsque le nombre de groupes est grand et que leur taille est petite, ces moyennes sont peu précisément estimées. Afin de d'atténuer ce problème, la seconde approche, dite paramétrique, suppose que les circonstances n'ont pas d'effet d'interaction et remplace la moyenne arithmétique par la prédiction OLS du revenu régressé sur les circonstances. Le Chapitre 1 montre que la méthode paramétrique est faible d'un point de vue axiomatique. En particulier, elle ne respecte pas une version «entre­-groupes» du principe des transferts. Le Chapitre 2 propose une méthodologie afin de contourner le manque actuel de micro-données sur les circonstances parentales, un déterminant majeur de l'inégalité d'opportunité. L'idée est d'utiliser 1 structure des enquêtes démographiques organisées autour de foyers afin de retrouver les circonstances parentales des adultes vivant avec leurs parents, puis d'utiliser une méthode d'ajustement statistique -l'imputation multiple -afin d'obtenir une mesure d'inégalité d'opportunité représentative de la population adulte dans son ensemble. Celle-ci est proche de la« vraie» inégalité d'opportunité, qui repose sur des questions directes à propos du milieu parental contenue dans l'enquête brésilienne du PNAD 1996. Le Chapitre 3 étudie empiriquement une récente explication quant au caractère peu concluant de la littérature empirique sur l'inégalité et la croissance: ce n'est pas l'inégalité de revenus qui compte pour la croissance mais ses deux composantes, à savoir l'inégalité d'opportunité et la composante résiduelle qu'est l'inégalité d'effort. Cette explication est validée au Brésil au niveau municipal durant la période 1980-2010, où le: inégalités d'opportunité et d'effort sont respectivement préjudiciables et bénéfiques à la croissance économique future, comme attendu. Leurs effets sont robustes et significatifs, contrairement à celui de l'inégalité total de revenus. / This thesis is about the measurement of inequality of opportunity and its impact on economic growth. Chapter 1 studies the axiomatic properties of two prominent measurement approaches. In both cases, the population is partitioned into groups of people sharing the same circumstances, those income determinants that are beyond individual control (e.g. sex or parental background) and that shape one's opportunities. Inequality of opportunity is then measured by applying a1 inequality index over a counterfactual distribution where each individual is attributed the representative income of his group. The first approach takes the representative income of a group to be its arithmetic mean. When a large number of small-sized groups are considered, these means can be poorly estimated. To mitigate this issue, the second approach, called parametric, assumes that circumstances have no interaction effect and takes this representative income to be the OLS predicted value of income regressed on circumstances. Chapter I shows that the parametric approach has poor axiomatic properties, especially with respect to a between-group version of the transfer principle. Chapter 2 provides a methodology to circumvent the current lack of microdata on parental background circumstances, a major driver of inequality of oppo1tunity. The idea is to retrieve the parental background of adults living with their parents thanks to the structure of household survey data, and then to apply a missing data procedure -multiple imputation -to obtain estimate of inequality of opportunity that are representative of the overall adult population. These estimates are shown to be close to their "true" counterpa1ts, based on direct questions about parental background contained in the Brazilian PNAD 1996 survey. Chapter 3 empirically investigates a recent and promising explanation for the inconclusiveness of traditional growth-inequality literature: income inequality does not matter for growth while its components -inequality of opportunity and the residual one, inequality of effort -do. This explanation is validated in Brazil at the municipality level over the period 1980-20 l 0, where inequalities of opportunity and effort are respectively detrimental and beneficial to subsequent growth, as expected. Their effects are robust and significant, in contrast to that of total income inequality.

Introdução: A atenção pré-natal (APN) é um componente prioritário da atenção básica (AB). Atualmente, existe um conjunto de indicadores de cobertura que avalia a APN. Os principais desfechos adversos da gestação (prematuridade e baixo peso) e a mortalidade neonatal também são indicadores utilizados para avaliar a qualidade da APN. O objetivo deste trabalho é avaliar desigualdades na APN, a partir dos indicadores de cobertura da APN e indicadores de desfechos adversos e mortalidade neonatal, no estado do Rio Grande do Sul (RS), conforme as regiões de saúde e vulnerabilidade social, de 2010 a 2013. Métodos: Trata-se de um estudo quantitativo, baseado na epidemiologia social, com delineamento de série histórica e estudo ecológico, no qual os indicadores foram agregados por macrorregiões e regiões de saúde e índice de vulnerabilidade social.Para a avaliação dos indicadores na perspectiva de possíveis desigualdades sociais, foram escolhidos dois índices: o Índice de Vulnerabilidade Social (IVS-5) e o Índice de Desenvolvimento Humano Municipal (IDHM), divididos em categorias. Para o cálculo dos indicadores, os dados foram extraídos dos seguintes Sistemas de Informação em Saúde (SIS) do DATASUS: Sala de Apoio à Gestão Estratégica Situacional (SAGE), Sistema de Informação da Atenção Básica (SIAB), Sistema de Informações de Nascidos Vivos (SINASC) e Sistema de Informação sobre Mortalidade (SIM). Resultados: Houve aumento da cobertura de estratégia de saúde da família (ESF) e equipes de saúde bucal (ESB) no RS ao longo dos anos. A análise por macrorregiões e regiões de saúde mostrou elevadas coberturas da APN na maioria dos locais. Foram observadas desigualdades de cobertura, ocorrência dos desfechos negativos e mortalidade neonatal por macrorregiões e regiões de saúde. A análise por IVS-5 permitiu observar que nas categorias com municípios mais vulneráveis, há um expressivo incremento nas coberturas de ESF e ESB, que se traduzem em melhores indicadores da APN e menores taxas de desfechos adversos e mortalidade neonatal. O IDHM não se mostrou como um bom índice para este trabalho. Considerações finais: Há disparidades em termos de cobertura de ESF e ESB no RS quando observadas as macrorregiões, regiões e categorias de IVS-5. Desigualdades são observadas nas coberturas de APN, desfechos adversos e mortalidade neonatal entre macrorregiões e regiões de saúde. Os indicadores de cobertura de APN são melhores nas categorias de IVS-5-3 e IVS-5-4, categorias formadas pelos municípios mais vulneráveis. Nesse sentido, pode-se concluir que há uma preocupação do estado em investir em equipes em áreas mais vulneráveis, seguindo-se o princípio da equidade. Possivelmente, se não houvesse esse incremento em ESF e ESB, seriam observadas baixas coberturas de APN e elevados índices de desfechos adversos da gestação e mortalidade neonatal nas categorias de municípios mais vulneráveis. / Introduction: Prenatal care (PNC) is a main component of primary care (PC). Currently, there is a set of coverage indicators that assess PNC. The main adverse results of pregnancy (preterm birth and low weight) and neonatal mortality are also indicators used to assess the quality of PNC. The goal of this work is to evaluate inequalities in APN, from the coverage indicators of APN and indicators of adverse outcomes and neonatal mortality, in the estate of Rio Grande do Sul (RS) sorted by healthcare regions and social vulnerability, from 2010 to 2013. Methods: This is a quantitative study based on social epidemiology, with a historical series and ecological study design, in which indicators were pooled by macro region, healthcare region and social vulnerability index. To assess indicators for potential social inequalities, two indexes were chosen: the Social Vulnerability Index (IVS-5) and the Municipal Human Development Index (MHDI), divided into categories. For the calculation of indicators, data were retrieved from the following Health Information Systems (SIS) of DATASUS: Situational Strategic Management Support Room (SAGE), Primary Care Information System (SIAB), Live Birth Information System (SINASC), and Mortality Information System (SIM). Results: There was an increase in the coverage of family health strategy (ESF) and oral health teams (ESB) in the RS over the years. The analysis according to macro regions and healthcare regions showed high PNC coverage in most locations. Coverage inequalities, occurrence of negative outcomes and neonatal mortality by macro regions and healthcare regions were observed. The IVS-5 analysis allowed us to observe that, in categories with more vulnerable municipalities, there was a sharp increase in ESF and ESB coverage, which translated into better PNC indicators and lower rates of adverse outcomes and neonatal mortality. The MHDI was not shown to be a good index for this study. Final considerations: There were discrepancies regarding ESF and ESB coverage in the RS when macro regions, regions and IVS-5 categories were observed. Inequalities were observed in PNC coverage between macro regions and healthcare regions. PNC indicators were better in the IVS-5-3 and IVS-5-4 categories, which comprised more vulnerable cities. Therefore, we can conclude that there is a concern in the state with investing in health teams in more vulnerable locations in accordance with the principle of equity. Possibly, if this increase in ESF and ESB had not taken place, low PNC coverage and high rates of adverse outcomes from pregnancy and neonatal mortality would be seen in the categories comprising more vulnerable cities.

In this paper, we introduce the motivation for Bell inequalities and give some background on two different types: CHSH and Mermin's inequalities. We present a proof for each and then show that certain quantum states can violate both of these inequalities. We introduce a new result stating that for four given measurement directions of spin, two respectively from Alice and two from Bob, which are able to produce a violation of the Bell inequality for an arbitrary shared quantum state will also violate the Bell inequality for a maximally entangled state. Then we provide another new result that characterizes all of the two-qubit states that violate Mermin's inequality.

xii, 169 p. A print copy of this thesis is available through the UO Libraries. Search the library catalog for the location and call number. / Infant feeding has received insufficient attention in the social sciences. Breastfeeding is an important public health concern because it provides many benefits for infants, mothers, and the community. Breastfeeding rates in the United States increased from their lowest point in the early 1970s, but remain below the federal goals established by the Healthy People 2010 program. This is particularly the case for exclusive breastfeeding. Sociological and feminist theorists have identified several factors that influence breastfeeding, such as social class, race, and state support for lactating women. This research uses the National Immunization Survey, which contains a random sample of nearly 30,000 infant-caretaker pairs in the United States, to examine the affect of these factors on breastfeeding duration and intensiveness. Hierarchical linear modeling is used to analyze individual mothers within U.S. states to determine how class, race, and state-level policies affect breastfeeding rates. The models show that education level and income are strongly associated with both duration and intensity of breastfeeding. African-American and Hispanic women tend to breastfeed less than their white counterparts. State-level variables, particularly the number of lactation consultants employed in a state per 1000 live births, increase the likelihood of breastfeeding. The results of this research are used to suggest policy recommendations that may increase the duration and intensity of breastfeeding. / Advisers: Robert O'Brien, Richard York

In the last fifteen years, the Brazilian government has implemented educational policies intended to expand access to higher education for students from disadvantaged socioeconomic backgrounds. At the same time, research has observed the increase in the demand for international mobility of students from middle and upper classes. This PhD thesis aimed to understand the e↵ect of international mobility among Brazilian undergraduate students on educational inequality by examining the Science Without Borders (SWB) programme. This programme was established in July 2011 by the Brazilian Federal Government with the aim to promote the expansion and the internationalisation of science and technology, and increase Brazilian competitiveness through international exchange and mobility. The programme distributed 101,000 scholarships between 2011 and 2015 for undergraduate and graduate Brazilian students to study in a foreign university. The thesis draws on research on educational inequalities and international mobility. The research on education inequalities showed that in many developed countries, after the expansion of education, students from privileged socioeconomic backgrounds seek to maintain their education advantage through distinctive educational trajectories. The international mobility research also indicated that students from more advantageous socioeconomic backgrounds are more likely to pursue international mobility as a strategy for maintaining their privilege. However, international mobility programmes that o↵er financial bursary attract students from lower socioeconomic backgrounds as well. Hence, this research examined whether international mobility programmes which o↵er scholarships may operate as a mechanism for opening up opportunities in the education system. The dataset used for the study was created thanks to the collaboration of three di↵erent intuitions: the two funding bodies of the SWB programme and the National Institute for Educational Studies and Research (INEP). The negotiations to access the data lasted around a year and a half, and was only agreed after the anonymity of the students were guaranteed. INEP merged data from the High School National Exam (ENEM) datasets with the information provided by the two funding bodies to identify students who attended the SWB programme between 2011 and 2014. Probit regression models were used to examine the association between students’ socioeconomic backgrounds and the likelihood of participating in the SWB programme. The models showed that students with parents with higher levels of education and higher income were more likely to receive a SWB scholarship. In other words, there was inequality in access to the programme. Therefore, the financial bursary o↵ered by the Brazilian government did not eliminate the e↵ect of students’ socioeconomic characteristics on access to this programme. Multilevel models were used to analyse the association between students’ socioeconomic background and prestige of the foreign university attended. The models demonstrated that there was also inequality within the SWB programme: students from more advantageous socioeconomic background tended to study in more prestigious universities. These results corroborate the results from the international mobility literature and suggest that students from privileged socioeconomic backgrounds might pursue international mobility to maintain educational advantages. These results have important implications for educational policies in Brazil. In addition to the e↵ort to expand access to higher education, the government should also assure that inequalities are not being transferred to other areas, such as in the case of international mobility.

The diploma thesis concerns the elaboration of excercises of inequality which were placed in mathematics olympics in 1951-1975, the clasification of inequality in agreement with the method of solution and showing other ways of solution. The thesis should serve as an addiltiolal study material for students interesed in mathematics.

Introdução: A atenção pré-natal (APN) é um componente prioritário da atenção básica (AB). Atualmente, existe um conjunto de indicadores de cobertura que avalia a APN. Os principais desfechos adversos da gestação (prematuridade e baixo peso) e a mortalidade neonatal também são indicadores utilizados para avaliar a qualidade da APN. O objetivo deste trabalho é avaliar desigualdades na APN, a partir dos indicadores de cobertura da APN e indicadores de desfechos adversos e mortalidade neonatal, no estado do Rio Grande do Sul (RS), conforme as regiões de saúde e vulnerabilidade social, de 2010 a 2013. Métodos: Trata-se de um estudo quantitativo, baseado na epidemiologia social, com delineamento de série histórica e estudo ecológico, no qual os indicadores foram agregados por macrorregiões e regiões de saúde e índice de vulnerabilidade social.Para a avaliação dos indicadores na perspectiva de possíveis desigualdades sociais, foram escolhidos dois índices: o Índice de Vulnerabilidade Social (IVS-5) e o Índice de Desenvolvimento Humano Municipal (IDHM), divididos em categorias. Para o cálculo dos indicadores, os dados foram extraídos dos seguintes Sistemas de Informação em Saúde (SIS) do DATASUS: Sala de Apoio à Gestão Estratégica Situacional (SAGE), Sistema de Informação da Atenção Básica (SIAB), Sistema de Informações de Nascidos Vivos (SINASC) e Sistema de Informação sobre Mortalidade (SIM). Resultados: Houve aumento da cobertura de estratégia de saúde da família (ESF) e equipes de saúde bucal (ESB) no RS ao longo dos anos. A análise por macrorregiões e regiões de saúde mostrou elevadas coberturas da APN na maioria dos locais. Foram observadas desigualdades de cobertura, ocorrência dos desfechos negativos e mortalidade neonatal por macrorregiões e regiões de saúde. A análise por IVS-5 permitiu observar que nas categorias com municípios mais vulneráveis, há um expressivo incremento nas coberturas de ESF e ESB, que se traduzem em melhores indicadores da APN e menores taxas de desfechos adversos e mortalidade neonatal. O IDHM não se mostrou como um bom índice para este trabalho. Considerações finais: Há disparidades em termos de cobertura de ESF e ESB no RS quando observadas as macrorregiões, regiões e categorias de IVS-5. Desigualdades são observadas nas coberturas de APN, desfechos adversos e mortalidade neonatal entre macrorregiões e regiões de saúde. Os indicadores de cobertura de APN são melhores nas categorias de IVS-5-3 e IVS-5-4, categorias formadas pelos municípios mais vulneráveis. Nesse sentido, pode-se concluir que há uma preocupação do estado em investir em equipes em áreas mais vulneráveis, seguindo-se o princípio da equidade. Possivelmente, se não houvesse esse incremento em ESF e ESB, seriam observadas baixas coberturas de APN e elevados índices de desfechos adversos da gestação e mortalidade neonatal nas categorias de municípios mais vulneráveis. / Introduction: Prenatal care (PNC) is a main component of primary care (PC). Currently, there is a set of coverage indicators that assess PNC. The main adverse results of pregnancy (preterm birth and low weight) and neonatal mortality are also indicators used to assess the quality of PNC. The goal of this work is to evaluate inequalities in APN, from the coverage indicators of APN and indicators of adverse outcomes and neonatal mortality, in the estate of Rio Grande do Sul (RS) sorted by healthcare regions and social vulnerability, from 2010 to 2013. Methods: This is a quantitative study based on social epidemiology, with a historical series and ecological study design, in which indicators were pooled by macro region, healthcare region and social vulnerability index. To assess indicators for potential social inequalities, two indexes were chosen: the Social Vulnerability Index (IVS-5) and the Municipal Human Development Index (MHDI), divided into categories. For the calculation of indicators, data were retrieved from the following Health Information Systems (SIS) of DATASUS: Situational Strategic Management Support Room (SAGE), Primary Care Information System (SIAB), Live Birth Information System (SINASC), and Mortality Information System (SIM). Results: There was an increase in the coverage of family health strategy (ESF) and oral health teams (ESB) in the RS over the years. The analysis according to macro regions and healthcare regions showed high PNC coverage in most locations. Coverage inequalities, occurrence of negative outcomes and neonatal mortality by macro regions and healthcare regions were observed. The IVS-5 analysis allowed us to observe that, in categories with more vulnerable municipalities, there was a sharp increase in ESF and ESB coverage, which translated into better PNC indicators and lower rates of adverse outcomes and neonatal mortality. The MHDI was not shown to be a good index for this study. Final considerations: There were discrepancies regarding ESF and ESB coverage in the RS when macro regions, regions and IVS-5 categories were observed. Inequalities were observed in PNC coverage between macro regions and healthcare regions. PNC indicators were better in the IVS-5-3 and IVS-5-4 categories, which comprised more vulnerable cities. Therefore, we can conclude that there is a concern in the state with investing in health teams in more vulnerable locations in accordance with the principle of equity. Possibly, if this increase in ESF and ESB had not taken place, low PNC coverage and high rates of adverse outcomes from pregnancy and neonatal mortality would be seen in the categories comprising more vulnerable cities.

Essa dissertação tem como objetivo apresentar uma medida de desigualdade distinta das usualmente utilizadas na literatura de desigualdade. Tal medida, aqui denominada índice J, além de possuir a característica de ser simétrica também possibilita conduzir análises distintas daquelas feitas com os índices usualmente utilizados. Para avaliar a aplicabilidade do índice J foram utilizados dados provenientes da PNAD referente aos anos de 2007, 2011 e 2015 . Apenas dados referentes ao estado de São Paulo foram incluídos. Além de avaliar a evolução da desigualdade no período, decomposição intra e entre grupos foram conduzidas. Testes de hipótese para a desigualdade entre grupos, uma das possibilidades apresentada pelo índice J, foram conduzidos. Também foi avaliado como a presença de erros de medidas não condicionais à renda influenciaria o resultado. Os resultados apresentados pelo índice J apontam para uma diminuição da desigualdade de renda no período analisado, sendo que a variável educação se apresentou como a característica com maior capacidade de explicar a desigualdade total a partir da desigualdade entre grupos, dentre as variáveis analisadas. A simulação de Monte Carlo conduzida para o teste de hipótese para desigualdade entre grupos também apontou à variável educação como a mais provável de gerar desigualdade. A presença de erros de medida não condicionais à renda não influenciou no resultado final do índice J, porém a simulação de tais erros contribuiu para amenizar o problema de discretização dos dados provenientes da PNAD. O índice J apresentou-se como uma alternativa viável aos índices usualmente utilizados na literatura de desigualdade, possibilitando algumas análises distintas e que podem auxiliar no estudo da desigualdade de renda. / This dissertation aims to present a measure of inequality distinct from those usually used in the inequality literature. Such a measure, here called the J index, besides having the characteristic of being symmetrical also makes it possible to conduct analyzes different from those made with the indexes usually used. To evaluate the applicability of the J index, data from the PNAD for the years 2007, 2011 and 2015 were used in the analysis. Only data referring to the state of São Paulo were included. In addition to assessing the evolution of inequality in the period, within and between group decomposition were conducted. Hypothesis tests for the inequality between groups, one of the possibilities presented by the index J, were conducted. It was also evaluated how the presence of errors of measures not conditional to the income would influence the result. The results presented by the index J point to a decrease in income inequality in the analyzed period, with the education variable being the characteristic with the greatest capacity to explain the total inequality from the inequality between groups, among the variables analyzed. The Monte Carlo simulation conducted for the hypothesis test for inequality between groups also pointed to the education variable as the most likely to generate inequality. The presence of measurement errors did not influence the final result of the J index, but the simulation of such errors contributed to soften the problem of discretization of PNAD data. The index J was presented as a viable alternative to the indexes usually used in theliterature of inequality, allowing some different analyzes and that can help in thestudy of income inequality.

Introdução: A atenção pré-natal (APN) é um componente prioritário da atenção básica (AB). Atualmente, existe um conjunto de indicadores de cobertura que avalia a APN. Os principais desfechos adversos da gestação (prematuridade e baixo peso) e a mortalidade neonatal também são indicadores utilizados para avaliar a qualidade da APN. O objetivo deste trabalho é avaliar desigualdades na APN, a partir dos indicadores de cobertura da APN e indicadores de desfechos adversos e mortalidade neonatal, no estado do Rio Grande do Sul (RS), conforme as regiões de saúde e vulnerabilidade social, de 2010 a 2013. Métodos: Trata-se de um estudo quantitativo, baseado na epidemiologia social, com delineamento de série histórica e estudo ecológico, no qual os indicadores foram agregados por macrorregiões e regiões de saúde e índice de vulnerabilidade social.Para a avaliação dos indicadores na perspectiva de possíveis desigualdades sociais, foram escolhidos dois índices: o Índice de Vulnerabilidade Social (IVS-5) e o Índice de Desenvolvimento Humano Municipal (IDHM), divididos em categorias. Para o cálculo dos indicadores, os dados foram extraídos dos seguintes Sistemas de Informação em Saúde (SIS) do DATASUS: Sala de Apoio à Gestão Estratégica Situacional (SAGE), Sistema de Informação da Atenção Básica (SIAB), Sistema de Informações de Nascidos Vivos (SINASC) e Sistema de Informação sobre Mortalidade (SIM). Resultados: Houve aumento da cobertura de estratégia de saúde da família (ESF) e equipes de saúde bucal (ESB) no RS ao longo dos anos. A análise por macrorregiões e regiões de saúde mostrou elevadas coberturas da APN na maioria dos locais. Foram observadas desigualdades de cobertura, ocorrência dos desfechos negativos e mortalidade neonatal por macrorregiões e regiões de saúde. A análise por IVS-5 permitiu observar que nas categorias com municípios mais vulneráveis, há um expressivo incremento nas coberturas de ESF e ESB, que se traduzem em melhores indicadores da APN e menores taxas de desfechos adversos e mortalidade neonatal. O IDHM não se mostrou como um bom índice para este trabalho. Considerações finais: Há disparidades em termos de cobertura de ESF e ESB no RS quando observadas as macrorregiões, regiões e categorias de IVS-5. Desigualdades são observadas nas coberturas de APN, desfechos adversos e mortalidade neonatal entre macrorregiões e regiões de saúde. Os indicadores de cobertura de APN são melhores nas categorias de IVS-5-3 e IVS-5-4, categorias formadas pelos municípios mais vulneráveis. Nesse sentido, pode-se concluir que há uma preocupação do estado em investir em equipes em áreas mais vulneráveis, seguindo-se o princípio da equidade. Possivelmente, se não houvesse esse incremento em ESF e ESB, seriam observadas baixas coberturas de APN e elevados índices de desfechos adversos da gestação e mortalidade neonatal nas categorias de municípios mais vulneráveis. / Introduction: Prenatal care (PNC) is a main component of primary care (PC). Currently, there is a set of coverage indicators that assess PNC. The main adverse results of pregnancy (preterm birth and low weight) and neonatal mortality are also indicators used to assess the quality of PNC. The goal of this work is to evaluate inequalities in APN, from the coverage indicators of APN and indicators of adverse outcomes and neonatal mortality, in the estate of Rio Grande do Sul (RS) sorted by healthcare regions and social vulnerability, from 2010 to 2013. Methods: This is a quantitative study based on social epidemiology, with a historical series and ecological study design, in which indicators were pooled by macro region, healthcare region and social vulnerability index. To assess indicators for potential social inequalities, two indexes were chosen: the Social Vulnerability Index (IVS-5) and the Municipal Human Development Index (MHDI), divided into categories. For the calculation of indicators, data were retrieved from the following Health Information Systems (SIS) of DATASUS: Situational Strategic Management Support Room (SAGE), Primary Care Information System (SIAB), Live Birth Information System (SINASC), and Mortality Information System (SIM). Results: There was an increase in the coverage of family health strategy (ESF) and oral health teams (ESB) in the RS over the years. The analysis according to macro regions and healthcare regions showed high PNC coverage in most locations. Coverage inequalities, occurrence of negative outcomes and neonatal mortality by macro regions and healthcare regions were observed. The IVS-5 analysis allowed us to observe that, in categories with more vulnerable municipalities, there was a sharp increase in ESF and ESB coverage, which translated into better PNC indicators and lower rates of adverse outcomes and neonatal mortality. The MHDI was not shown to be a good index for this study. Final considerations: There were discrepancies regarding ESF and ESB coverage in the RS when macro regions, regions and IVS-5 categories were observed. Inequalities were observed in PNC coverage between macro regions and healthcare regions. PNC indicators were better in the IVS-5-3 and IVS-5-4 categories, which comprised more vulnerable cities. Therefore, we can conclude that there is a concern in the state with investing in health teams in more vulnerable locations in accordance with the principle of equity. Possibly, if this increase in ESF and ESB had not taken place, low PNC coverage and high rates of adverse outcomes from pregnancy and neonatal mortality would be seen in the categories comprising more vulnerable cities.

[pt] Esta dissertação tem como objetivo analisar a problemática da desigualdade educacional à luz das percepções de jovens estudantes do ensino médio das redes pública e privada da cidade do Rio de Janeiro, participantes da pesquisa Juventude, Cidadania e Cultura Cívica, sobre temas como a educação, a escola e o mercado de trabalho. O desenvolvimento desta análise partiu do princípio de que a educação pública no Brasil concorre para a reprodução das desigualdades educacionais e, por conseguinte, das desigualdades sociais, pois não prima pela atenuação das influências da origem familiar sobre o desempenho escolar, o que resulta na desigualdade de oportunidades entre os indivíduos. A análise das percepções dos jovens permite afirmar que estão conscientes das desigualdades que permeiam o sistema escolar nacional e reconhecem que as oportunidades de acesso ao ensino superior e ao mercado de trabalho são diferenciadas. / [en] This dissertation has the objective to analyze the problematic of the education inequality by the perceptions of young students of the city of Rio de Janeiro, participants of the inquiry Youth, Citizenship and Civic Culture , on subjects like the education, the school and the labor. This analysis understands that the public education in Brazil contributes to the reproduction of the education inequalities and, consequently, of the social inequalities, since it does not work for the reduction of the influences of the familiar origin on the school performance, which turns in the inequality of opportunities between the individuals. The analysis of the perceptions of the young students allows this work to affirm what they are conscious of the inequalities that permeate the school national system and recognize that the opportunities of access to the university and to the labor market are differentiated.