"ANALYSIS OF THE KEY FACTORS AND ACTORS, PLAYING ROLE IN SUCCESSFUL TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER (TT) AT THE UNIVERSITIES IN THE CZECH REPUBLIC AND NEW APPROACHES TOWARDS EFFECTIVE IMPLEMENTATION OF THE NATIONAL RESEARCH AND INNOVATION STRATEGIES" Author: Mgr. Karolína Řípová Supervisor: Prof. PhDr. František Ochrana, DrSc. Institution: Charles University in Prague Faculty of Social Sciences, Centre for Social and Economic Strategies Research group leader:Prof. PhDr. Martin Potůček, CSc. MSc. Specialistaion: Public and social policy Year of defense: 2014 Abstract The research project focuses on process of technology transfer that normally materializes through incremental changes and adaptation of behavior of its key actors. These incremental adaptations in behavior of the key actors then result into bringing the innovation to the market and the society and in a long term support its sustainable development. In perspective of the public policy therefore the technology transfer and its cultivation represents a public interest of a highly interdisciplinary nature, and that is how it is being studied within the research project. Interdisciplinarity of the research problem is further projected into the selection of research methodology that uses approaches of several disciplines. Interdisciplinarity of the research...

La thèse porte sur les Institutions de développement (ID), les nouveaux instruments de la politique de l'innovation Russe créés à la fin des années 2000, imprégnés de la logique financière, et leur effet sur l'entrepreneuriat scientifique. Le point de départ étant le statut de la recherche en Union Soviétique, l'objet de l'enquête est examiné dans le contexte caractérisé par des dynamiques politiques et historiques des relations entre la recherche et l'État et par une transformation du rôle que l’État envisage pour la recherche dans le développement économique. Les ID font recours aux pratiques de la finance pour servir de multiples objectifs. Les objectifs économiques sont les plus importants pour les ID, mais ils sont entrelacés avec d'autres buts s’alignant, en particulier, avec la politique de l’État guidée par la volonté de consolider la position du pays sur la scène internationale. L'articulation complexe de divers objectifs façonne le fonctionnement des ID, y compris leurs pratiques d'évaluation des projets entrepreneuriaux éligibles au soutien via ces instruments. L'évaluation se fait ainsi en prenant en compte la multiplicité de critères non financiers. Beaucoup d'entrepreneurs scientifiques maintiennent leur ancrage dans la recherche et n'accordent pas la priorité à la dimension commerciale de leurs activités. Cependant, ces entrepreneurs sont capables de s'accommoder aux pratiques d'évaluation des ID, en présentant leurs projets en conformité avec les conventions d'évaluation financière des entreprises innovantes. Ce travail de présentation consiste en une mise en récit des ambitions commerciales du projet, sans toutefois impliquer que les activités de l'entrepreneur scientifiques soient radicalement réorientées. Certains autres entrepreneurs issus de la recherche adoptent pleinement la logique commerciale et les ID sont d’autant plus favorables à leur accorder le soutien. La politique de l'innovation russe et les ID créent un contexte où de diverses formes de l'entrepreneuriat scientifique sont reconnues comme légitimes au niveau de la société et de l'univers scientifique. De plus, dans le contexte créé par les Institutions de développement la recherche profite d'un certain prestige grâce aux engagements appliqués dans des projets à haute priorité politique, en continuité avec le statut de la recherche à l'époque soviétique. / This thesis studies the Development institutions (DI), new instruments of Russian innovation policy created, following the financial logic, in the end of 2000s, and their effect on scientific entrepreneurship. The study begins by an analysis of the status of research in the Soviet Union. The study object is then examined in a context characterized par complex political and historical dynamics of relations between research and the State and a transformation of the role that the State forecasts for the research in the economic development.Appealing to the financial practices, the DI have several objectives. The economic objectives are the most important for the DI, but they are interconnected with other aims including those that align with the politics of the State guided by the ambition to strengthen the position of the country on the international scene. It is a complex articulation of different objectives that shapes the functioning of the DI, as well their practices of evaluation of business projects eligible for the financial support via these instruments. The evaluation, then, is made taken into account many non-financial criteria. Many scientific entrepreneurs keep their anchorage in the domain of research and do not place the highest priority on the commercial dimension of their activities. These entrepreneurs, however, are capable of adjusting to the practices of evaluation of the DI by presenting their projects in conformity with the conventions of financial evaluation of innovative businesses. The presentation consists in creating a narrative about the commercial ambitions of the project, which, however, does not radically reorient the objectives of the scientific entrepreneur. Some other entrepreneurs coming from research adopt the commercial logic full-heartedly, and the DI are even more likely to support their projects.Russian innovation policy and the activities of the DI create a context where different forms of scientific entrepreneurship are recognized as legitimate both at the level of the society and the scientific universe. In addition, in the context created by the Development institutions research enjoys a certain prestige thanks to its contribution to the projects with high political priority, which is in a continuity with the status that the research had in the Soviet times.

This thesis aims to analyze the Brazilian innovation policy and its impact on country's foreign trade. The first chapter features an introduction to the innovation policy and a general economic overview of Brazil. The second chapter analyzes the main indicators of the Brazilian innovation system. The third chapter explains the government's innovation policy and the specific measures to boost innovation activity within the country. The fourth chapter analyzes the exact influence that the Brazilian innovation policy has on the country's foreign trade.

abstract: The Energiewende aims to drastically reduce Germany’s greenhouse gas emissions, without relying on nuclear power, while maintaining a secure and affordable energy supply. Since 2000 the country’s renewable-energy share has increased exponentially, accounting in 2017 for over a third of Germany's gross electricity consumption. This unprecedented achievement is the result of policies, tools, and institutional arrangements intended to steer society to a low-carbon economy. Despite its resounding success in renewable-energy deployment, the Energiewende is not on track to meet its decarbonization goals. Energiewende rules and regulations have generated numerous undesired consequences, and have cost much more than anticipated, a burden borne primarily by energy consumers. Why has the Energiewende not only made energy more expensive, but also failed to bring Germany closer to its decarbonization goals? I analyzed the Energiewende as a complex socio-technical system, examining its legal framework and analyzing the consequences of successive regulations; identifying major political and energy players and the factors that motivated them to pursue socio-technical change; and documenting the political trends and events in which the Energiewende is rooted and which continue to shape it. I analyzed the dynamics and the loopholes that created barriers to transition, pushed the utility sector to the brink of dissolution, and led to such undesirable outcomes as negative wholesale prices and forced exports of electricity to Germany’s European neighbors. Thirty high-level energy experts and stakeholders were interviewed to find out how the best-informed members of German society perceive the Energiewende. Surprisingly, although they were highly critical of the way the transition has unfolded, most were convinced that the transition would eventually succeed. But their definitions of success did not always depend on achieving carbon-mitigation targets. Indeed, Germany jeopardizes the achievement of these targets by changing too many policy and institutional variables at too fast a pace. Good intentions and commitment are not enough to create economies based on intermittent energy sources: they will also require intensive grid expansion and breakthroughs in storage technology. The Energiewende demonstrates starkly that collective action driven by robust political consensus is not sufficient for steering complex socio-technical systems in desired directions. / Dissertation/Thesis / Doctoral Dissertation Sustainability 2018

As ações políticas corporativas baseiam-se em interações entre empresas e governos e, como fenômeno de estudo, são abordadas sob diferentes perspectivas, entre elas, a avaliação das condições internas e externas à firma que explicam as decisões políticas das empresas, conhecidas como antecedentes do comportamento político. O estudo das ações políticas no contexto da inovação foi motivado pelo cenário regulatório brasileiro das políticas de Ciência Tecnologia e Inovação - CT&I, em particular, a regulação das interações empresas-governos. Assim, o objetivo da pesquisa foi analisar os efeitos da comunicação e dos antecedentes da firma nas ações políticas corporativas, individuais e coletivas, e seus impactos na decisão de investimento privado em pesquisa e desenvolvimento. A fundamentação teórica baseou-se em estudos anteriores dos antecedentes das ações políticas, na discussão das ações coletivas envolvendo bens públicos e nos determinantes dos investimentos em P&D. A literatura sobre experimentos econômicos lineares com bens públicos e de simulação e jogo de empresas forneceu o delineamento metodológico que permitiu a adaptação e utilização da simulação BSS - Business Strategy Simulation (Mrtvi, 2012) como ambiente de pesquisa para a condução do quase-experimento. A pesquisa classificou-se como quantitativa e explicativa, e foi conduzida com 72 universitários do curso de administração de uma universidade pública, que tomaram decisões ao longo de 11 rodadas, totalizando 575 observações válidas. Os dados foram analisados por meio de regressões com dados em painel e efeitos fixos e utilização de variáveis instrumentais. Sob uma perspectiva institucional, verificou-se que, mesmo diante de incerteza e do problema de ação coletiva, a ineficiência das firmas, a escassez de recursos e a comunicação constituem importantes antecedentes da ação política individual e coletiva considerando um cenário em que há: a) abordagem política relacional (maior frequência das interações) que possibilita acesso ao mercado político; b) um cenário de competição oligopolista em que empresas se beneficiam da diferenciação de produtos; e, c) ausência de restrições aos investimentos em P&D (disponibilidade de saldo de caixa e direitos de propriedade). Apesar dos resultados sugerirem um comportamento rent-seeking e marcado pela ineficiência da firma, verificou-se a existência de efeito de adicionalidade entre ações políticas corporativas e investimentos privados em P&D, ou seja, investimentos em ações políticas não funcionariam como substitutos dos investimentos em P&D. O estudo contribui para a compreensão das ações políticas das firmas numa perspectiva de múltiplas alternativas de ação (individual e coletiva) com implicações para o design de políticas públicas para inovação no que tange o comportamento político das firmas em situações de mercados imperfeitos. Sugere-se, para futuras pesquisas, o desenvolvimento de modelos que incorporem o desempenho das ações políticas bem como a investigação de modelos não-lineares no que se refere a determinação dos investimentos privados em P&D. / Corporate political actions are based on interactions between companies and governments and are studied from different perspectives, among them, the assessment of internal and external conditions that explain the political decisions of the companies, known as antecedents of the political behavior. The study of the political actions towards innovation was motivated by the regulatory scenario of the Brazilian public policies of Science Technology and Innovation - ST&I, in particular, the regulation of the interactions between companies and governments. Thus, the objective was to analyze the effects of the firm\'s communication and antecedents on individual and collective corporate political actions, and its impacts on the private research and development investment. The literature review was built on previous studies of the antecedents of political actions, on the discussion of collective actions involving public goods and on the determinants of R&D investments. The literature on linear economic experiments with public goods and business games and simulation provided the methodological outline that allowed the adaptation and use of the BSS - Business Strategy Simulation (Mrtvi, 2012) as a research environment for conducting the quasi-experiment. The research was classified as quantitative and explanatory, and was conducted with 72 undergraduates of a business school at a public university. Participants of the business game decided over 11 rounds, totaling 575 valid observations. The panel data were analyzed using regressions models with fixed effects and instrumental variables. From an institutional perspective the results showed that even in the face of uncertainty and the problem of collective action, firm inefficiency, scarcity of resources and communication were important antecedents of individual and collective political action. The scenario in which these decisions were made had the following characteristics: a) relational political approach (increased frequency of interactions) that allowed access to the political market regardless of firm size; b) oligopolistic competition in which companies benefit from product differentiation, and c) absence of restrictions on R&D investments (free cash flow and property rights). Although the results suggest a rent-seeking behavior and firm inefficiency, there was an addionality effect between corporate political actions and private investments in R&D, that is, corporate political investments did not crowd-out R&D investments. The purpose of this thesis is to contribute to a better understanding of the political actions of the firms considering multiple decision alternatives (individual and collective) with implications for the design of public policies for innovation regarding the political behavior of firms in situations of imperfect markets. It is suggested, for future research, the development of models that incorporate the performance of political actions as well as the investigation of non-linear models in determining the private investments in R&D.

The developing knowledge economy affects organizations within the innovation system where higher education institutions (HEI) are regarded as a significant part. There is a large amount of research that focus on different aspects of collaboration such as the outcome, the process and its infrastructure. To emphasize HEIs role in the national and regional innovation systems concepts such as Mode 2 and Triple helix, and the Knowledge triangle, have developed. These concepts have also heavily influenced Swedish innovation policy.   This thesis is set to analyze collaboration work between Swedish HEIs and the public and private sectors, and to understand how collaboration: i) occurs in practice in research and undergraduate education; ii) is influenced by policy efforts, and; iii) influence HEI’s internal and external social capital building. Firstly, research and teaching links is analyzed to highlight the integration of collaboration, research and education within specific research profiles. This is because previous research has neglected collaboration and its effect on undergraduate education. Secondly, social capital theory is used as a framework for the analysis. Social capital theory is used to obtain a thorough understanding of individual researchers’ attitude to collaboration and participation in collaboration activities.   The results indicate that short term projects had long-term effects since it established new education programs and projects. Collaboration also effects undergraduate education through research profiles with their integration of research and education in groups within as well as outside the HEI. The results also show that social capital building through top steered initiatives is complex. In the HEIs there was no relation between researchers expressing a positive attitude towards different forms of collaboration and a high participation level in collaboration activities. This suggests that building of external social capital within HEIs is not related to the nature of the internal social capital. There was interfaculty differences in both the researchers’ attitude to collaboration activities and participation in collaboration activities. As expected, professors had more opportunities and ability for collaboration. They also indicated a resistance to use a central infrastructure for collaboration to build external social capital. The opposite was demonstrated for professors from the humanities who had little experience of collaboration. They still did not to use the infrastructure to a large extent. Suggestively policy makers should encourage a more efficient external social capital building through earmarked funding for collaboration on a department level rather than on the HEIs’ central level.

Innovation policy (science & technology policy/program) aims to stimulate industrial innovation and address the gap between ideas and the market for new products/process. Hence, small and medium enterprises (SMEs) are an important target group for innovation policy. While SMEs play important economic role in Taiwan, it is more meaningful to evaluate related innovation policies, to understand the impact of polices as well as test theoretical models of interactions between the public and private sectors. This topic is significant but little studied or investigated with the chance of bias. From the perspective of program evaluation, the thesis evaluated the effect of government subsidies on SMEs¡¦ innovation including impact assessment and efficiency assessment and took the Small Business Innovation Research (SBIR) Program as an example. The target population for evaluation covered three groups: SBIR awardees, firms with rejected applications, general SME manufacturers. Questionnaires were delivered to 942 firms with SBIR Phase I or Phase II awards and 222 firms with rejected applications between 1999 and 2004; 374 and 36 valid questionnaires were returned separately. The Department of Statistics of the Ministry of Economic Affairs provided the data of general SMEs. This thesis evaluated the impact of SBIR by a quasi-experimental design and examines the efficiency by an econometric model. Main findings are as follows: A. The impact of government R&D subsidies on SMEs: 1. Innovative activity (R&D spending): Compared to other SMEs (firms with rejected applications or general SME manufacturers), the growth of SBIR awardees¡¦ R&D spending is significant. 2. Productivity (employment or sales): Compared to other SMEs (firms with rejected applications or general SME manufacturers), the growth of SBIR awardees¡¦ employment is significant. Compared to general SME manufacturers, the growth of SBIR awardees¡¦ sales is significant; but compared to firms with rejected applications, the growth of SBIR awardees¡¦ sales is not significant. B. The efficiency of government R&D subsidies on SMEs: 1. Innovative activity (R&D spending): On average, 0.28 percentage change in SBIR awardees¡¦ R&D spending is correlated with 1 percent change in subsidies (elasticity relationship). 2. Productivity (employment or sales): On average, 0.08 percentage change in SBIR awardees¡¦ employment and 0.25 percentage change in SBIR awardees sales is separately correlated with 1 percent change in subsidies (elasticity relationship).

Government support for applied Research and Development (R&D) persisted in the US despite evidence to the contrary. Many provide government R&D funding for enterprises of particular interest and a number of countries have substantially increased their expenditure on R&D. SBIR as a means of funding high-risk R&D with broad commercial and societal benefits that would not be undertaken by a single company, either because the risk was too high or because a large enough share of the benefits of success would not accrue to the company for it to make the investment. Therefore, the program¡¦s goal is to the development and application of new, enabling technologies that individual firms would not or pursue on their own and thereby encourage the economic growth that comes from the commercialization and use of new technologies in the private sector. However, very few studies of R&D policy toward innovative subsidy program in developing country. Public programs to subsidize high-technology firms have represented a significant but little-studied area of public expenditures. This article assesses the long-run success of firms participating in the SBIR program in Taiwan. The plan of this research is as follows. The purpose of this search in Taiwan is to study the impact of government-industry R&D programs on private R&D. The research has 3 important aspects. First, using a questionnaire to understand the enterprises intention and behavior which have participated in the ¡§Small Business Innovation Research (SBIR)¡¨ this paper first examines whether government R&D subsidies influence firm¡¦s innovative activities. Second, this paper examines what the correlation is between government funding and private R&D expenditures. Finally, this research conducted 67 important interviews from enterprises. Not only the multi-methodology comparisons, the empirical results aimed at: 1) Examine the role of public/private partnerships (PP/Ps) as an instrument to leverage public investment in strategy technology and innovation and to achieve other goals of technology and innovation policy; 2) Identify the critical factors determining the success of R&D subsidy program for innovation, with an emphasis on programme design, financial arrangement, and evaluation 3) Government R&D subsidies have a significant positive effect or not on firm¡¦s R&D expenditure / employment / firm-financed R&D spending.

The aim of this thesis was to examine, describe and assess in detail the method, process, and outcome of the first national Turkish technology foresight study - Vizyon 2023 - and draw conclusions about its effect on the Turkish science, technology and innovation system. Technology foresight has gained widespread acceptance all over the world as a policy tool used in identifying future technologies, setting priorities, formulating science and technology policies and wiring up the national system of innovation. In this context, a review of the literature on technology foresight is undertaken and major concepts are established. The cases of the French and Hungarian technology foresights are examined in comparison to the Turkish technology foresight. Particular emphasis is given to describe the link to science and technology policy of the Vizyon 2023 technology foresight in order to assess its immediate and expected impacts. It is concluded that the Vizyon 2023 technology foresight was a carefully practiced study in line with current trends and knowledge, the linkage to policy was successful, but the result fell short in pointing to clear directions in terms of the implementation agenda. Furthermore, it is ascertained that the science and technology strategy formulated on the basis of the Vizyon 2023 Technology Foresight can only be successful, if implemented with the close coordination and collaboration of all actors of the national innovation system.

abstract: This study focuses on three major Maghreb states (Algeria, Morocco and Tunisia) with distinct institutional, political and socioeconomic patterns. It essentially tackles the issue of technological development particularly investments, trade, human capital and patents in a socially and politically sensitive environment. The researcher assumes that government stability, law and order, GDP growth and ICT usage are related to technological innovation in the Maghreb. The stated hypotheses indicate that these political, institutional and socioeconomic factors have significant effect on technological innovation in the Maghreb. Based on a two equations' empirical model, our researcher attempts to test these effects and explore the interactions between the different dependent and independent variables through a set of hypotheses. Data analysis covers three countries from 1996 to 2010. The study identifies significant effects of key covariates on technological innovation in the Maghreb. Although not every predictor effect is consistent, the results indicate that they matter for technological innovation in the Maghreb. Empirical findings might constitute essential evidence for technology and innovation policies in this Middle East and North African region. / Dissertation/Thesis / M.S. Technology 2012