Published Article / The implementation of the outcomes-based education and training (OBET) and learner-centred approaches specifically in the health technology programmes at the Central University of Technology, Free State (CUT) exposed facilitators to new challenges in teaching and assessment. The current assessment environment in these programmes was established, using two questionnaires aimed at facilitators and students. The results of the study showed a trend towards innovation in assessment and the establishment of an assessment culture when compared with specific characteristics in literature on meaningful and scholarly assessment practices.

Published Article / Sustainable development is the key issue for enabling the survival of human culture. Product development is sometimes seen as conflicting with the aims of sustainable development. This comes from a twofold impact: the production of new goods exploits scarce resources, and their use creates additional resource consumption and potential disparity. However, innovation and product development are important means to fulfil the needs of present and future generations and to achieve sustainable development. In this context, we must also consider the development of service products - classical services and product - related ones creating surplus value from physical products. The contribution of product development to sustainability will depend on the way sustainability issues are integrated into the development process. An important focus is on the early phases of product development and especially on the process of requirements analysis since this integrates all sustainability role players as potential stakeholders.

Published Article / In the era of open innovation, the capability to conduct collaborative research and development has become a key indicator of absorptive capacity and innovation competitiveness. However, the literature addressing open innovation has a focus on developed economies. New evidence from the South African National R&D Survey, together with supplementary data, make it possible to gain a greater understanding of the structure of open innovation in nanotechnology, biotechnology and open source software in the South African context. Findings from a comparative analysis include: the identification of collaboration-intensive R&D networks whose structures are influenced by the characteristics of each technological platform; linkages between localized innovation networks and global innovation networks; and distinct patterns of expenditure, sectoral distribution and geographical location characterizing each of these technologies. The paper concludes with some suggestions for policy applications for these findings as well as directions for further research.

This study postulates that the current incumbents in the SA mobile telecommunications industry are still relying on old working mobile technologies even though new types are emerging within the industry. The telecommunications industry is undergoing radical changes of its own; some examples include global liberalization of trade and investment in telecommunications, as well as national deregulation and privatization. Thus, SA telecommunications businesses are facing a double dilemma: while the telecommunications technology and industry are being rapidly redefined, the markets are being opened to local and global competition.

L'innovation détermine en grande partie la compétitivité des entreprises car elle facilite leur distinction dans l'économie du savoir et qu'elle induit une flexibilité organisationnelle face un environnement turbulent. Selon une perspective évolutionniste, toutefois, les organisations poursuivent avec le temps une trajectoire technologique de plus en plus étroite car les routines qui sous-tendent la création et l'accumulation de connaissances à la base de l'innovation rigidifient les organisations. L'exploration technologique des organisations devient plus locale, plus proche de ce qu'elles connaissent déjà. Dans un processus de vieillissement, les organisations perdent graduellement leur flexibilité concurrentielle. Le problème est que l'innovation a besoin d'être alimentée en nouvelles connaissances, et donc, en information riche pour poursuivre sa contribution à la flexibilité des organisations. Le réseau dense, à cause de la densité des interactions entre partenaires, représente une source particulièrement féconde d'information riche pour innover. Nombre de travaux identifient d'ailleurs le potentiel du réseau dense pour innover dans un milieu turbulent. Le comment demeure néanmoins peu connu. Cette recherche vise à mieux comprendre comment le réseau dense alimente l'innovation en information riche. L'étude longitudinale d'un cas unique a servi à répondre aux questions spécifiques sur les processus d'apprentissage, d'absorption de l'information et sur des conditions de faisabilité de l'innovation en réseau dense, ou codéveloppement. L'unité d'analyse, constituée de cinq partenaires en codéveloppement, a représenté un contexte très complexe qui a justifié une étude empirique en profondeur. L'observation des chercheurs à quatre réunions de travail, la tenue d'un journal de bord, des entrevues semi-dirigées auprès des partenaires et des documents sur la préhistoire, la période active et la période passive du projet jusqu'à son abandon ont servi à la collecte des données. La technique du modèle logique a servi à valider des modèles proposés sur l'apprentissage et l'absorption d'information riche à la base du codéveloppement. Les comportements des partenaires ont aussi été comparés aux comportements considérés nécessaires à la faisabilité du codéveloppement. Malgré l'abandon du projet, les chaînes d'événements observés ont supporté les modèles logiques proposés dans l'explication de l'échec. Premièrement, l'apprentissage repose sur le déploiement d'une infrastructure qui est stabilisée par la coopération, activée par l'interaction et permettant l'appropriation des nouveaux savoirs. Cependant, les nouvelles connaissances produisent des effets rétroactifs sur les conditions d'apprentissage qui, dans le cas étudié, ont eu l'effet de déstabiliser la coopération et de créer un désinvestissement menant à l'échec du partenariat. Deuxièmement, des informations riches ont été absorbées à travers des activités d'interprétation, de création de savoir et de décisions. Les partenaires ont utilisé des signaux faibles et forts mis à leur disposition par des liens faibles et forts du réseau. La proximité socio-technique entre les partenaires a facilité la prise de décision mais en contrepartie, un mode décisionnel centralisé a inhibé les efforts d'action collective. Dans le cas étudié, les comportements ont permis de constater la corrélation entre la faiblesse des conditions de faisabilité et l'échec du codéveloppement. Ces conditions se composaient d'anticipations positives, de l'autonomie des individus, de leur ouverture, de mécanismes de réflexivité, de la légitimité du réseau, d'un leadership transformationnel, de coévôlutions fortes, de cultures alignées, d'un langage commun et de temps approprié pour déployer le codéveloppement. La recherche tient son originalité de l'autopsie d'un échec en codéveloppement à partir d'une étude in tiempo de sa perte. En plus de donner une réponse à l'apport d'information riche au codéveloppement, elle montre l'intérêt des chaînes logiques pour s'adapter aux mouvances d'un contexte complexe. La recherche fournit des ancrages théoriques à la recherche-action ou par systèmes souples. Ces résultats, de généralisation analytique, seront applicables à d'autres situations en considérant la richesse des constats de ce cas longitudinal unique.

This Ph.D. project started from a broad analysis aiming at investigating the key issues in the development of Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) in the health care sector, with the aim of making an in depth investigation to evaluate the effects of Electronic Medical Record (EMR) implementation on the organizations adopting them. Furthermore the study examined two study settings which have adopted the same EMR system produced by the same provider. This comparative study aims, in particular, to analyse how EMR systems are adopted by different health organizations focusing on the antecedents of the EMR project, on the implementation processes used and on the impacts produced. Diffusion theory, through the lens of socio-technical approach, represents the theoretical framework of the analysis. The research results are based on policy evaluation and case studies. The two hospitals selected for the case study analysis are the Regional Hospital of Local Health Authority in Aosta, Italy and the Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, Scotland. In conducting the data collection several strategies have been used: documentary analysis, interviews and observations have been carried out. This work provides an overview of the key issues arising over e-health policy development through a comparative analysis of the UK and Italy and provides an insight into how EMR systems are adopted, implemented and evaluated within acute care organizations. The thesis is a comparative international research about the development of e-health and the use of ICT in health care sector. This approach makes a both a theoretical and methodological contribution. By focusing, in particular, on EMR systems, it offers to practitioners and policy makers a better basis of analysing ICT usage and its impacts on health care service delivery.

The new possibilities offered by information & communication technologies (ICTs) within the work-place and elsewhere have attracted wide attention by economic and social actors. One outcome is the institutional ‘push’ for all businesses to embrace these technologies and ‘get online’. However, it is evident that take-up amongst businesses has been highly uneven with some cautious in their adoption and, thus, many have not fully exploited the possibilities offered. To understand this variety in the adoption and use of online technologies (which in some cases includes their nonadoption and non-use) it is necessary to examine practices and establish underlying dynamics surrounding new forms of ICTs. This thesis will investigate the practices associated with the adoption and use of ICTs in the hotel industry. Three basic questions are addressed. The first relates the online practices of hoteliers, including the use of online intermediary services, the nature of uptake and the implications for both practices and relations with customers. The second relates to any externalities which condition a hotelier’s practices. The third is concerned with how to conceptual explain observations – findings. Investigation of these questions has resulted in an empirically rich study. This has involved a multi-method approach that allows online practices to be viewed through different lenses and from an adapted Social Shaping of Technology perspective. The population of Scottish serviced accommodation providers was compiled and used to determine the uptake of online practice. Interviews revealed specific practices. Published material provided insight into contextual issues, particularly those relating to institutional developments. The research shows that there were three principle strategies for the adoption of the new technologies. First, they were embedded by the users themselves (‘internalisation’) – often through much effort and processes of configuration – into their ‘busy day’. The process of ‘learning’ (or learning by trying) was found to be an integral feature of uptake. Secondly, some users opted for an alternative solution where, rather than design their own website, they adopted the offerings of online intermediaries (such as online booking facilities) (‘intermediation’). However, the appropriation of online intermediation was found to be both costly and fraught with new kinds of risks (e.g. double bookings) and uncertainty (e.g. no guarantees of bookings). Thirdly, a further option (‘localisation’) was for local groups of hoteliers to collectively produce an online presence that promotes the locality and thereby indirectly provides benefits to their businesses. The analysis was performed using a modified version of Silverstone’s (1992) ‘domestication’ framework. However, ‘localisation’ questioned the assumptions underpinning ‘domestication’, suggesting the need for a more sophisticated analytical device, such as offered by the metaphor of ‘tailoring’. It is concluded that the apparently deterministic institutional view of the benefit of online technologies and the imperative that they are fully exploited to give competitive advantage, can be at odds with the locally contingent and diverse nature of online practices. The research found that the new online practices did not entirely replace traditional ones, but emerged as complementary to them.

This thesis describes the approach and results of the research to create a TRIZ based computer aided innovation tools (AEGIS and Design for Wow). This research has mainly been based around two tools created under this research: called AEGIS (Accelerated Evolutionary Graphics Interface System), and Design for Wow. Both of these tools are discussed in this thesis in detail, along with the test data, design methodology, test cases, and research. Design for Wow (http://www.designforwow.com) is an attempt to summarize the successful inventions/ designs from all over the world on a web portal which has multiple capabilities. These designs/innovations are then linked to the TRIZ Principles in order to determine whether innovative aspects of these successful innovations are fully covered by the forty TRIZ principles. In Design for Wow, a framework is created which is implemented through a review tool. The Design for Wow website includes this tool which has been used by researcher and the users of the site and reviewers to analyse the uploaded data in terms of strength of TRIZ Principles linked to them. AEGIS (Accelerated Evolutionary Graphics Interface System) is a software tool developed under this research aimed to help the graphic designers to make innovative graphic designs. Again it uses the forty TRIZ Principles as a set of guiding rules in the software. AEGIS creates graphic design prototypes according to the user input and uses TRIZ Principles framework as a guide to generate innovative graphic design samples. The AEGIS tool created is based on TRIZ Principles discussed in Chapter 3 (a subset of them). In AEGIS, the TRIZ Principles are used to create innovative graphic design effects. The literature review on innovative graphic design (in chapter 3) has been analysed for links with TRIZ Principles and then the DNA of AEGIS has been built on the basis of this study. Results from various surveys/ questionnaires indicated were used to collect the innovative graphic design samples and then TRIZ was mapped to it (see section 3.2). The TRIZ effects were mapped to the basic graphic design elements and the anatomy of the graphic design letters was studied to analyse the TRIZ effects in the collected samples. This study was used to build the TRIZ based AEGIS tool. Hence, AEGIS tool applies the innovative effects using TRIZ to basic graphic design elements (as described in section 3.3). the working of AEGIS is designed based on Genetic Algorithms coded specifically to implement TRIZ Principles specialized for Graphic Design, chapter 4 discusses the process followed to apply TRIZ Principles to graphic design and coding them using Genetic Algorithms, hence resulting in AEGIS tool. Similarly, in Design for Wow, the content uploaded has been analysed for its link with TRIZ Principles (see section 3.1 for TRIZ Principles). The tool created in Design for Wow is based on the framework of analysing the TRIZ links in the uploaded content. The ‘Wow’ concept discussed in the section 5.1 and 5.2 is the basis of the concept of Design for Wow website, whereby the users upload the content they classify as ‘Wow’. This content then is further analysed for the ‘Wow factor’ and then mapped to TRIZ Principles as TRIZ tagging methodology is framed (section 5.5). From the results of the research, it appears that the TRIZ Principles are a comprehensive set of innovation basic building blocks. Some surveys suggest that amongst other tools, TRIZ Principles were the first choice and used most .They have thus the potential of being used in other innovation domains, to help in their analysis, understanding and potential development.

Conference proceedings from the Living the Future Conference, April 21-24, 1998, University of Arizona Libraries, Tucson, AZ. / This presentation outlines the planning, design and implementation processes used to redesign the Circulation and Reserve Units of the Woodruff Library at Emory University. Managing the changes resulting from the redesign will also be described. The presenters will highlight what they learned from their successes and failures throughout the 2+ year period.

Conference proceedings from the Living the Future Conference, April 21-24, 1998, University of Arizona Libraries, Tucson, AZ. / Which electronic product/service has your library purchased recently? How was it selected, who (or which group/committee) was involved, who made the decision, and how long did it take? This presentation will analyze the results and/or ongoing experiences from a variety of information partnerships and joint ventures. It will explore whether there are organizational models that better facilitate the purchase or licensing of electronic products/services and consortial leadership than others. As well, we will explore the emerging role of chaos and complexity theories on team decision making and risk taking.