The major aim of the study was to examine the short and long-run relationships and directional causality flow between road transport infrastructure development and economic growth in Namibia for the period 1990-2014. To achieve this objective, the study adopted the auto regression distributive lag (ARDL) Bounds testing approach to co-integration, to examine the short-run and long-run relationship between economic growth and transportation infrastructure in Namibia. The data was sourced from the World Bank Database on GDP from 1990 to 2014, the Namibia National Planning Commission MTEF (Medium-Term Expenditure Framework from 1990-2015) and the Roads Authority Annual Reports from 1999 to 2014, which were imported into the E-view tool to run quarterly regressions from 1990 - 2014. The results confirm a relationship among the variables. The Bounds test results indicated that there exists a long-run relationship among the variables under study. The estimated long-run model showed that there is a statistically insignificant positive relationship between expenditure on road transport and economic growth as well as between information communication technology and economic growth in Namibia. However, the short-run model revealed a positive and statistically significant relationship between expenditure on road transport and economic growth. Conversely, both the long-run and short-run estimates showed a statistically insignificant and negative relationship between foreign direct investment and economic growth. Lastly, the Granger causality test results showed no causality between expenditure on road transport and economic growth in Namibia. The present study offers fresh insights to policy makers on crafting appropriate policies to regulate tax consolidation revenue and infrastructure levies collection; secondly, to boost public sector borrowing on international capital markets through bond issues, infrastructure funds and revenue bonds; thirdly, to develop partner financing business models through sector budget support; fourthly, to secure private sector financing through a private debt, private equity or capital structure leveraging business model; and lastly, implementing fast-tightened fiscal and monetary policy measures on foreign direct investment which currently severely affect Namibian capital outflows.

Zambia is a developing nation that seeks economic growth through gross domestic product (GDP) growth, among other economic drivers. Between the years 2011 and 2020, Zambia embarked on an infrastructure development programme, mainly through construction of roads and airports. To do these projects, Zambia borrowed heavily on one hand while promoting the nation as an attractive destination for foreign direct investment (FDI) inflows on the other hand. The study sought to answer the question, can a country that is highly indebted attract meaningful FDI inflows that would spur economic growth? The research looked at a period of ten (10) years from 2010 to 2020 and analysed publicly available data to form the basis for the findings and recommendations. The research findings show that there is negative, however insignificant relationship between government debt and foreign direct investment. In addition, the findings also show that there is a positive relationship between inflation and FDI. This relationship is significant however, in contrast with a prior expectation. Moreover, a significant negative relationship between interest rate and investment was also established whilst a negative, however insignificant relationship was established between exchange rate and FDI. The implications of the recommended policy issues will only yield the desired results when implemented in an integrated manner as opposed to an exclusive approach. The government debt needs to reduce in order to make the country more attractive to foreign direct investors. Policy also needs to be formulated that should target an inflation rate that contributes to the attraction of a positive net foreign direct invest inflows. Interest rate and foreign exchange rate policies that attract investment will also need to be put in place in order to attract investments that will spur development.

The master thesis consists of introduction, three chapters, conclusion, list of references and applications. The first chapter discusses examples of redevelopment in the world and in Yekaterinburg, examines federal and regional programs for financing sports and sports facilities in Russia. In the second chapter, a marketing analysis of the redevelopment project is carried out. We consider the sports and hotel components of the project, how they interact and complement each other. The third chapter calculates the financial performance of the project. They are counting on investments in the redevelopment of the Yuzhny stadium, it is planned to use the stadium and potential revenue. The proposal on the ratio of investments of private investors and the state is given. A model of public-private partnership is being formed for the implementation of the project described. / Магистерская диссертация состоит из введения, трех глав, заключения, списка литературы и приложения. В первой главе рассматриваются примеры редевелопмента в мире и в Екатеринбурге, изучаются федеральные и региональные программы финансирования спорта и спортивных объектов в России. Во второй главе проводится маркетинговый анализ проекта редевелопмента. Рассматривается спортивная и гостиничная составляющие проекта, как они взаимодействуют и дополняют друг друга. В третьей главе производится расчет финансовых показателей проекта. Рассчитывают вложения в проведение редевелопмента стадиона «Южный», планируется использование стадиона и потенциальная выручка. Дается предложение по соотношению вложений частного инвестора и государства. Формируется модель государственно-частного партнерства для реализации описываемого проекта.

Thesis (MBA)--Stellenbosch University, 2007. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: During the past decade the government of South Africa has launched various initiatives to stimulate the economy in general, but more specifically to economically and socially empower previously disadvantaged communities. Initially these initiatives have been very broadly defined, but are increasingly fitting in with the concept of Local Economic Development (LED). The concept of LED is not new; in fact, research has shown that LED initiatives have been successfully implemented in various countries in the world with needs and problems very similar to those of South Africa. This study focuses on the Eden District Municipality in the Western Cape province of South Africa and more specifically on the relation between LED and the construction industry. To answer some relevant questions relating to this topic, a questionnaire has been distributed to the agents of LED in the major municipalities of the district. The survey was divided into four main sections, which dealt with issues relating to both the construction industry and local economic development. The responses in general reflected what could be observed in practice. Due to the current relatively high economic growth in South Africa the regional economies also experience good economic growth. Focusing on the issue of Local Economic Development, it is important to note that the economy of the Eden District is driven by the tourism and public services sectors. Taking the cue from the survey responses, the deduction has therefore been made that the construction industry, consisting of the building and infrastructure subsectors, is driven by the demand for housing and public services. The construction industry was therefore not a driver of economic development, but more a 'secondary' industry, that would benefit from sustainable growth and development in the primary economic sectors. Therefore it is important that managers and agents of local economic development should consider the issue of sustainability when deciding on empowerment and development initiatives. Sustainable development can only be achieved when development initiatives are focused on sectors of the local economy that are the 'primary' industries in the region, and therefore less susceptible to fluctuations in the global and South African economy. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Gedurende die laaste 12 jaar het die regering van Suid Afrika verskeie inisiatiewe van stapel gestuur met die doel om die ekonomie te stimuleer, en meer spesifiek om voorheen benadeelde gemeenskappe en individue op maatskaplike en ekonomiese gebied te bemagtig. Aanvanklik was hierdie inisiatiewe slegs breedweg gedefinieer, maar algaande het dit in meer doelgerigte konsepte ontwikkel, waaronder die konsep van Plaaslike Ekonomiese Ontwikkeling (PEO). Hierdie konsep is egter nie nuut nie, en 'n kort literatuurstudie het getoon dat PEO-inisiatiewe reeds met sukses geimplementeer is in verskeie lande met behoeftes en probleme baie soortgelyk aan die van Suid Afrika. Hierdie studie fokus op die Eden Distriksmunisipaliteit in die Wes-Kaap provinsie van Suid Afrika en meer spesifiek op die verband tussen PEG en die konstruksie-industrie. Ten einde sekere relevante vrae te beantwoord, is 'n vraelys aan die verskeie rolspelers in PEG in die groter Munisipaliteite in die distrik gestuur. Die vraelys het uit vier dele bestaan wat elk oor kwessies van beide konstruksie en plaaslike ontwikkeling gehandel het. Die terugvoer van die vraelyste bevestig dat die ekonomiee van die onderskeie provinsies en streke dieselfde positiewe groei ondervind as die landsekonomie in die algemeen. Indien meer spesifiek op die konsep van PEG gefokus word, dan word dit gou duidelik dat die ekonomie van die Eden Distrik hoofsaaklik deur die toerisme- en openbare dienste sektore gedryf word. Hierdie feit, sowel as die antwoorde op die vraelyste, het gelei tot die gevolgtrekking dat die konstruksie-industrie, wat uit die bou- en infrastruktuur subsektore bestaan, hoofsaaklik deur die vraag na behuising en publieke dienste gedryf word. Die konstruksie-industrie is dus nie self 'n drywer van ekonomiese ontwikkeling nie, maar in werklikheid 'n 'sekondere' industrie wat baat vind by volhoubare groei en ontwikkeling in die primere ekonomiese sektore. Dit is dus noodsaaklik dat bestuurders en agente van PEG die konsep van volhoubaarheid deeglik oorweeg wanneer daar oor bemagtigings- en ontwikkelings-inisiatiewe besin word. Volhoubare ontwikkeling kan slegs suksesvol geimplementeer word wanneer ontwikkelingsinisiatiewe op die primere industriee in 'n streek gefokus word wat in die algemeen minder blootgestel is aan die sikliese beweging van die Suid-Afrikaanse en globale ekonomiee.

Thesis (M. Dev.) -- University of Limpopo, 2002

Combating the effects of the global recession that hampered the economies of various nations has been endeavoured by many governments since 2008. The South African government’s stand to do this shows that it is possible to return the economy back to its glory days, however, the duration of this process of overturning the same is unknown. The government has raised policies and programs, one of which being the New Growth Path (NGP) to combat these effect. This programme, inter alia, calls for increased government expenditure to facilitate job creation through infrastructure development. It is trite economic principles that government expenditure has to be balanced with its revenue collection, otherwise it might lead to budget deficit. Prolonged budget deficit, naturally, is not ideal for a nation’s economy as the same increases government borrowing, results in higher taxes, and affects inflation. While government revenue is mostly financed through taxes, studies show that increasing taxes is also to the detriment for the economy. Therefore, there is a need for disenable policy stand to be taken in respect of the government’s programme, as well as the generation of revenue to support the same. In this regard, one of the ways being advanced by this research in respect of a better combating the recession is to utilise economic legislations enacted in the country. Amongst other economic legislations in South Africa this paper discusses Income Tax Act (SA ITA) (which regulate the persons to pay income taxes) and Competition Act (which regulate fair competition). The focus of this dissertation revolves around the impact competition law remedies have on the income taxation process. The aim of the research is to analyse the possible loopholes in the current legislation that might hamper a government revenue generation to support its new growth path. This was met through an extensive study of relevant literature in competition and income tax laws in South Africa and also comparative analysis with relevant laws of the United States of America (USA). The main conclusion drawn from this research is that there is an impact of the current competition law remedies on the income taxation process. This research promotes and argues for a change in approach, through government enactment of clear and certain laws both in the field of competition law and tax law. This change would assist government in raising revenue more effectively and achieve it economic growth path and, in turn, combat the global economic crisis that affected the economy. / Dissertation (LLM)--University of Pretoria, 2012. / Mercantile Law / unrestricted

Electric mobility, E-mobility, will play a central role in a sustainable future transport system. The potential of curbing climate change in both short and long term are significant. Emobility will also offer the possibility to leapfrog the Internal Combustion car, IC-car, economy for developing countries. The low dependence of oil will be a benefit but E-mobility will demand a well functional electricity grid. Development of this grid will be beneficial for the developing world. For the European society E-mobility will in long term offer lower operating costs, decreased dependence of oil and lower emission of pollutants and Green House Gases, GHGs. All these factors are beneficial for the European society. The transition to E-mobility will depend upon a set of different factors and will call for different actions in order to overcome the barriers of E-mobility. A well developed charging infrastructure will be important in order to offer the full potential of E-mobility. The infrastructure will develop along with the market introduction of Electrical Vehicles, EVs. It is important that there are existing charging alternatives in the early introduction phase of EV in order to avoid the stagnation in the transition toward E-mobility. In order to provide the proper conditions for E-mobility, the determining factors must be investigated and evaluated. The four main factors are economical, social, R&D and infrastructure. The European driving patterns meet the offered operating range of an EV with ease. This means that EV has the potential to become an inner city vehicle under existing conditions. The investigation of the four determining factors leads to a base from which an implementation plan is suggested. The implementation plan is directed toward governments, energy utilities and other active participants in the development. The key factors of the implementation plan are to actively engage in the market, see E-mobility as a disruptive technology, use spin-off companies and social transparency. In order to gain the most from the implementation plan it is important that the correct actions are taken at the correct time. Therefore the transition period is divided into three phases; the introduction phase, the commercial phase and the re-development phase. The introduction phase will create the basic conditions for E-mobility. Government’s main action will be to invest in EVs and offer subsidies and other incentives to major companies that will equip their vehicle fleets with EVs. These actions will send signals toward vehicle Original Equipment Manufactures, OEMs, and other actors that the market of EVs is worth investing in. During the introduction phase try-out sessions, demonstrations and hearings will be important in order to communicate the advantages of E-mobility to society. Energy utilities will work to create roaming deals and standardization of important components and characteristics. The commercial phase is the most important phase for social adoption of E-mobility. During this phase commercial businesses will use EV charging a competitive advantage. New business models will be one of the keys to fully adoption of E-mobility. Cross industry alliances will reduce the initial cost, offer the service of a vehicle without owning it and leasing deals. The perception of travelling will shift and reduction of operating cost will be evaluated against travel time and planning. The re-development phase is based on a society that has adopted E-mobility. The development will proceed in order to offer more advantages to drivers but also to increase efficiency and to use the full potential of E-mobility.

Магистерская диссертация состоит из введения, трех глав, заключения и библиографического списка. Проанализированы основные характеристики российских и зарубежных горнолыжных комплексов, оставлена карта позиционирования горнолыжных комплексов, разработано финансово-экономическое обоснование реализации девелоперского проекта строительства объекта туристско-рекреационного назначения. В заключении сформулированы основные выводы и обобщены результаты исследования. / The master's thesis consists of an introduction, three chapters, a conclusion, and a bibliographic list. The main characteristics of Russian and international ski complexes are analyzed, a map of the positioning of ski complexes is left, and a financial and economic justification for the implementation of a development project for the construction of a tourist and recreational facility is developed. In conclusion, the main conclusions are formulated and the results of the study are summarized.

There is a lack of academic knowledge concerning mechanisms through which sustainable transitions are promoted. Sustainable transitions in the infrastructure system are key to achieve multiple other SDGs, and the infrastructure development gap is particularly critical in developing countries. Agenda 2030 clearly states the importance of joint action. It is, therefore, relevant to investigate how sustainable transitions can be promoted through collaborations between public and private actors. Specifically, how sustainable transitions in the infrastructure system in low-income countries can be promoted. The notion of public-private partnerships (PPPs) was used to describe collaboration, and sociotechnical system (STS) transitions were used to describe transitions. To examine how PPPs can promote transitions in STS, an Ethiopian case study was conducted. The case used was a technical and vocational school called HDECOVA located in Addis Ababa. A collaborative project between public and private actors. The empirical data was obtained from key actors in the partnership surrounding HDECOVA, both in the form of interviews and documents. To analyze the empirical data, a theoretical and conceptual framework was synthesized borrowing from theories on STS, PPPs, the holistic transition framework Multi-Level Perspective (MLP) and Principal-Agent Theory. The result showed HDECOVA has affected sustainable transitions in the infrastructure system, mainly through effects on the labor market and the education system. The results showed that the mechanisms, through which HDECOVA has promoted shifts in systems, are mainly scaling up and decreasing skill gaps. The results suggest that HDECOVA has successfully promoted sustainable transitions by being aligned with identified development challenges in the infrastructure system. On this basis, it can be suggested that PPPs can promote sustainable transitions by affecting regime- and niche levels of the system.

This study undertook a critical examination of developing countries’ experiences of infrastructure-related construction dispute resolution using Ghana as a case study. It investigated the dispute resolution processes and procedures which parties to infrastructure construction disputes employed to address such disputes. To gain a better understanding of the dispute resolution processes, the study also assessed the legal framework for procurement and contract formation and other contextual issues which influenced parties’ dispute resolution choices. Consequently, strategies for efficient and effective dispute resolution were developed. The main rationale for the study was the need for effective and efficient dispute resolution processes in the context of infrastructure projects in developing countries. The literature indicated that disputes often occurred on such projects in developing countries that were resolved at great cost mainly by arbitral tribunals in the developed world. However, there was limited information on the extent to which other dispute resolution mechanisms were utilised prior to resort to international arbitration. The study adopted a qualitative research approach informed by the interpretivist philosophical paradigm. Data was collected from fifty-six interviewees from the State as the Employer and foreign contractors through semi-structured interviews and documents and analysed using qualitative data analysis procedures associated with grounded theory research such as coding, constant comparison, memoing and diagramming, and doctrinal legal analysis. It was found that engineer’s determination, negotiation and international arbitration were the most used dispute resolution mechanisms. Others such as mediation were rarely used. The dispute resolution processes were characterised by high cost, low satisfaction with outcomes and negative effect on relationships. It was also found that the extant dispute resolution processes were the product of the nature of the parties, the context in which they operated and their responses to the context. Factors such as lack of coordination among the Employer’s sub-units, human resource constraints and political interference had varying negative impacts on dispute occurrence, dispute resolution system design and the dispute resolution processes. To deal with these challenges and achieve efficient and effective dispute resolution processes, four sets of remedial strategies (condensed into a model called the Dispute Resolution Efficiency Cycle (DREC)) were proposed. The study has provided empirical evidence which has addressed some of the gaps identified in the literature on issues such as absence of information on pre-international arbitration dispute processes. The study has also highlighted the impact of context and dispute system design on dispute resolution. Contributions to practice included diagnosing challenges with the extant dispute resolution processes and proposing possible remedial strategies.