The aim of this thesis was to describe the structure and dynamics of ant and plant communities in the southern Karoo and to assess mechanisms of species coexistence in ant and plant communities. The role of species interactions in structuring natural communities was emphasised. Diversity indices were used to determine the importance of habitat in maintaining ant species diversity. Ant species diversity was not predicted by measurements of plant species diversity or vegetation structural diversity. Ant species richness was correlated with vegetation structural diversity but not with plant species diversity. Ant species appeared to respond to aspects of vegetation height. Although vegetation complexity influences ant species richness, competitive effects, particularly of dominant ant species, appear to suppress sub-ordinate ant species influencing measures of richness and diversity. Aggressive dominant ant species determine the distribution and abundance of sub-ordinate ant species. Interference competition for space was prevalent between dominant ant species and competitive success was a function of vegetation. It was not clear whether ants respond directly to physical conditions created by vegetation which then influences foraging activity or, alternatively, whether ants respond to productivity gradients which are affected by vegetation. Understanding vegetation dynamics is critical to interpreting patterns of ant species distribution and abundance. A patchy habitat disrupts the competitive dominance of aggressive dominant species, removing the potential towards habitat monopolisation, and therefore maintaining ant species diversity. In the Portulacaria afra rangeland, Pheidole sp. 2 was superior in well-shaded microhabitats but Messor capensis nested successfully under woody shrubs and several ant species (Tetramorium peringueyi, T. quadrispinosum, Monomorium alamarum, Ocymyrmex barbiger) persisted on bare nutrient-rich patches. Rangeland dominated by grass would favour Pheidole sp. 2 at the expense of other ant species which would be unable to establish successfully. There is no evidence supporting the notion that ant communities are at equilibrium. Rather, dominance hierarchies lead to the replacement of species over vegetation gradients with the tendency towards the aggressive acquisition and monopolisation of space. The coexistence of dominant ant species at study sites in the southern Karoo was a combination of territorial strategy and colonisation ability. In the P. afra rangeland most ant species escaped the severe competitive effect of Pheidole sp. 2 by persisting as fugitives on bare areas of local disturbance where Pheidole sp. 2 was less successful. At Tierberg, competitively inferior ant species with a decentralised territorial system coexisted with competitively superior ant species in an unstable equilibrium by pre-empting newly available space through the lateral expansion of territories. Competitively superior species, however, replace the inferior competitor (yet, superior coloniser) in time. Plant succession in the Portulacaria afra rangeland follows a deterministic pattern of cyclical replacement. No single mechanism adequately explains the coexistence of all plant species in this community. Nurse-plant effects were important for the establishment of P. afra and later-successional trees below woody shrubs and P. afra respectively. Soil moisture and nutrient levels below nurse plants were favourable for the successful establishment of seedlings but nurse plants also disrupt the inhibitory effect of grass on seedlings and young plants. Linked to the facilitative process is the directed dispersal of seeds by biotic vectors. Seed dispersal by ants and birds moves propagules away from the harsh competitive environment of established adult plants (particularly grass) to safe establishment sites below nurse plants. Complementary root systems of seedlings and nurse plants may facilitate the establishment of young plants but ultimately competition will reduce nurse plant vigour leading inevitably to the death of the nurse plant. At least two plant species (Lycium cinereum and Psilocaulon absimile) persist in the P. afra rangeland as fugitives on areas of local disturbance. The relatively cool and moist environment below P. afra clumps supports a variety of detritivorous taxa that enrich the soil. Once the P. afra clump collapses and dies, bare nutrient rich patches that favour the establishment of L. cinereum and P. absimile, ahead of the competitively superior grass component, remain. However, the replacement of the fugitive plant species by grass is inevitable as the soil nutrient levels decline. The competitive superiority of grass controls the dynamics of the P. afra rangeland system. Disruption of the inhibitory effect of grasses by elevated nutrient levels (e.g. detritivore activity, ant nests) permits plant species to establish that would otherwise be unable to in the absence of disturbance. Degradation of the grass component by overgrazing at the P. afra rangeland site has the same effect as disturbance by soil-nutrient enrichment and results in an increase in plant species diversity. All stages of the cyclical process would be relatively uncommon in a grass dominated system because of the inability of plants to establish successfully in grass. Strong feedback links exist between the ant and plant communities studied. Habitat patchiness maintains ant species diversity by disrupting dominance hierarchies. Ants maintain plant species diversity by moving seeds out of competitively harsh microhabitats into safe sites (often below nurse plants) for establishment. Soil nutrient enrichment (ant nests and various detritivore taxa) create disturbances which also facilitates plant establishment. Overgrazing by domestic stock causes the replacement of palatable by unpalatable plant species. Unpalatable plant species, released of suppressive effects, develop into a monospecific stand that inhibits the further establishment of seedlings. Loss of habitat patchiness results in habitat monopolisation by one (or two) dominant ant species. Habitat degradation therefore severs the complex feedback links between the plant community and the important invertebrate component (dispersal agents and detritivores) which disrupts the dynamic processes driving the system. / Thesis (Ph.D.)-University of Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 1998.

The objective of this study was to investigate endophagous insect species richness in Fynbos. The influences of plants as determinants of insect occurrence were given special attention. The endophagous insects associated with Proteaceae in Fynbos were compared to endophage assemblages from northern, non-Capensis Proteaceae. The Cape Fynbos genus Protea is utilized by many more insect taxa than the non-Fynbos species. The high diversity of host plants in Fynbos appears to have contributed to generating high, local endophagous insect diversity. Influences of regional climate, biotope and host-plant characteristics on the frequency of occurrence of insect borers exploiting Protea species was investigated in Fynbos. Distinct differences in frequency of encounter of the various insect taxa were recorded for the various host-plants studied. This variability was primarily accounted for by physical host-plant characteristics (infructescence and seed-set variables). These findings have important implications for evolution of insects associated with these plants, as well as for the conservation of insects and in pest control programmes on indigenous cut flowers. The relative species richness of endophagous and ectophagous insects in Fynbos was compared. Gall-forming insects (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae), were found to be considerably more speciose than other feeding guilds, showing that the ratio of endophages to ectophages in sclerophyllous vegetation types is high. The intimate relationship that endophagous insects have with their host plants tends to habitat specialization. These insects are therefore likely to undergo radiation together with their host-plants. Species richness of gall-insects in Fynbos was investigated to establish whether insect richness was proportional to plant species richness. The relationship between gall-insect species richness and plant-species richness was investigated. Fynbos harboured more gall-insect species than other Cape Floristic Region vegetation types. Gall-insect species richness was positively correlated with plant-species richness. Plant species richness appears to have contributed to the evolution of a rich gall-insect fauna in the region. Fynbos gall-insect species richness is comparable to other sclerophyllous vegetation types globally, underscoring the importance of this vegetation type as a centre of galler diversification. Finally, the importance of plant species richness as a determinant of gall-insect species richness was investigated by comparing different sclerophyllous vegetation types under the same climatic conditions. Gall were sampled from Fynbos and Karoo vegetation. Fynbos had higher gall-insect species richness, correlated with plant-species richness. Plant-species richness, or the distal factors that generated it, appear to have contributed significantly to the radiation of gall-insects in this region. / Thesis (Ph.D.)-University of Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 1995.

The connection between variable synchrony of insect eclosion with host budburst and variability in insect densities was investigated. Experiments with gypsy moth (Lymantria dispar L.) larvae determined the duration of acceptable foliage after budbreak of nine hardwood species. Four competing conceptual models of environmental influences on the timing of budburst were compared and evaluated. The best budburst model was combined with an eclosion model to estimate the frequency of asynchrony and its correlation with density. Synchrony with budburst has a smaller effect than weather after hatch, on the population size of the gypsy moth, but neither is the driving force behind density changes. However, comparison of traits of 300 species of Macrolepidoptera showed that 50% of outbreak species, but only 24% of nonoutbreak species begin feeding at the time of budburst; this suggests a stronger relation between synchrony and population dynamics than was found with the gypsy moth.

Addendum in pocket. / Biblography: leaves 162-173. / v, 177, [5] leaves : ill. ; 30 cm. / Title page, contents and abstract only. The complete thesis in print form is available from the University Library. / Phytophagous sucking insects, aphids in particular, are common pests of plants. These insects secrete salivary enzymes into their food material. One plant defence mechanism is the induction and/or accumulation of deterrent phytochemicals. In the present study, a model enzyme system was chosen to mimic the oxidative activity of insect saliva. Isolation and sructural identification of the products of plant allelochemicals was achieved for several substrates. Insects were also exposed to individual plant chemicals in feeding "choice" tests. Preliminary examinations suggest that plants containing increased levels of phenolic allelochemicals show correlated increases in resistance to attack by aphids. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Adelaide, Dept. of Crop Protection, 1996

Bibliography: leaves 133-148. / xii, 148 leaves : ill. ; 30 cm. / Title page, contents and abstract only. The complete thesis in print form is available from the University Library. / Examines sugar foraging in the field by adult female parasitoid wasp, Cotesia rubecula (Hymenoptera, Braconidae), to determine its effect on fecundity and lifespan. In the field, the area in which wasps search for sugar is likely to depend on the degree of association of hosts with nectar or honeydew, supporting the hypothesis that sugar encounters in the field happen opportunistically during host foraging activities. The survival gained by sugar feeding my often be severely limited by quality and quantity of sugary food and extrinsic mortality factors such as adverse weather conditions and predation, so the need for food must be studied in relation to a species' adaptation to its environment. Concentrations of sugar sources may distract wasps from host-foraging when the density of hosts is low. This has implications for flower propagation in agro-ecosystems with a view to supporting natural enemies of insect pests. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Adelaide, Dept. of Applied & Molecular Ecology, 2002

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Missouri-Columbia, 2007. / The entire dissertation/thesis text is included in the research.pdf file; the official abstract appears in the short.pdf file (which also appears in the research.pdf); a non-technical general description, or public abstract, appears in the public.pdf file. Title from title screen of research.pdf file (viewed on February 25, 2008) Vita. Includes bibliographical references.

Thesis (Ph.D.)--Macquarie University, Division of Environmental and Life Sciences, Dept. of Biological Sciences, 2005. / Bibliography: p. 178-203.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Missouri-Columbia, 1997. / Typescript. Vita. Includes bibliographical references. Also available on the Internet.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Missouri-Columbia, 1997. / Typescript. Vita. Includes bibliographical references. Also available on the Internet.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Missouri-Columbia, 1998. / Typescript. Vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 130-145). Also available on the Internet.