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CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeÃoamento de Pessoal de NÃvel Superior / O problema do cÃdigo de identificaÃÃo foi introduzido em 1998 por Karpovsky com a finalidade de ajudar no diagnÃstico de falhas em sistemas computacionais com multiprocessadores Desde entÃo o estudo sobre esses cÃdigos e suas variantes tem sido desenvolvido Antoine Lobstein mantÃm uma bibliografia com mais de 200 artigos sobre o assunto A ideia do problema consiste em identificar qualquer vÃrtice do grafo utilizando apenas o seu conjunto de identificaÃÃo que sÃo os vÃrtices de sua vizinhanÃa fechada que estÃo no cÃdigo de identificaÃÃo Muitos estudos recentes se concentraram em grafos infinitos e com isso o objetivo à obter cÃdigos de identificaÃÃo nesses grafos infinitos com a menor densidade possÃvel Em 2005 Ben-Haim e Litsyn provaram que a densidade de um cÃdigo de identificaÃÃo Ãtimo da grade retangular infinita à 7/20. Nessa dissertaÃÃo fazemos um estudo bibliogrÃfico apresentando vÃrios resultados existentes e fornecemos uma prova alternativa para a densidade 7/20 de cÃdigos Ãtimos em grades retangulares infinitas usando o mÃtodo da descarga / The identifying code problem was introduced in 1998 by Karpovsky as a way to help fault diagnosis in multiprocessor computer systems Since then the study of this problem and its variants has been developed Antoine Lobstein maintains a bibliography with more than 200 articles on this subject The idea of the problem is to identify any vertex of the graph using just its identifying set which are the vertices of its closed neighborhood in the identifying code Many recent papers have investigated infinite graphs and then the main objective is to obtain identifying codes in these infinite graphs with the smallest possible density In 2005 Ben-Haim and Litsyn proved that the density of an optimum identifying code in the infinite rectangular grid is 7/20 In this dissertation we present a bibliographical study showing several existing results and we provide an alternative proof to the density 7/20 for optimum identifying codes in infinite rectangular grids using the discharging method

The problem of defining cycles in infinite graphs has received much attention in the literature. Diestel and Kuhn have proposed viewing a graph as 1-complex, and defining a topology on the point set of the graph together with its ends. In this setting, a circle in the graph is a homeomorph of the unit circle S^1 in this topological space. For locally finite graphs this setting appears to be natural, as many classical theorems on cycles in finite graphs extend to the infinite setting. A Hamilton circle in a graph is a circle containing all the vertices of the graph. We exhibit a necessary and sufficient condition that a countable graph contain a Hamilton circle in terms of the existence of Hamilton cycles in an increasing sequence of finite graphs. As corollaries, we obtain extensions to locally finite graphs of Zhan's theorem that all 7-connected line graphs are hamiltonian (confirming a conjecture of Georgakopoulos), and Ryjacek's theorem that all 7-connected claw-free graphs are hamiltonian. A third corollary of our main result is Georgakopoulos' theorem that the square of every two-connected locally finite graph contains a Hamilton circle (an extension of Fleischner's theorem that the square of every two-connected finite graph is Hamiltonian).

Cette thèse porte sur des propriétés d'approximation généralisant la moyennabilité pour les groupes localement compacts. Ces propriétés sont définies à partir des multiplicateurs de certaines algèbres associés aux groupes. La première partie est consacrée à l'étude de la propriété p-AP, qui est une extension de la AP de Haagerup et Kraus au cadre des opérateurs sur les espaces Lp. Le résultat principal dit que les groupes de Lie simples de rang supérieur et de centre fini ne satisfont p-AP pour aucun p entre 1 et l'infini. La deuxième partie se concentre sur les multiplicateurs de Schur radiaux sur les graphes. L'étude de ces objets est motivée par les liens avec les actions de groupes discrets et la moyennabilité faible. Les trois résultats principaux donnent des conditions nécessaires et suffisantes pour qu'une fonction sur les nombres naturels définisse un multiplicateur radial sur des différentes classes de graphes généralisant les arbres. Plus précisément, les classes de graphes étudiées sont les produits d'arbres, les produits de graphes hyperboliques et les complexes cubiques CAT(0) de dimension finie. / This thesis focusses on some approximation properties which generalise amenability for locally compact groups. These properties are defined by means of multipliers of certain algebras associated to the groups. The first part is devoted to the study of the p-AP, which is an extension of the AP of Haagerup and Kraus to the context of operators on Lp spaces. The main result asserts that simple Lie groups of higher rank and finite centre do not satisfy p-AP for any p between 1 and infinity. The second part concentrates on radial Schur multipliers on graphs. The study of these objects is motivated by some connections with actions of discrete groups and weak amenability. The three main results give necessary and sufficient conditions for a function of the natural numbers to define a radial multiplier on different classes of graphs generalising trees. More precisely, the classes of graphs considered here are products of trees, products hyperbolic graphs and finite dimensional CAT(0) cube complexes.

Dans cette thèse, nous nous attachons à étudier des classes de graphes infinis et leurs propriétés, Notamment celles de vérification de modèles, d'accessibilité et de langages reconnus.Nous définissons une notion d'arbres de piles ainsi qu'une notion liée de réécriture suffixe, permettant d'étendre à la fois les automates à piles d'ordre supérieur et la réécriture suffixe d'arbres de manière minimale. Nous définissons également une notion de reconnaissabilité sur les ensembles d'opérations à l'aide d'automates qui induit une notion de reconnaissabilité sur les ensembles d'arbres de piles et une notion de normalisation des ensembles reconnaissables d'opérations analogues à celles existant sur les automates à pile d'ordre supérieur. Nous montrons que les graphes définis par ces systèmes de réécriture suffixe d'arbres de piles possèdent une FO-théorie décidable, en montrant que ces graphes peuvent être obtenu par une interprétation à ensembles finis depuis un graphe de la hiérarchie à piles.Nous nous intéressons également au problème d'algébricité des langages de traces des systèmes à compteurs et au problème lié de la stratifiabilité d'un ensemble semi-linéaire. Nous montrons que dans le cas des polyèdres d'entiers, le problème de stratifiabilité est décidable et possède une complexité coNP-complète. Ce résultat nous permet ensuite de montrer que le problème d'algébricité des traces de systèmes à compteurs plats est décidable et coNP-complet. Nous donnons également une nouvelle preuve de la décidabilité des langages de traces des systèmes d'addition de vecteurs, préalablement étudié par Schwer / In this thesis, we study classes of infinite graphs and their properties,especially the model-checking problem, the accessibility problem and therecognised languages.We define a notion of stack trees, and a related notionof ground rewriting, which is an extension of both higher-order pushdownautomata and ground tree rewriting systems. We also define a notion ofrecognisability on the sets of ground rewriting operations through operationautomata. This notion induces a notion of recognisability over sets of stacktrees and a normalisation of recognisable sets of operations, similar to theknown notions over higher-order pushdown automata. We show that the graphsdefined by these ground stack tree rewriting systems have a decidableFO-theory, by exhibiting a finite set interpretation from a graph defined bya higher-order automaton to a graph defined by a ground stack tree rewritingsystem.We also consider the context-freeness problem for counter systems, andthe related problem of stratifiability of semi-linear sets. We prove thedecidability of the stratifiability problem for integral polyhedra and that itis coNP-complete. We use this result to show that the context-freeness problemfor flat counter systems is as well coNP-complete. Finally, we give a new proofof the decidability of the context-freeness problem for vector additionsystems, previously studied by Schwer