Infrastructure development is a topic that has occupied a noble niche within development thinking since the middle of the twentieth century. However, despite over half a century of research concerning infrastructure development processes, structurally-oriented development theories continue to dominate infrastructure development research and praxis. Critically informed approaches to development, which acknowledge the integral role of place, power, and agency to infrastructure research, have yet to make a noticeable mark within infrastructure development policymaking. A review of the multidisciplinary infrastructure and development literature reveals a clear emphasis on structurally-oriented processes of infrastructure provision, and an insufficient understanding of agency-oriented, place-specific processes of infrastructure access, particularly within the context of inequitable societies. Therefore, the purpose of this research is to critically examine infrastructure development processes based on the lived experiences of marginalized populations and to integrate such experiences into the construction of infrastructure knowledge. This dissertation is a compilation of three manuscripts and three additional chapters (the introduction, methodology, and conclusion). The first of these manuscripts, entitled The Science and Politics of Infrastructure Research, is a conceptual paper that critically explores the intersection of infrastructure and development literature. Herein I describe three perspectives, the technocratic, interventionist, and critical perspectives, that articulate the different ways that infrastructure is valued among multiple actors involved in the production of infrastructure knowledge. Among these perspectives, I contend that technocratic and interventionist perspectives have occupied a dominant position with respect to informing infrastructure development policy and praxis throughout the twentieth century. I question whether such dominance is the product of superior scientific rigor or the politicized process of knowledge production. Towards the goal of giving greater prominence to the critical perspective, and in effort to offer a systematic way forward from this post-development critique, I propose the Critical Acquisition Framework. The framework is designed to facilitate an agency-oriented understanding of infrastructure development processes from the perspectives of marginalized groups. Inspired by critical-social theory and capability analyses, the Critical Acquisition Framework helps to understand how marginalized groups deploy their existing capability sets to access infrastructure via multiple overlapping institutions. In addition, the framework helps to envision alternative agency-oriented scenarios of infrastructure access. In essence, the framework demonstrates how the acquisition process influences the capability sets and therefore agency and power of marginalized groups. The framework can be used to assess whether infrastructure ???develops??? according to emic perspectives, or whether infrastructure reifies inequitable power relations. The research is informed by a critical methodological approach and mixed-methods research design. To investigate infrastructure access through the experiences of marginalized groups, the empirical aspect of this research is based on two instrumental case studies located in the northern highlands of Peru. The first case study and second manuscript is entitled: Women???s Acquisition of Domestic Water Services in the District of Cajamarca, Peru. Three impoverished women???s groups, representing rural, peri-urban, and urban locales are analysed, based on the women???s experiences of accessing water through their respective institutions of domestic water provision. Overall, the findings illustrate how marginalized groups exercise agency, as well as the limits to their agency in accessing domestic water services. Considerable variations are found in the quality of domestic water institutions that play a deciding role in women???s experiences of access. The findings also suggest that inefficient institutions may be perpetuated as such in order to maintain the powerful positions of dominant groups involved in domestic water provision. The second case study and third manuscript, is entitled Access for Whom and to What? A Critical Acquisition Framework for Understanding Rural Experiences of Multiple Accessibilities. This paper examines the iterative process through which vendors working within an informal market district repeatedly deploy their multiple capability sets to navigate multiple overlapping institutions that regulate comprehensive access to rural transportation and other privatized infrastructures. Three sub-processes of rural accessibility are investigated: transportation access, market access, and infrastructure access. The findings reveal the complexity of rural accessibility, and suggest that failures of infrastructure access may be attributed to inequitable institutions that regulate the acquisition process. The instrumental case studies have been used to help inform, test, and refine the Critical Acquisition Framework. In doing so, this research has achieved its aim to integrate the experiences of marginalized populations in the construction of infrastructure development knowledge. This research offers a new way of understanding an old problem of infrastructure development. Positioning the notions of agency, power, and place as central tenets of infrastructure development analyses, not only complements the existing body of infrastructure knowledge, but can also lend to a more equitable process of infrastructure development within inequitable societies.

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International tourism is one of the most dynamic growth sectors of the global economy. It employs 11% of the world’s workforce (over 200 million people) and forms 11.5% of the global GDP. Besides, tourism is nowadays three times bigger than world expenditures on defense. It has been described by Louis Turner as ‘the most promising, complex and under studied industry impinging on the third world’. It is often appointed as an important tool for achievement of millennium development goals and, ultimately, for the realization of the right to development (‘RTD’) of the local communities in developing countries, since it has contributed largely for development of infrastructure, including transport and communications, water supply, energy and health services. / Thesis (LLM (Human Rights and Democratisation in Africa)) -- University of Pretoria, 2010. / A dissertation submitted to the Faculty of Law University of Pretoria, in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree Masters of Law (LLM in Human Rights and Democratisation in Africa). Prepared under the supervision of Mrs. Shivani Georgijevic of the Faculty of Law & Management, University of Mauritius, Mauritius. 2010. / http://www.chr.up.ac.za/ / Centre for Human Rights / LLM

This study attempts to develop realistic and relevant investment planning models for inland container transportation systems. An inland container transport system model has been constructed consisting of three sub-models: forecasting future total export container demand, the inland container traffic allocation model and the optimum port capacity model. The models may be utilised to identify the most effective investment plan for inland transportation infrastructure development and to evaluate the inland container transportation system. The procedure enables determination of the optimal locations, sizes and time of container port developments as well as the optimal container cargo flows through transportation networks. A Heuristic algorithm was developed for the purpose of evaluating alternative investment plans. Dynamic and Linear programming methods are applied to each of the two planning problems: the former for the optimum container port capacity development problem and the latter for the optimal allocation of inland container traffic movements. Finally, the model has been applied to concrete inland container transportation system problems in Korea. The results are reported and analysed. It is hoped that they may provide a guideline for actual development.

Research literature has documented Nigeria's leadership crisis since its independence from Great Britain in 1960. This crisis corresponds with political instability and infrastructure weaknesses, which have resulted in crime, corruption, poverty, lack of social cohesion and personal freedoms, environmental degradation, gender inequities, and deteriorating conditions of public works. No literature was located that addressed the impact of leadership on the governance and development of infrastructure in Nigeria. The purpose of this qualitative case study was to investigate this phenomenon in Nigeria between 1960 and 2010. The theoretical framework comprised Burns' and Bass' theories of transformational leadership, and Davis' and Toikka's theories of transformation and transition in governance. Data were collected through personal interviews with a purposeful sample of 13 past presidents of Nigeria, public officials, and infrastructure development experts, and by reviewing secondary data on leadership and development in Nigeria during the period 1960-2010. Data were analyzed using the constant comparative method to identify patterns and themes. Findings showed that (a) political instability and the Nigerian civil war have been obstacles to infrastructure development and implementation; (b) military dictatorships implemented improvements, although they neglected rural areas; (c) a new national infrastructure plan must be funded, developed, and implemented; (d) corruption must be combatted in awarding project contracts; and (e) Nigeria's governance should be based on a pragmatic-visionary form of leadership. The implications for positive social change include informing policy makers about the importance of infrastructure development in Nigeria in order to improve economic growth and the lives of citizens.

Unemployment and abject poverty in South Africa are widespread, persistent and disproportionately high. These problems are aggravated by inadequate capacity at all tiers of government and huge infrastructure backlogs in rural South Africa. Employment-intensive means of infrastructure delivery have been successfully implemented in several sub-Saharan African countries and elsewhere to generate employment and reduce poverty. It should be possible to replicate similar large-scale national programmes in South Africa. But South Africa has failed. Both prior to and since 1994, several supposedly employment-intensive programmes have been implemented in South Africa with poor results. In an endeavour to contribute to future South African policy and good practices regarding employment, this thesis describes and analyses in detail five major Sub-Saharan programmes and reaches conclusions regarding their achievements and shortcomings. Lessons derived bridge the knowledge gap between the large-scale programmes embarked upon in the sub-Saharan countries in the mid-1980s and the year 2007; these lessons should be applied to future endeavours in South Africa to generate significant employment per unit of expenditure and contribute to poverty alleviation. A major conclusion reached was that the success of employment-intensive infrastructure development programmes depends to a large extent on fundamental factors such as appropriate and implementable policy, government commitment, adequate and sustainable funding, adequate capacity and good preparation. Specifically, the thesis demonstrated that prior to implementation a sufficient timeframe is required for programme preparation in order to make significant contribution towards poverty reduction. Equally, national programme expansion requires a strategic balance between centralisation and decentralisation. In particular, for programme extension and decentralisation, due regard must be given to training and capability building and available resources. Deriving from the thesis’ major conclusions, the author developed three crucially important frameworks for anti-poverty infrastructure development programmes, namely; a four-phased model for evaluating the chances of success of infrastructure programmes, a five-phased result-oriented guidelines for testing the workability of infrastructure development policies, and a practical guideline for monitoring and evaluating employment-creation programmes that maximises the benefits thereof and pre-empts institutional memory loss through systematic knowledge management.

Submitted by admin tede (tede@pucgoias.edu.br) on 2016-09-19T13:14:29Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Rosenilda Maria de Moraes Silva.pdf: 2671598 bytes, checksum: 9eb66262ea2a535c92d5c801ed1fc684 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-09-19T13:14:29Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Rosenilda Maria de Moraes Silva.pdf: 2671598 bytes, checksum: 9eb66262ea2a535c92d5c801ed1fc684 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-03-22 / This research aims to describe the regional development policies of the Midwest, especially in the states of Goiás and Mato Grosso. The Midwest is presented as area of modern production and agroindustrial strong economic dynamism, region considered until recently as a demographic void and as an area dedicated only to agricultural activities of subsistence, extraction and rudimentary mining. Public investments in infrastructure streamlined the region from the Target Plan. Policies to encourage agricultural modernization and the occupation of the cerrado areas impacted by strong growth after the 1970s in the states of Mato Grosso and Goias transformations in agriculture come diversifying the economic profile, contributing to the new scenario of the agribusiness track this is due mainly to the importance of infrastructure in the road network, which has not followed the development of the region. To theoretically support this research, we used the various authors. Among which stand out Moyses (2012), Arrais (2013), Silva (2012), Gomis (1998), Palacín and Moraes (2008), Estevam (1997), Barrat (2011) and Negret (2010), among others. The survey also shows the economic and social profile of the micro-Iporá, showing the problems that it is facing from the shortcomings of the municipal and intermunicipal road network, impacting from the production flow, to school transport, interfering with economic development and social region. / A presente pesquisa tem como objetivo descrever as políticas de desenvolvimento regional da região Centro-Oeste, em especial dos estados de Goiás e Mato Grosso. O Centro-Oeste se apresenta como área de moderna produção agroindustrial e forte dinamismo econômico, região considerada até recentemente como um vazio demográfico e como área vocacionada apenas para atividades agrícolas de subsistência, extrativismo e mineração rudimentar. Os investimentos públicos em infraestrutura dinamizaram a região a partir do Plano de Metas. As políticas de incentivo à modernização agrícola e à ocupação das áreas do cerrado impactaram em forte crescimento após a década de 1970. Nos estados do Mato Grosso e Goiás as transformações na agropecuária vêm diversificando o perfil econômico, contribuindo com o novo cenário da trilha do agronegócio, isso deve-se, sobretudo à importância da infraestrutura na malha rodoviária, que não tem acompanhado o desenvolvimento da região. Para fundamentar teoricamente esta pesquisa, recorreu-se a diversos autores. Entre os quais se destacam Moysés (2012), Arrais (2013), Silva (2012), Gomis (1998), Palacín e Moraes (2008), Estevam (1997), Barrat (2011) e Negret (2010), entre outros. A pesquisa também apresenta o perfil econômico e social da microrregião de Iporá, demostrando os problemas que a mesma vem enfrentando a partir das deficiências da malha viária municipal e intermunicipal, impactando desde o escoamento da produção, até o transporte escolar, interferindo no desenvolvimento econômico e social da região.

An evaluation was undertaken of four selected social impacts of the Integrated Urban Infrastructure Development Program (IUIDP) on the community in three kelurahans in Western Java (Jamika, Warung Muncang, and Maleber), with particular emphasis on low income people, using Social Impact Assessment methods. The impacts studied were changes in employment, household income, land and rental values. The evaluation suggests that the execution of the IUIDP generated beneficial as well as adverse effects. The beneficial effects include that the program created employment for several residents in the study areas and generally improved the household income of the residents concerned. Also some benefits have accrued to a number of land owners as the value of their land increased. Other benefits identified include improved access, water supply, sewerage and garbage services. The adverse effects of the IUIDP include that the government did not provide either compensation (for those who had to sacrifice their land) or reconstruction assistance (for those who had to cut back their property for access routes). Another adverse effect was experienced by tenants who found their rent increased. There was a widely held perception among the residents surveyed that, on balance, the project had been beneficial.

M.A. (Public Management and Governance) / This research is an assessment of the level of goal achievement by the Gauteng Provincial Legislature’s (GPL) Infrastructure Development Portfolio Committee (IDCP). The overall aim is to determine the effectiveness of the Portfolio Committee, the reasons behind the discovered level of performance, and how to improve the status quo. Research findings reveal that the IDPC managed to achieve 61% of its targets over a four-year period (2009-2014). This is a fairly respectable achievement considering that the Portfolio Committee was only established in the current legislative term. Research findings also reveal a number of factors to support this achievement, such as capacity issues for both Members of the Provincial Legislature (MPLs) and staff and the institution’s congested programme. Quite a number of these factors need to be addressed at institutional level, including capacitation of MPLs and administrative support staff, the GPL’s congested programme, and the identification of relevant stakeholders. However, there are issues that can be addressed at committee level and include engaging in law making discussions, providing feedback to stakeholders on a regular basis and systematically, and gathering more independent information for verification purposes.

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(工学) / 甲第22421号 / 工博第4682号 / 新制||工||1731(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院工学研究科都市社会工学専攻 / (主査)教授 大津 宏康, 教授 三村 衛, 准教授 PIPATPONGSA Thirapong / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Philosophy (Engineering) / Kyoto University / DFAM