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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
11

Essays on inflation and monetary policy

Machado, Vicente da Gama January 2011 (has links)
Esta tese é composta de três artigos relacionados à política monetária e inflação e possuem em comum a ênfase na importância das expectativas tanto para o desenho da política monetária como para a dinâmica inflacionária. No primeiro ensaio, contribuímos para o debate sobre a resposta apropriada de política monetária a flutuações de preços de ativos em um contexto de aprendizagem adaptativa. O modelo conta com dois tipos de regras de juros instrumentais como em Bullard e Mitra (2002), porém com um papel adicional para preços de ativos. Do ponto de vista da E-Estabilidade, conclui-se que uma resposta a preços de ativos não é desejável nem com a regra que utiliza expectativas futuras nem com a regra que responde a valores contemporâneos. Crenças heterogêneas a respeito da dinâmica das flutuações de preços de ativos, inflação e hiato do produto são introduzidas. Também é avaliada uma regra de política monetária ótima que inclui um peso para os preços de ativos. De forma geral, conclui-se que o princípio de Taylor é relevante para todas as regras de juros analisadas e que os bancos centrais devem agir com cautela ao considerar a introdução de preços de ativos na política monetária. No segundo ensaio, oferecemos estimativas recentes de persistência inflacionária no Brasil, com uma abordagem multivariada de componentes não-observados, na qual são consideradas as seguintes fontes que impactam na persistência da inflação: desvios das expectativas da meta real de inflação; persistência dos fatores que provocam inflação; e termos defasados da inflação. Dados de inflação, produto e taxas de juros são decompostos em componentes não-observados e, para simplificar a estimativa de um número grande de variáveis desconhecidas, utilizamos análise bayesiana, seguindo Dossche e Everaert (2005). Os resultados indicam que a persistência baseada em expectativas tem grande participação na persistência inflacionária no Brasil, que tem diminuído nos últimos anos. Tal resultado implica que apenas as tradicionais fricções no ajuste de preços usadas nos modelos macroeconômicos não são suficientes para representar a real persistência da inflação. No último capítulo estimamos diversas curvas de Phillips reduzidas com dados brasileiros recentes, numa abordagem de séries de tempo com componentes não-observados, que se apresenta como alternativa às tradicionais estimativas, baseadas em métodos GMM, de curvas de Phillips Novo-Keynesianas (NKPC), que raramente foram bem sucedidas empiricamente. A decomposição em tendência, sazonalidade e ciclo oferece, através do resultado gráfico, interpretação econômica direta. Diferentemente de Harvey (2011), incluímos expectativas de inflação nas estimações, assim como na NKPC habitual. A inflação no Brasil parece ter respondido cada vez menos às medidas de atividade econômica consideradas. Isso consiste em evidência de achatamento da curva de Phillips no Brasil, o que significa por um lado custos de desinflação mais altos, mas por outro lado menores pressões inflacionárias derivadas de crescimento do produto. / This thesis is composed of three essays on monetary policy and inflation that share particular emphasis on the importance of expectations for both monetary policy design and inflation dynamics. First we contribute to the debate on the appropriate response of monetary policy to asset price fluctuations in an adaptive learning context. Our model accounts for two types of instrumental rules in the spirit of Bullard and Mitra (2002), but with an additional role for asset prices. From the point of view of EStability, we find that a response to stock prices is not desirable under both a forward expectations policy rule and an interest rate rule responding to contemporaneous values. Heterogeneous beliefs about the dynamics of asset price fluctuations, inflation and the output gap are introduced. We also evaluate an optimal monetary policy rule including a weight on asset prices. Overall we find that the Taylor principle remain important over all interest rate rules analysed and that central banks should remain cautious when considering the introduction of stock prices in monetary policy. In the second essay, we provide recent estimates of inflation persistence in Brazil in a multivariate framework of unobserved components, whereby we account for the following sources affecting inflation persistence: First, deviations of expectations from the actual policy target; second, persistence of the factors driving inflation; and third, lagged inflation terms. Data on inflation, output and interest rates are decomposed into unobserved components and to simplify the estimation of a great number of unknown variables, we utilize bayesian analysis as in Dossche and Everaert (2005). Our results indicate that expectations-based persistence matters considerably for inflation persistence in Brazil, which has experienced an overall decrease in the last few years. This finding implies that traditional price-setting frictions used in macroeconomic models are not enough to represent actual inflation persistence. In the last chapter we estimate alternative reduced-form Phillips curves with recent Brazilian data, using a framework of time series with unobserved components, as an alternative to traditional GMM estimations of the New Keynesian Phillips Curve (NKPC), which have seldom been empirically successful. The decomposition into trend, seasonal and cycle features offers, through the graphical output, straightforward economic interpretations. Differently from Harvey (2011), we allow for inflation expectations as in the usual NKPC. Inflation in Brazil seems to have responded gradually less to measures of economic activity in recent years. This provides some evidence of a flattening of the Phillips curve in Brazil, which means higher costs of disinflation on the one hand, but also lower inflationary pressures derived from output growth, on the other.
12

Hazard functions and macroeconomic dynamics

Yao, Fang 24 January 2011 (has links)
In dieser Arbeit werden die Folgen der Calvo-Annahme in dynamischen makroökonomischen Modellen untersucht. Dafür wird die Calvo-Annahme unter Anwendung des Konzepts der statistischen Hazardfunktion verallgemeinert. Ich untersuche zwei mögliche Anwendungen dieses Ansatzes innerhalb von DSGE-Modellen. Im ersten Artikel zeige ich, dass der Zugewinn an Handhabbarkeit, der aus der Calvo-Annahme für Neu-Keynesianische Modelle folgt, mit unerwünschten Folgen in Bezug auf die Inflationsdynamiken einher geht. Der zweite Artikel schätzt die aggregierte Hazardfunktion unter Verwendung des theoretischen Rahmens des ersten Artikels. Es zeigt sich, dass die Annahme einer konstanten Hazardfunktion, die aus der Calvo-Annahme folgt, von den Daten eindeutig abgelehnt wird. Im dritten Artikel analysiere ich die Implikationen der empirisch geschätzten Hazardfunktion für die Persistenz von Inflation und die Geldpolitik. Die Untersuchungen zeigen, dass mittels der empirisch plausiblen aggregierten Hazardfunktion Zeitreihen simuliert werden können, die mit der Persistenz der inflatorischen Lücke im US Verbraucherpreisindex konsistent sind. Anhand dieser Ergebnisse komme ich zu dem Schluss, dass die Hazardfunktion eine entscheidende Rolle für die dynamischen Eigenschaften von Inflation spielt. Der letzte Artikel wendet den selben Modellierungsansatz auf ein Real-Business-Cycle Model mit rigidem Arbeitsmarkt an. Unter Verwendung eines allgemeineren stochastischen Anpassungsprozess stelle ich fest, dass die Arbeitsmarktdynamiken von einem Parameter beinflusst werden, der das Monotonieverhalten der Hazardfunktion bestimmt. Insbesondere steigt die Volatilität des Beschäftigungsniveaus, wohingegen dessen Persistenz mit zunehmendem Parameterwert abnimmt. / The Calvo assumption (Calvo, 1983) is widely used in the macroeconomic literature to model market frictions that limit the ability of economic agents to re-optimize their control variables. In spite of its virtues, the Calvo assumption also implies singular adjustment behavior at the firm level as well as a restrictive aggregation mechanism for the whole economy. In this study, I examine implications of the Calvo assumption for macroeconomic dynamics. To do so, I extend the Calvo assumption to a more general case based on the concept of the statistical hazard function. Two applications of this approach are studied in the DSGE framework. In the first essay, I apply this approach to a New Keynesian model, and demonstrate that tractability gained from the Calvo pricing assumption is costly in terms of inflation dynamics. The second essay estimates aggregate price reset hazard function using the theoretical framework constructed in the first essay, and shows that the constant hazard function implied by the Calvo assumption is strongly rejected by the aggregate data. In the third essay, I further explore implications of the empirically based hazard function for inflation persistence and monetary policy. I find that the empirically plausible aggregate price reset hazard function can generate simulated data that are consistent with inflation gap persistence found in the US CPI data. Based on these results, I conclude that the price reset hazard function plays a crucial role for generating inflation dynamics. The last essay applies the same modeling approach to a RBC model with employment rigidity. I find that, when introducing a more general stochastic adjustment process, the employment dynamics vary with a parameter, which determines the monotonic property of the hazard function. In particular, the volatility of employment is increasing, but the persistence is decreasing in the value of the parameter.

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