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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
1

AnÃlise molecular da prevalÃncia dos genes beta-lactamases blaCTX-M, blaSHV e blaTEM em Klebsiella pneumoniae isoladas de pacientes com diagnÃstico de infecÃÃo hospitalar na Santa Casa de MisericÃrdia de Sobral, Cearà / Molecular analysis of the prevalence of blaCTX-M, blaSHV, and blaTEM beta-lactamases genes in Klebsiella pneumoniae isolated from patients with nosocomial infection at the Santa Casa de Misericordia de Sobral, CearÃ

Francisco RuliglÃsio Rocha 31 March 2015 (has links)
Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento CientÃfico e TecnolÃgico / Klebsiella pneumoniae à um bacilo gram-negativo responsÃvel por uma parcela significativa de infecÃÃes do trato urinÃrio, respiratÃrio e corrente sanguÃnea de adultos em hospitais, alÃm de infecÃÃes em recÃm-nascidos em unidades de terapia intensiva. Sua importÃncia tem aumentado devido ao surgimento de cepas produtoras de beta-lactamases de espectro estendido (ESBL). Estas enzimas medeiam resistÃncia aos oxyimino-β-lactÃmicos. Em K. pneumoniae, a maioria das ESBL identificadas sÃo dos tipos TEM, SHV e CTX-M. Em adiÃÃo, β-lactamases que hidrolisam carbapenÃmicos dos tipos KPC e GES tem sido detectadas nestes isolados. Surtos de infecÃÃo hospitalar causados por clones de K. pneumoniae multiressistentes tem sido descritos em vÃrias regiÃes do paÃs. No entanto, este à o primeiro relato de caracterizaÃÃo genÃtica de isolados de K. pneumoniae produtores de ESBL no estado do CearÃ, Brasil. Este estudo teve como objetivo, em primeiro lugar, detectar os principais genes responsÃveis pela produÃÃo de ESBL em cepas de K. pneumoniae obtidas a partir de pacientes que desenvolveram infecÃÃes hospitalares em um hospital de cuidados terciÃrios na regiÃo norte do estado do CearÃ, de novembro de 2013 a agosto de 2014 e, em segundo lugar, analisar a similaridade genÃtica destes isolados. Trinta e seis isolados clÃnicos de K. pneumoniae produtores de ESBL foram avaliados. A detecÃÃo dos genes blaCTX-M dos grupos 1 e 2, blaSHV-like, blaTEM-like, blaKPC-like e blaGES-like foi realizada por PCR. A tipagem molecular dos isolados foi realizada por Pulsed-Field Gel Electrophoresis (PFGE). Os genes blaCTX-M dos grupos 1 ou 2 e blaSHV-like foram detectados em 100% dos isolados e os genes blaTEM-like em 55,6%. Em adiÃÃo, 55,6% dos produtores de CTX-M tambÃm produziram SHV e TEM. Nenhum gene blaKPC-like e blaGES-like foi detectado. A tipagem molecular por PFGE mostrou grande diversidade entre os isolados, contudo dois isolados coletados em diferentes clÃnicas mostraram o mesmo perfil de bandas e tinham os mesmos genes bla e, entÃo, foram considerados como pertencentes a uma Ãnica cepa. A detecÃÃo dos genes blaCTX-M em 100% dos isolados sugere que as enzimas CTX-M sÃo as principais ESBL responsÃveis pelo fenÃtipo de resistÃncia aos beta-lactÃmicos nos isolados estudados. Dados apresentados neste estudo chamam atenÃÃo para um problema de resistÃncia endÃmico causado por cepas multiclonais de K. pneumoniae multirresistentes cujo controle passa essencialmente pelo aprimoramento das polÃticas de prescriÃÃo de antimicrobianos e pela implantaÃÃo de programas de prevenÃÃo e controle da disseminaÃÃo destes patÃgenos no hospital pesquisado. / Klebsiella pneumoniae is a Gram-negative bacillus responsible for a significant portion of urinary tract infections, respiratory, and bloodstream of adults in hospitals, besides infections in neonates in intensive care units. Its importance has increased due the emergence of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing strains (ESBLs). These enzymes mediate resistance to oxyimino-β-lactams. In K. pneumoniae, most of the identified ESBLs are of the TEM, SHV, and CTX-M types. In addition, carbapenem-hydrolyzing beta-lactamases of KPC and GES types has been detected in these isolates. Outbreaks of nosocomial infections caused by multidrug-resistant K. pneumoniae clones have been described in various regions of the country. However, this is the first report of the genetic characterization of ESBL-producing K. pneumoniae in the state of CearÃ, Brazil. This study aimed firstly to detect the main genes responsible for ESBL production in K. pneumoniae strains obtained from patients who developed nosocomial infections in a tertiary support hospital in the northern region of the Cearà state, from November 2013 to August 2014 and, secondly, to analyze the genetic similarity of these isolates. Thirty-six clinical isolates of ESBL-producing K. pneumoniae were evaluated. The detection of blaCTX-M groups 1 and 2, blaSHV-like, blaTEM-like, blaKPC-like, and blaGES-like genes was performed by PCR. Molecular typing of isolates was performed by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis PFGE. Groups 1 or 2 blaCTX-M and blaSHV-like genes were detected in 100% of the isolates and blaTEM-like genes in 55.6%. In addition, 55.6% of CTX-M-producers also produced SHV and TEM. No blaKPC-like and blaGES-like genes were detected. Molecular typing by PFGE showed great diversity between the isolates, although two isolates collected in different wards showed the same banding profile and had the same bla genes and so were considered to belong to a single strain. Detection of blaCTX-M genes in 100% of the isolates suggests that CTX-M enzymes are the major ESBLs responsible for the beta-lactam resistance phenotypes of the studied isolates. Data presented in this study call attention to an endemic resistance problem caused by multiclonal strains of multidrug-resistant K. pneumoniae whose control passes essentially the improvement of antimicrobial prescription policies and the implementation of prevention and control programs the spread of these pathogens in the studied hospital.
2

Sepse neonatal em unidade de terapia intensiva: caracterÃsticas clÃnico epidemiolÃgicas, etiologia e fatores de risco / Neonatal sepsis in an intensive neonatal care unit: clinic epidemiological characteristics and risk factors

Rosabelle Braz Sidrim 21 October 1999 (has links)
CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeiÃoamento de NÃvel Superior / A sepse neonatal à atualmente a infecÃÃo mais freqÃente e importante causa de Ãbito de RN internados nas UTIN de paÃses desenvolvidos. Para conhecer a dimensÃo desse problema em um Hospital UniversitÃrio de atendimento terciÃrio localizado no Nordeste do Brasil, foi realizado um estudo de coorte retrospectivo de todos as crianÃas que nasceram e foram admitidas na UTIN no perÃodo de outubro de 1997 a abril de 1998. Uma coorte de 422 pares de recÃm-nascidos e suas respectivas mÃes foi formada; os RN foram seguidos do nascimento à alta ou Ãbito na UTIN ou atà a idade de 28 dias enquanto internados na UTIN. Ao todo, cerca de 34 variÃveis maternas, do neonato e procedimentos hospitalares foram pesquisadas em cada membro da coorte. Os testes estatÃsticos utilizados foram: Teste do Qui-quadrado e o Teste exato de FISCHER, cÃlculo do risco relativo com os respectivos intervalos de confianÃa. Em seguida procedeu-se a anÃlise multivariada com transformaÃÃo para logÃstica dos fatores mais significativos (p<0,05). Ao final, cinco fatores foram selecionados como preditores independentes da sepse neonatal: cateterizaÃÃo venosa central (OR=8,7, IC95%=2,3 a 32,6), faixa ponderal 1000 a 1499g (OR=4,8, IC95%=2,3 a 9,9), transfusÃo de hemoderivados (OR=3,6, IC95%=1,8 a 7,4), gravidez Ãnica (OR=2,3, IC95%=1,0 a 5,4) e faixa ponderal 1500 a 2499g (OR=2,3, IC95%=1,3 a 4,0). A incidÃncia de sepse na coorte foi de 40,4 para cada 100 RN admitidos (167/413). As bactÃrias mais prevalentes dos casos confirmados foram os bacilos gram-negativos; 67% dos episÃdios surgiram nos seis primeiros dias de vida. A internaÃÃo dos RN com sepse foi 4,3 vezes superior a internaÃÃo dos RN nÃo acometidos. A mortalidade global na UTIN foi de 25,59 para cada 100 RN admitidos, enquanto a letalidade pelo desfecho foi de 41,31%, com risco relativo de morte por sepse de 2,8. Este estudo poderà ser Ãtil para futuras estratÃgias com vistas a diminuir a morbimortalidade por sepse neonatal. / OBJECTIVE: Neonatal sepsis is currently the most frequent infection and an important cause of death among the newborns admitted at NICU. In order to evaluate the extension of this problem in a tertiary care University Hospital of Northeastern Brazil, a retrospective cohort survey was carried out on all inborn and admitted infants at the Assis Chateaubriand NICU from October 1997 to April 1998. METHOD: the survey design was a retrospective cohort carried out on all inborn infants admitted at the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit during seven consecutive months; 422 newborns were enrolled in the study and each one was followed up from birth to discharge from NCIU or death at the NICU. To compare the levels of the risk factors, two groups were formed: one by the all subjects who developed the outcome and another by all those who did not to. Each member of the cohort was investigated for 34 potential predictors variables concerning mothers factors, neonates factors and hospital procedures. In case of presence of sepsis, the variables were measured just up to the outcome. Standard National Nosocomial Infection Surveillance (NNIS-CDC) definitions of sepsis were used. Chi Square and Fischerâs exact tests were applied for comparison of frequencies; relative risk (RR) with their respective confidence interval of 95% (CI95%) was calculated. Subsequently, a multivariate analysis was done using logistic regression of most significant factors (OR). The level of statistical significance considered was p=0,05. RESULTS: The cohort sepsis incidence was 40,4 for each hundred of newborn admitted at NICU. The bacterias more prevalent of the confirmed cases were the gram-negative bacilli. Most sepsis episodes appeared in the first six days of life (67%). The time of NICU hospitalization of the sick newborn was 4,3 times longer compared to that non-sick newborn. Five factors were selected as independent predictors for neonatal sepsis: central venous catheter (OR=8,7, CI95%=2,31 to 32,69, p=0,001), birth weight of 1000-1499g (OR=4,8, CI95%=2,39 to 9,97, p=0,000), blood transfusions (OR=3,6, CI95%=1,81 to 7,45, p=0,003), singular gestation (OR=2,3, CI95%=1,04 to 5,44, p=0,04) and birth weight of 1500<2500g (OR=2,3, CI95%=1,34 to 4,04, p=0,002). Global mortality reached 25,59% of the cohort. Mortality associated to sepsis was 41,31% with Relative Risk for death = 2,8. CONCLUSION: neonatal sepsis incidence and mortality rates found are higher than in developed countries rates. Birth weight under 2500g, singular gestation, central venous catheter and blood transfusions proved be independent predictors related to neonatal sepsis. This study may contribute for the future strategies for reduction of neonatal sepsis rates and its sequels in our hospital.

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