PhD (Health) / Department of Public Health / The Government of South Africa in response to a prevalent human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) has adopted an approach of integrating HIV/AIDS service into primary health care, as a key to achieving universal access to antiretroviral treatment (ART). Despite the government’s efforts of integrating HIV service into Primary Health Care (PHC), insufficient numbers of PHC staff and inadequate infrastructure is challenging when integrating HIV/AIDS service into PHC. This study explored the extent of HIV service integration into PHC and whether the clinic/health centre’s environment is enabling to integrate HIV service into PHC. Barriers to HIV/AIDS services integration as well as attitudes of PHC nurses were assessed. The overall purpose of this study was to develop guidelines to facilitate the integration of HIV/AIDS services into PHC in Vhembe district of Limpopo province, South Africa. An exploratory sequential mixed methods design was used. The qualitative data was collected and analysed before and results for qualitative approach used to build a subsequent quantitative phase. The current study revealed that HIV/AIDS services are integrated into every existing programme at the PHC clinic and health centres; these include: Immunisation programme, Family planning, PMTCT and ANC programmes, STIs, minor ailments and chronic illness and TB. The study further revealed that the environments at PHC clinics and health centres are not enabling the integration of HIV/AIDS services into PHC due to insufficient staff and inadequate infrastructure. Guidelines to facilitate the integration of HIV/AIDS services based on the findings was developed. The study recommendations comprise; increasing knowledge of HIV serostatus, accelerating HIV prevention, accelerating the scale-up of HIV treatment and care, creating of enabling environment for the integration of HIV/AIDS services into PHC, nursing education and training and nursing education and training.

Background Oxygen is one of the most commonly used drugs by anesthesiologists. The World Health Organization (WHO) gave recommendations regarding perioperative oxygen administration, but the practice of oxygen use in anesthesia, critical emergency, and intensive care medicine remains unclear. Methods We conducted an online survey among members of the European Society of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care (ESAIC). The questionnaire consisted of 46 queries appraising the perioperative period, emergency medicine and in the intensive care, knowledge about current recommendations by the WHO, oxygen toxicity, and devices for supplemental oxygen therapy. Results Seven hundred ninety-eight ESAIC members (2.1% of all ESAIC members) completed the survey. Most respondents were board-certified and worked in hospitals with > 500 beds. The majority affirmed that they do not use specific protocols for oxygen administration. WHO recommendations are unknown to 42% of respondents, known but not followed by 14%, and known and followed by 24% of them. Respondents prefer inspiratory oxygen fraction (FiO2) ≥80% during induction and emergence from anesthesia, but intraoperatively < 60% for maintenance, and higher FiO2 in patients with diseased than non-diseased lungs. Postoperative oxygen therapy is prescribed more commonly according to peripheral oxygen saturation (SpO2), but shortage of devices still limits monitoring. When monitoring is used, SpO2 ≤ 95% is often targeted. In critical emergency medicine, oxygen is used frequently in patients aged ≥80 years, or presenting with respiratory distress, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, myocardial infarction, and stroke. In the intensive care unit, oxygen is mostly targeted at 96%, especially in patients with pulmonary diseases. Conclusions The current practice of perioperative oxygen therapy among respondents does not follow WHO recommendations or current evidence, and access to postoperative monitoring devices impairs the individualization of oxygen therapy. Further research and additional teaching about use of oxygen are necessary.