Traditionnellement, en raison du caractère « abstrait » du contrôle de la loi, le Conseil constitutionnel n’est pas censé s’intéresser aux conséquences de sa décision pour le choix de la solution. En effet, selon la conception classique, le juge confronte la loi à la Constitution en suivant un syllogisme : le contrôle est ainsi « pur » de toute considération extra-juridique. Et pourtant… l’étude révèle que le « conséquentialisme » – entendu comme un jugement fondé sur les effets et non sur les fondements qui soutiennent la décision – est omniprésent dans la jurisprudence constitutionnelle. Les conseillers prennent en compte les conséquences politiques, économiques, sociales, institutionnelles de leurs décisions, notamment pour prévenir les conséquences néfastes d’une solution vis-à-vis des droits et libertés. L’ouverture des délibérations, en 2009, confirme que le « réflexe conséquentialiste » existedepuis les débuts de l’institution. Et l’entrée en vigueur de la QPC, en 2010, a renforcé et banalisé l’usage de l’analyse conséquentialiste, devenue plus précise, plus technique. En tournant son regard vers le futur, le juge constitutionnel participe à l’adaptation contemporaine du contrôle aux besoins du droit constitutionnel, qu’il s’agisse de maîtriser les effets dans le temps d’une déclaration d’inconstitutionnalité ou d’intégrer les nouveaux rapports de systèmes. Cette recherche révèle combien le conséquentialisme constitutionnel est inévitable dans le contrôle de constitutionnalité, bien qu’il reste aussi nécessairement inachevé. / Given the « abstract » nature of the judicial review, the Constitutional Council is not supposed to take an interest in the consequences of its decision when choosing a solution. In the traditional conception, the judge uses a syllogism to compare the law and the Constitution: the review is therefore “pure” of any extrajudicial consideration. Yet the study shows that the “consequentialism” – in the sense of a ruling based on the consequences rather than on the founding principles underpinning a decision – can be found in every aspect of the case law. The constitutional judges take into account the political, economic, social and institutional consequences of their decisions, particularly in order to prevent negative effects on rights and liberties. The publication of the deliberations of the Council decided in 2009 confirms that the “consequentialist reaction” has existed since the creation of the institution. In 2010, the coming into force of priority preliminary rulings on the issue of constitutionality (QPC –questions prioritaires de constitutionalité) has strengthen and made commonplace the consequentialist analysis, which has become more precise and more technical. By taking into account the future, the constitutional judge contributes to the adaptation of the review to the needs of the law, whether one is talking about dealing with the effects in time of a constitutional invalidity or integrating the new systems linkages. From then on, this study shows the unavoidable nature of constitutional consequentialism in the judicial review, though the notion stays inevitably incomplete.

Este trabalho é uma análise da política comercial externa de 1995 a 1998, caracterizada, entre outros fatores, pela política comercial estratégica e o caso da Embraer. São abordadas nessa análise algumas questões como a taxa de câmbio, a institucionalidade do comércio exterior do período, os financiamentos às exportações e o apoio governamental à Embraer. Para tanto, foi utilizada a teoria do comércio exterior estratégico, que defende o uso de incentivos para o desenvolvimento de determinadas indústrias nascentes nas quais o país possui interesses estratégicos. O principal argumento desse trabalho afirma que, apesar de a taxa de câmbio valorizada ter repercutido de forma negativa no desempenho do comércio exterior do país, o governo adotou outras iniciativas e esforços para estimular as exportações brasileiras, das quais podemos citar: a remontagem do sistema institucional do comércio exterior, a retomada e revitalização dos mecanismos de financiamento como o BNDES-Exim e o Proex, o apoio às micro e pequenas empresas e o apoio à EMBRAER, configurando assim uma política comercial estratégica. / This work is a review about the brazilian foreign commercial policy from 1995 to 1998, which is characterized, among other things, by a strategic commercial policy and the Embraer case. Some issues are developed through the study, such as exchange rate, institutional matters, financial credits to the exports and the government support to Embraer. The theory used here is the strategic commercial policy, which discusses the protection to some special new industries considered strategic to the country. The main argument in this work states that, although the exchange rate caused some serious harmful effects to the foreign trade results, government adopted other actions to estimulate the exports development, such as the rebuilding of the institutional system of foreign trade, the strengthened of financial credits mechanisms, support to small companies and the support to Embraer, reflecting, this way, the strategic commercial policy.

Este trabalho é uma análise da política comercial externa de 1995 a 1998, caracterizada, entre outros fatores, pela política comercial estratégica e o caso da Embraer. São abordadas nessa análise algumas questões como a taxa de câmbio, a institucionalidade do comércio exterior do período, os financiamentos às exportações e o apoio governamental à Embraer. Para tanto, foi utilizada a teoria do comércio exterior estratégico, que defende o uso de incentivos para o desenvolvimento de determinadas indústrias nascentes nas quais o país possui interesses estratégicos. O principal argumento desse trabalho afirma que, apesar de a taxa de câmbio valorizada ter repercutido de forma negativa no desempenho do comércio exterior do país, o governo adotou outras iniciativas e esforços para estimular as exportações brasileiras, das quais podemos citar: a remontagem do sistema institucional do comércio exterior, a retomada e revitalização dos mecanismos de financiamento como o BNDES-Exim e o Proex, o apoio às micro e pequenas empresas e o apoio à EMBRAER, configurando assim uma política comercial estratégica. / This work is a review about the brazilian foreign commercial policy from 1995 to 1998, which is characterized, among other things, by a strategic commercial policy and the Embraer case. Some issues are developed through the study, such as exchange rate, institutional matters, financial credits to the exports and the government support to Embraer. The theory used here is the strategic commercial policy, which discusses the protection to some special new industries considered strategic to the country. The main argument in this work states that, although the exchange rate caused some serious harmful effects to the foreign trade results, government adopted other actions to estimulate the exports development, such as the rebuilding of the institutional system of foreign trade, the strengthened of financial credits mechanisms, support to small companies and the support to Embraer, reflecting, this way, the strategic commercial policy.

Este trabalho é uma análise da política comercial externa de 1995 a 1998, caracterizada, entre outros fatores, pela política comercial estratégica e o caso da Embraer. São abordadas nessa análise algumas questões como a taxa de câmbio, a institucionalidade do comércio exterior do período, os financiamentos às exportações e o apoio governamental à Embraer. Para tanto, foi utilizada a teoria do comércio exterior estratégico, que defende o uso de incentivos para o desenvolvimento de determinadas indústrias nascentes nas quais o país possui interesses estratégicos. O principal argumento desse trabalho afirma que, apesar de a taxa de câmbio valorizada ter repercutido de forma negativa no desempenho do comércio exterior do país, o governo adotou outras iniciativas e esforços para estimular as exportações brasileiras, das quais podemos citar: a remontagem do sistema institucional do comércio exterior, a retomada e revitalização dos mecanismos de financiamento como o BNDES-Exim e o Proex, o apoio às micro e pequenas empresas e o apoio à EMBRAER, configurando assim uma política comercial estratégica. / This work is a review about the brazilian foreign commercial policy from 1995 to 1998, which is characterized, among other things, by a strategic commercial policy and the Embraer case. Some issues are developed through the study, such as exchange rate, institutional matters, financial credits to the exports and the government support to Embraer. The theory used here is the strategic commercial policy, which discusses the protection to some special new industries considered strategic to the country. The main argument in this work states that, although the exchange rate caused some serious harmful effects to the foreign trade results, government adopted other actions to estimulate the exports development, such as the rebuilding of the institutional system of foreign trade, the strengthened of financial credits mechanisms, support to small companies and the support to Embraer, reflecting, this way, the strategic commercial policy.

The thesis analyses the state of the United Kingdom's climate policies and it particularly focuses on the question, how these policies are determined by its institutional system, that is majoritarian democracy. Theoretically majoritarian democracies generally have a weaker record in the environmental policy and the thesis aims to research, if and how the features of majoritarian democracies in reality influence the policy outcomes. The thesis focuses on the two party system, that often produces adversary and inconsistent politics and the pluralist system of the interest groups that tends to give better possibilities to the economically powerful actors such as business and energy groups. The base for the analysis will be the climate policies during the last twenty years and the performance and general discours of two main governing parties. Thesis also takes a closer look on the cases of Climate Change Act and Energy Act 2015 and their ability of the interest groups to achieve their goals. The thesis concludes that the combination of the institutional system with the low salience of the topic for the main parties poses significant obstacles and limitations to an active and progressive climate politics.

Because of the public and environmental interaction's ascensional problems it encouraged to develop environment policy and evolve different shapes since the year dot up till today. Obviously, the policy's development is not the finite process. The main subjects are introducing at work by encouraging to implement environment policy in Lithuania. The Law environmental formulation is the most analysing in Lithuania. Environment policy development is under review since restoring Lithuania's Independence since 1918-1940. Also since 1940 when Lithuania became Soviet Union. Since 1990 after Lithuania restored political Independence there were analysing environmental policy development. Especially juristics and institutional changes in environmental of policy. The policy development was more under consideration after Lithuania joined with most of the international deed of liberty requirements realization and by integrating to the European Union. There is a special department for financial implement in environment policy for implementation of discussion. Especially developing European Union's financial source of consequence. In pursuance to anticipate the environment policy tendencies and perspectives of development there are European Union’s directives’ (for which were negotiated requirements periods for realization) analysis in details, Long-Term Development Strategy of the State and National Strategy for Sustainable Development for the reaching the goals. Environment policy's... [to full text]

The rule-making power of the European Commission, dissertation Mgr. Mgr. Jiří Lenfeld, M.A.; supervisor: doc. JUDr. Richard Král, Ph.D., LL.M. Charles University, Faculty of Law, Department of European Law Prague, March 2013 The aim of the dissertation is to analyse the role of the European Commission in the legislative process of the European Union with the focus on procedures for adoption of legally binding Union acts. The European Commission is one of the main institutions of the European Union. It represents and upholds the interests of the EU as a whole and manages the day-to-day business of implementing EU policies. However, to limit the role of the European Commission to that of an executive body would be misleading. Its role in the EU institutional system is much broader than that. The European Commission is the most important legislator among the EU institutions and is also empowered with an almost exclusive power to submit drafts of EU legal acts. The rule-making power of the European Commission could be seen from two different points of view. In a narrow sense of the word it could be seen as a power conferred on the European Commission by the Treaties to propose drafts and to adopt EU legal acts implementing legally binding Union acts. However, the exercise of the rule-making power may...