Statement of the problem: Teachers of economically disadvantaged students face many pragmatic and problematic considerations, one of which is the motoric learning style of their pupils. A theoretical basis for greater involvement in the psycho-motor domain of learning has been presented in educational literature by Dewey, Piaget, Gagne, et al. Recent curriculum approaches seem to neglect psycho-motor development in favor of more cognitive and affective domains of learning. It is the purpose of this film-study to 1) show the application of manipulative instructional aids in teaching Social Studies to economically disadvantaged seventh grade students; and 2) to depict, through the use of film, actual student participation in the learning activity. This study attempts to answer four questions; 1) Who are the economically disadvantaged? 2) What (in part) is the nature of their present learning problem? 3) What are manipulative instructional aids? 4) How may they be used in the classroom to teach the basic subjects, particularly seventh grade Social Studies?

Hypermedia Learning Systems (HLS) are being used increasingly widely in Higher Education, offering non-linear navigation through complex learning materials and, it is argued, leading to improve cognitive flexibility. For some learners, though, nonlinear navigation in HLS leads to higher levels of disorientation, which can have an impact on their learning performance and attitudes towards the learning system. There has been significant research into the factors that can influence individual learners‘ experiences. For example, a number of studies have confirmed that individual differences such as cognitive style, domain knowledge and computer experience affect individuals‘ levels of disorientation and learning performance, and influence their attitudes towards HLS. It has also been suggested that instructional aids (in the form of certain visual elements and audio elements) can reduce levels of disorientation and, in turn, increase learning performance in, and positive attitudes towards, HLS for some learners. However, existing studies have tended to look at only a subset of these three individual differences in relation to an individual and/or consider only a small number of visual instructional aids. No study up to this point has considered the impact of cognitive style, domain knowledge and computer experience on disorientation, learning performance and attitudes in a HLS that incorporates a full range of visual instructional aids. In terms of the research related to audio instructional aids, no studies have looked into the effects of audio aids and these three individual differences in relation to disorientation, learning performance and attitudes in HLS. This thesis addresses these two shortcomings through two experiments. The aim of experiment 1 was to examine the effects of and between these three individual differences with respect to disorientation, learning performance and attitudes in two versions of a HLS: one that incorporated the set of visual instructional aids and one that did not. Experiment 2 aimed to do the same, but with respect to a HLS that provided audio instructional aids. The experiments used quantitative and qualitative approaches to gather data to address a set of research questions and research hypotheses. The participants were 384 university students from across London. The Cognitive Style Analysis (CSA) test was administered to determine participants‘ field dependence, and participants‘ demographic information, levels of computer experience and levels of prior knowledge were gathered using questionnaires. Learning performance was measured through achievement tests and a practical task. Levels of disorientation were measured using questionnaires, and attitudes were assessed using questionnaires and interviews. Participants were also observed when they were interacting with the HLS to perform learning tasks. A number of interesting results were revealed. Significant effects were found between the three individual differences with respect to disorientation, learning performance and attitudes in the HLS that provided no instructional aids. No significant effects were found between the three individual differences with respect to disorientation or learning performance in the other two versions of the HLS – those providing visual and audio instructional aids. Significant effects were found between the three individual differences with respect to the use of the visual and audio instructional aids to perform learning in the HLS. No significant effects were found between the three individual differences with respect to attitudes in the HLS that provided visual instructional aids. Significant effects were found between the three individual differences with respect to attitudes in the version that provided audio instructional aids. Analysis of the results led to the framing of a set of HLS design guidelines which are presented in this thesis. Finally, an agenda for future research leading on from the study‘s findings is presented.

No description available.

The purposes of this study are sixfold. They are as follows: 1. To study the various recommended courses of study for automobile mechanics and to ascertain the units of learning that are most commonly taught. 2. To obtain the various instructional aids that are available from the automotive industry to industrial arts teachers for use in teaching automobile mechanics at the secondary school level. 3. To develop suitable criteria for use in evaluating those instructional aids that are available. 4. To evaluate the instructional aids available in order to determine their probable effectiveness and practicability in teaching automobile mechanics. 5. To determine if there are instructional aids that can be developed and used by the instructor that are not available from commercial sources. 6. If there are instructional aids that can be developed but which are not available, one of the purposes of this study is to prepare plans and specifications for the construction of such aids.

No description available.

The problem of this study is to determine a sound plan of using community resources as instructional aids in the school. The purpose of the study is threefold: first, to discover criteria of soundness relative to the use of community resources; second, to discover local resources which could be utilized; and third, to determine how the resources could be used as instructional aids according to criteria.

Virtual manipulatives are employed by both preservice and inservice teachers to enhance the instructional effectiveness of physical manipulatives and related tools by addressing limitations of access, cost, and adaptability. While research into the use of emerging technologies continues, there are several variables to consider when measuring the effects of virtual manipulative use. Research design, sampling characteristics, and the type of manipulative used may influence achievement. Variables that may influence the effectiveness of virtual manipulatives include: previous experience with computers, grade level, mathematical topic, treatment length, student attitudes toward mathematics, and computer-to-student ratio.

Virtual manipulatives are employed by both preservice and inservice teachers to enhance the instructional effectiveness of physical manipulatives and related tools by addressing limitations of access, cost, and adaptability. While research into the use of emerging technologies continues, there are several variables to consider when measuring the effects of virtual manipulative use. Research design, sampling characteristics, and the type of manipulative used may influence achievement. Variables that may influence the effectiveness of virtual manipulatives include: previous experience with computers, grade level, mathematical topic, treatment length, student attitudes toward mathematics, and computer-to-student ratio.