Univ., Diss--Paderborn. / Literaturverz. S. 156 - 163. Nebent.: Prognose der Solarstrahlung.

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The use of Photovoltaic (PV) systems to meet energy demand in rural or remote regions of the world is growing at a very fast pace. Rural electrification projects in developing countries have relied primarily on subsidies from both the government and the national utility. Since using the national grid to meet energy demand in these areas has been found to be quite expensive over time, governments in developing countries have turned to photovoltaic technology as a means of providing electricity needs to their rural population. To facilitate the use of PV systems in developing countries, the author has developed an interactive menu-driven design tool called PVONE that may serve as a guide to engineers and government officials to decide whether a stand-alone photovoltaic system is feasible at a location. PVONE consists of three parts - insolation, system design and economic analysis. In order to predict insolation, PVONE first utilizes the clear sky insolation model that is based on latitude, longitude and altitude of a location. Then it incorporates the standard classification criteria to classify the days of a month according to day types. Based on how the days are classified, a new set of insolation is predicted. For system design, the PVONE program is used to determine the array characteristics based on the chosen photovoltaic module, the system design load and the daily insolation at the location. To determine whether the proposed system is feasible at the location, the PVONE program performs an energy output analysis and economic analysis. The system designed is considered feasible at the location only if it satisfies the load demand and has a positive net present value. / Master of Science

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Valley development through erosional processes typically tends to create symmetrical valleys. Over time, water cuts through the substrate to create valleys, gorges, and canyons for which the sides are the valley are evenly sloped. However, there are anomalies to this process. Asymmetrical valleys have been well-documented even in areas of uniform substrate or little tectonic uplift. One proposed explanation for the asymmetry of these valleys is differential insolation. This may lead to different microclimates from one slope to another which alter the rate and extent of erosion. Since the differences in received insolation vary with latitude (especially in streams that flow along an east/west axis), it follows that the degree of asymmetry should also vary with latitude if differential insolation is a primary driving factor in the development of these valleys. To evaluate if insolation plays a role in the development of asymmetrical valleys, this study examines variability in asymmetry across 447 valleys in nine study areas located at different latitudes. The degree of asymmetry for each valley was measured by using 30 meter resolution digital elevation models (DEMs) to determine the slope angle of each side of the valley. Asymmetry was measured by computing a ratio of the average slope angle for each side of the valley (larger value divided by smaller). If the resulting value is one, the valley is deemed symmetrical. As the value increases, the degree of asymmetry increases. This investigation found that contrary to expectations, valleys at lower latitudes tend to have a higher degree of asymmetry than those at higher latitudes, which suggests that differential insolation does not play a major role in the development of these valleys. Instead, this study found that high altitudes and low latitudes are more frequently associated with a higher degree of asymmetry. These unexpected findings open the door to new avenues of investigation into the causes of asymmetrical valley development.

To optimise the performance of concentrating solar power systems, a detailed knowledge of the resultant flux distribution in the imaging plane is required. To achieve this, an accurate model of the direct solar beam impinging on the concentrator is essential. This thesis presents an empirical model of the terrestrial solar distribution that has both a high-correlation to observed data and an invariance to a change in location. The model is based on the amount of circumsolar radiation in the direct beam and takes into account the small variations that are due to atmospheric scattering. A modelling framework is developed to simulate the flux distribution in the imaging plane of a generic solar concentrating system. Algorithms are developed to include the following: the spatial solar energy distribution; the systemic effect of reflecting that distribution off a non-ideal mirrored surface; the spectral energy distribution; the transmission, absorption and reflection characteristics of optical thin films; and the coordinates of the solar vector. The framework is then used to investigate the performance of anti-reflection coatings on silicon substrates and the performance of linear Fresnel systems. Combined, these algorithms and simulation tools can be applied to create comprehensive optical models of solar concentrating systems.

To optimise the performance of concentrating solar power systems, a detailed knowledge of the resultant flux distribution in the imaging plane is required. To achieve this, an accurate model of the direct solar beam impinging on the concentrator is essential. This thesis presents an empirical model of the terrestrial solar distribution that has both a high-correlation to observed data and an invariance to a change in location. The model is based on the amount of circumsolar radiation in the direct beam and takes into account the small variations that are due to atmospheric scattering. A modelling framework is developed to simulate the flux distribution in the imaging plane of a generic solar concentrating system. Algorithms are developed to include the following: the spatial solar energy distribution; the systemic effect of reflecting that distribution off a non-ideal mirrored surface; the spectral energy distribution; the transmission, absorption and reflection characteristics of optical thin films; and the coordinates of the solar vector. The framework is then used to investigate the performance of anti-reflection coatings on silicon substrates and the performance of linear Fresnel systems. Combined, these algorithms and simulation tools can be applied to create comprehensive optical models of solar concentrating systems.

Sunshine, air and water are the vital elements to the human. This study investigated the insolation and solar radiation in Kaohsiung city. Solar radiation on the horizontal and declined plane was calculated. Sun shadow model for urban buildings was constructed for computing accumulated sunshining hours. Horizontal and vertical building shadows were displayed in ArcGIS ¡V the GIS software. Raster-based data model was used to analyze the effect of sun shadow shading by neighbour buildings. And the effect of shadow shading for solar water heater was also investigated. According to the results, minor installation error of orientation and decline angles of solar panel will not cause major energy loss. And the distance between the buildings¡Bthe height difference and the orientation between buildings are most important factors which affect optimal installation location of the solar water heater. If there are buildings located to the south, southeast and southwest, and the stories difference between buildings is over three, the installing location should be moved toward north. If buildings are next to each others and the variation of height is large, the efficient of receiving solar radiation will be deteriorated. The larger is the distance between buildings, the better the energy received.

Orientador: Edison Favero / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Civil, Arquitetura e Urbanismo / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-09T08:54:17Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 CastroPerez_DenisRoberto_M.pdf: 10998353 bytes, checksum: 0e04f9184b6982b9301f851aa3849138 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007 / Resumo: Este trabalho apresenta um estudo que investiga formas de regulamentação de acesso ao sol e da sua qualificação, nos processos de planejamento urbano e projeto do edifício. Pela grande disponibilidade de sol e luz natural no país, torna-se recomendável esta regulamentação. Com o aprofundamento do conhecimento do envelope solar e a introdução do seu conceito nas legislações urbanísticas, é possível garantir o direito, em legislação específica, do acesso ao sol conforme determinantes climáticas. Esta pesquisa visa a proposição de subsídios para a reformulação e adequação, ou criação de novas legislações, bem como conscientizar o Poder Público para o uso do envelope solar e de outras condicionantes na emissão de diretrizes que servirão para dar início ao projeto arquitetônico. A pesquisa foi norteada pela construção dos envelopes solares, por latitude, orientação, em determinadas horas no solstício de inverno, em zonas urbanas do município de Campinas com distintas densidades. Com o auxílio de ferramentas CAD e de outros programas de computação, foram construídos os envelopes solares que serviram de base para a obtenção de dados e análises das relações entre os índices urbanísticos com as características físicas dos terrenos, edifícios, vizinhança, densidades, insolação e sombreamento, com a verificação da legislação local. Finalmente, são apresentados os resultados obtidos - conclusões que poderão contribuir para o crescimento urbano organizado e sustentável, abrindo novas possibilidades de projetos para o desenho urbano e a arquitetura / Abstract: This work presents a study that investigates forms of regulation of access to the sun and its qualification, in the processes of urban planning and project of the building. Given the great availability of sun and natural light in the country, this regulation becomes recommendable. With the spread of the knowledge about the solar envelope and the introduction of its concept in the urbanistic legislations, it is possible to guarantee the right to the sun access according to specific climatic conditions. This research aims at the proposal of subsidies for the reformularization and adequacy, or creation of new legislations, as well as to acquire knowledge the Public Power for the use of the solar envelope and other directivies to the architectural project. The research was guided by the construction of the solar envelopes, by latitude, orientation, in determined hours in the winter solstice, in urban zones of the city of Campinas with distinct densities. With the aid of CAD tools and other programs of computation, the constructed solar envelopes that had served as basis for the attainment of data and analyses of the relations between the urbanistic indexes and the physical characteristics of lands, buildings, neighborhood, densities, insolation and shadowing, with the verification of the local legislation. Finally, conclusions are presented the gotten results - that will be able to contribute for the organized and sustainable urban growth, opening new possibilities of projects for the urban drawing and architecture / Mestrado / Arquitetura e Construção / Mestre em Engenharia Civil

Made available in DSpace on 2014-07-29T15:18:24Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao_Juliana Gomes de Freitas - parte 1.pdf: 1986084 bytes, checksum: 775092561e5ebbcb68aef7acbe0f2a91 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-08-29 / The climatic elements are related to the deterioration of the facades of buildings. Understanding the joint action of rain, wind and sunshine is important for prevention of pathological manifestations, thus ensuring the durability of coatings. Then, it becomes essential to know about the mechanisms of heat and moisture in porous materials. The problems related to this phenomenon are many, including the dimensional variation, which can cause cracks. The solar orientation and the presence of architectural details on the facades can cause the existence of the wettest spots, which favors the deposition of pollutants and microorganisms, causing stains. Thus, this paper aims at analyzing and understanding of issues that address the durability of facade coatings based on the understanding of the influence of climatic factors in buildings of the School of Engineering of the Federal University of Goiás (UFG), in Goiânia. Methodologically, the study aimed to: conducting a survey in order to quantify and map the pathological manifestations present, measurements of surface temperature and humidity in the dry and rainy seasons, trying to relate them to the cardinal orientations, creation of maps of wind-driven rain using data from the meteorological station of UFG, and conducting thermographic images, also in the rainy and dry seasons. The main results, it was found that the facades are exposed to different levels of humidity and temperature, which may favor the further deterioration of these. It was found that the north façade is the one that receives more sunlight in both the rainy and dry season, contributing to a high rate of fissuration. The same orientation is also one of the most humid and with higher levels of staining, consolidated information through wind-driven rain, that in the months of January and February 2012 reached one of the highest values. It was also observed that among the sites chosen for the measurements of surface moisture and temperature, the more prone to deterioration are the architectural details, as reached the highest values. In relation to infrared thermography, it was found that the best time of year for inspections was in the dry season and in the afternoon. In these periods, it was possible to identify pathological manifestations in the facades, such as stains, cracks and fantômes. An example is the case of the cracks which had a temperature 1°C lower than the part of the masonry without defects. It was also possible to visualize moist spots, as well as the lining of the points that were on the masonry and structure. / A deterioração das fachadas dos edifícios está relacionada com os elementos climáticos. A compreensão da ação conjunta da chuva, vento e insolação é importante para prevenção de manifestações patológicas, garantindo, assim, a durabilidade dos revestimentos. Para tanto, torna-se essencial o conhecimento a respeito dos mecanismos de transporte de calor e umidade em materiais porosos. Os problemas relacionados a estes fenômenos são diversos, dentre eles a variação dimensional, que pode ocasionar fissuras. A orientação solar e a presença de detalhes arquitetônicos nas fachadas podem provocar a existência de pontos mais úmidos, o que favorece a deposição de poluentes e a proliferação de microorganismos, causando manchamentos. Deste modo, o presente trabalho objetiva a análise e entendimento de aspectos que visem à durabilidade dos revestimentos de fachadas a partir da compreensão da influência dos fatores climáticos em edifícios da Escola de Engenharia da Universidade Federal de Goiás (UFG), na cidade de Goiânia - GO. Metodologicamente, o estudo propôs-se à: realização de uma vistoria, com o intuito de quantificar e mapear as manifestações patológicas presentes; medições de temperatura e umidade superficiais nas estações seca e chuvosa, buscando relacioná-las com as orientações cardeais; cálculo do índice de chuva dirigida direcional mensal utilizando os dados da estação meteorológica da UFG; e realização de imagens termográficas, também nos períodos seco e chuvoso. Como principais resultados, verificou-se que as fachadas estão expostas a diferentes níveis de umidade e temperatura, o que pode favorecer a maior deterioração destas. Constatou-se que a fachada Norte é a que recebe mais insolação tanto no período seco quanto no chuvoso, contribuindo para um alto índice de fissuração. A mesma orientação também é uma das mais úmidas e com maiores níveis de manchamento, informação consolidada por meio do índice de chuva dirigida direcional que, nos meses de janeiro e fevereiro de 2012, atingiu um dos valores mais altos. Observou-se também que, dentre os locais escolhidos para as medições de umidade e temperatura superficiais, o mais propício à deterioração são os detalhes arquitetônicos, pois atingiram os mais altos valores. Em relação à termografia infravermelha, constatou-se que o melhor período do ano para as inspeções era na época seca e no horário da tarde. Nestes períodos, foi possível a identificação de manifestações patológicas nas fachadas, como manchas, fissuras e fantômes. Um exemplo é o caso das fissuras que possuíam temperatura 1°C menor que a parte da alvenaria sem defeitos. Foi possível a também a visualização de pontos úmidos, bem como dos pontos do revestimento que estavam sobre a alvenaria e a estrutura.