The purpose of this research was threefold: 1) to develop empirically sound measures of classroom interaction including self-report and behavioral assessment instruments, 2) to test a proposed interactional model of classroom interaction patterns by conducting behavioral observations of college classrooms, and 3) to assess for gender inequity at the post-secondary level. In Study 1, two instruments were developed to tap students' self-report of classroom climate and instructors' sensitivity to gender and cultural issues. Several test administrations of the student self-report measure, the Classroom Atmosphere Questionnaire (CAQ), demonstrated the instrument to be valid and reliable for assessing student appraisal of their classroom environment. The CAQ also evidenced good internal consistency, high test-retest reliability, and the ability to discriminate between classrooms. Furthermore, clear factor structures emerged when factor analyses were performed over multiple administrations. The Instructor Sensitivity Questionnaire (ISQ) was developed to measure the degree to which instructors are sensitive to cultural and gender issues in the classroom. The ISQ was found to be internally consistent, to discriminate between instructors, and to predict perceived classroom environment. Using the instruments developed in Study 1, a behavioral assessment of classroom interactions was carried out which included 24 classrooms from 8 different university departments. In order to examine classroom interaction patterns thoroughly and to provide support for the proposed model, Study 2 included the assessment of several independent and dependent variables such as instructor and student sex, instructor sensitivity to gender/race issues, class size, student volunteering, student hand-raising, instructor calling on students and student perceptions of their classroom environment. A behavioral assessment instrument was developed to assess various dimensions of college classroom interactions and evidenced strong inter-rater reliability. The results from study 2 provide support for the proposed model as several instructor, student and classroom environment variables influenced classroom interaction patterns. Finally, the results indicated that there was no evidence of gender inequity in the classrooms observed. Male and female students evidenced no differences in their classroom interaction behaviors and were not interacted with differentially based on their sex. / Ph. D.

Though a widespread advocacy exists for the use of learning style instruments in adult education, accurate measurement and interpretation using existing instrumentation have proven problematic. Additionally, relatively little attempt has been made to empirically reconcile the different theoretical and conceptual frameworks underlying these instruments. The purpose of this study was to examine the dimensionality, reliability, and construct validity of a cognitive learning style semantic differential instrument, the Cognitive Preference Pattern Indicator (CPPI), and at the same time to examine three instruments commonly used with adults for assessing cognitive learning style, the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI), the Success Style Profile (SSP), and the Gregorc Style Delineator, with respect to factor structure and shared learning style constructs. Over 1900 protocols from 1411 adults were used in the analyses. The examination of the CPPI produced clearly acceptable internal reliability coefficients on all scales and relatively strong evidence of construct validity in the internal and comparative factor analyses. Separate internal factor structures were examined for each instrument. Though not all of the other instruments' internal structures completely supported their respective theoretical bases, enough internal structures emerged for an analysis of common constructs. A combined factor analysis of the four instruments yielded a robust three factor solution which was consistent with an information processing model framework for clearly describing individual differences in regard to cognitive learning styles. The clear relationships of this model revealed strong empirical support to the theoretical bases of the CPPI and offered the adult education community a simple, valid, and profound conceptualization of cognitive learning styles. / Ph. D.

The effectiveness of the Attachment Behavior Q-Sort in measuring attachment in children with atypical behaviors was examined in this study. Data collected from interviews, structured and unstructured observation, and parental sorting of the Q-Sort by ten families provided insight about the effectiveness of the instrument and attachment behaviors. The Maternal Behavior Q-Sort was also completed by the investigator to provide additional information about maternal qualities in this population. Results of this study indicate the Attachment Behavior Q-Sort with modification of some statements may be effective in measuring attachment behaviors of some members of this population. Because this instrument uses aspects of mobility to measure attachment behaviors, its usage with children who have mild to severe limitations in physical mobility is very questionable. Additional findings indicate social support may be a factor in influencing the interaction patterns of mothers and thus may also impact on the development of the attachment relationship. / Ph. D.

Thèse ou mémoire avec insertion d'articles. / Le but de cette thèse est de développer des outils pour améliorer la production d'énergie éolienne en climat froid à l'aide de données de terrain. En premier lieu, il est nécessaire d'obtenir des informations concernant les conditions météorologiques du parc éolien pour améliorer la performance des éoliennes. Il n'existe présentement que très peu d'instruments qui sont en mesure de caractériser les conditions givrantes tout en étant assez robustes pour faire face aux conditions arides d'un parc éolien. La thèse qui suit fournit une validation des mesures d'un instrument météorologique installé sur la nacelle d'une éolienne. Il existe présentement plusieurs solutions pour diminuer l'impact du givre atmosphérique sur la performance des éoliennes. Par contre, il n'y a pas standard relatif à la méthodologie à utiliser pour évaluer la performance de ces solutions. Cette thèse propose une nouvelle méthodologie pour répondre à ce besoin. Avec les outils développés dans les premières sections ainsi qu'avec des données de terrain, cette thèse répond à des questions reliées à l'opération d'éoliennes en climat froid. Avec un seuil en température pour définir des événements de givre et une mesure fiable de givre sur la nacelle, il devient plus facile d'évaluer la performance des éoliennes et d'améliorer leur production d'énergie. Cette thèse propose un modèle numérique des systèmes thermiques de protection contre la glace. Avec un tel modèle il est possible d'optimiser leur opération et leur conception. Cette thèse fournit de nombreuses comparaisons avec des données provenant de parcs éoliens, telles que des études de cas, démontrant la validité des outils proposés. / The objective of this thesis is to develop tools to improve wind energy production in cold climate with field data. In order to improve the performance of wind turbines in cold climate, it is necessary to have available information relative the the meteorological situation in the wind farm. Currently, very few sensors are capable of providing icing data while being robust enough to face the harsh conditions of a wind farm. This thesis provides a validation of an icing sensor installed on a wind turbine nacelle. Currently, there are multiple solutions available to reduce the impact of atmospheric icing on wind turbine performance. However, there is no standard methodology to evaluate them. This thesis proposes a new methodology providing tools to reduce the impact of secondary factors. With the tools developped in the first sections and with field data, this thesis answers questions regarding wind turbine operation in cold climate. With a temperature threshold to define icing events and a reliable method to detect icing conditions on the nacelle, it becomes easier to evaluate the performance of wind turbines and to improve their energy production. This thesis proposes a numerical model of thermal ice protection systems. With such a model, it is possible to optimize IPS operation and design. This thesis provides numerous comparisons with data coming from wind farms, such as case studies, demonstrating the validity of the proposed tools.

The goal of this thesis is to develop a set of standards for use in calibrating heat flux gages at elevated temperatures in a radiant heat transfer environment by comparing several "trial" standards. Ideally, the same incident heat flux is derived from each standard when exposed to the same heat source. Three heat flux standards are proposed and evaluated. The standards are based on temperature measurements, material properties, and electrical measurements. The theory and design of each standard are described, as are the calibration procedures used. For experimental comparisons, two standards are simultaneously exposed to heat fluxes of up to 220 W/cm² by placing one standard on each side of a graphite flat plate heater. The temperature measurement based standard derives incident heat flux from the temperature of a blackbody heat source and the Stefan-Boltzmann law. The heat flux gage employed in this standard is a water-cooled Gardon gage. This standard does not operate at high temperatures. The calibration of this standard produced highly repeatable results. / Master of Science

During the seventeenth century, science, and especially astronomy, underwent significant changes in which the emphasis on instrumentation shifted from a more qualitative approach to precise quantitative measurement. These changes were further encouraged by the formation of scientific societies, such as the Royal Society in London and the Royal Academy of Sciences in Paris, where members worked together as a collective to validate knowledge. Because members could freely dissent within the community, a prescribed behavior for participants in disputes was proposed, although seldom followed. Furthermore, disputes were not influenced by intellectual issues alone -- social factors also guided and influenced the course of controversies. This study is an analysis of one scientific controversy in which the participants deviated from the prescribed code of behavior in scientific disputes, and, although the controversy was guided primarily by social factors, intellectual factors ultimately determined its outcome. In the Introduction, I discuss two sociological theses (Merton, Shapin and Schaffer) which are relevant to scientific controversies. In Chapter 1, I describe the changing nature of astronomy and instrumentation in the seventeenth century with special emphasis on micrometers and telescopic sights. In Chapter 2, I explore the nature of scientific controversy vis-à-vis the Royal Society, and two particular controversies which did not deviate from the expected rules of behavior. A descriptive account of the Hevelius-Hooke dispute follows in Chapter 3, and in Chapter 4, I provide concluding remarks on the dispute. Finally, in the Conclusion, I discuss the intellectual and social contexts of the Hevelius-Hooke dispute. / Master of Science

The concept, design, fabrication, and calibration of a new type of layered heat flux gage is described. Using thin-film microfabrication techniques the gage design is able to combine many of the desirable characteristics of other previous gage designs to produce a gage that has a very small size, high frequency response, and the ability to measure very high heat flux rates. The heat flux microsensor incorporates a differential thermopile, a set of 100 differential thermocouple pairs connected in series across a thin thermal resistance layer. The gage is fabricated on a model surface without the need for additional adhesives. The design configuration allows the thermal insulating layer to remain very thin, while still retaining the high output typical of much thicker gages. The small overall thickness of the gage, less than 2 µm, gives it a fast time response with the capability of measuring heat transfer in transient flow conditions. The combination of small thickness and small surface dimensions, 1 mm by 1 cm, gives the microsensor negligible flow and thermal disruption. The performance of a prototype microsensor deposited on Corning 7059 glass was measured. Steady-state calibrations were done using a convection calibration apparatus. The measured sensitivity (before amplification) was 0.164 mV per watt/cm². The output was linear over the range tested from 800 to 9000 watts/m². The unsteady response was tested using a continuous laser beam directed through a variable speed chopper wheel onto the gage surface. Results showed a frequency response of at least 1 kHz. / Master of Science

This thesis demonstrates the feasibility of using a medial surface transformation as a tool to rapidly approximate the solidification patterns of convex faceted solid models of castings. The medial surface transformation is used to automate the greatest included sphere approach to solidification pattern approximation. The experimental software of this thesis extracts the medial surface transformation from a convex faceted model by computing the model's Voronoi diagram and uses it to identify casting hot spots and cooling patterns. Comparison with a finite difference method (FDM) solution showed that the locations and shapes of hot spots predicted by FDM converge to the shapes and locations predicted by the experimental software. / Master of Science

This thesis discusses the relative mechanical advantage of dental instruments used in burring and grinding in relation to heat generation.

Les capteurs électroniques sont utilisés dans une grande variété de domaines afin de répondre à différents besoins dans notre société. La médecine, la robotique et les téléphones intelligents en sont seulement quelques exemples qui marquent notre quotidien. Dans le cadre du Réseau canadien du CRSNG sur l'électronique imprimée verte (GreEN) le développement de capteurs (temps, température, humidité) imprimés à base de matériaux verts pour application dans les emballages intelligents figurent parmi les principaux objectifs de ce réseau pancanadien qui regroupe des chercheurs académiques de renom et des industriels du domaine de l'impression, de l'emballage et de l'alimentation. Le développement d'une étiquette « intelligente » permettrait la trace efficace, en temps réel, de produits alimentaires sensibles en assurant l'intégrité de la chaîne de froid afin de préserver la salubrité et les qualités gustatives des aliments. Plusieurs projets sont actuellement consacrés au développement de cet emballage fonctionnel dont le miens. En effet, mon projet de maîtrise vise principalement le développement d'un capteur de température imprimé en collaboration avec l'Institut National d'Optique (INO). Le principal objectif est de remplacer la thermistance à base de poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) polystyrène sulfonate (PEDOT:PSS) actuellement utilisé dans les capteurs de température développés à l'INO par un matériau dont les propriétés seraient indépendantes de l'humidité. Pour ce faire, des nouveaux matériaux, inspirés du PEDOT, ont été synthétisés et étudiés comme thermistance. Ces matériaux sont, contrairement au PEDOT:PSS qui est une suspension, 100% soluble dans l'eau ce qui facilite grandement l'impression. Dans le cadre de ce mémoire, la formulation, l'impression et la fabrication d'un capteur de température utilisant cette nouvelle génération de PEDOT seront présentés. / Electronic sensors are used in a wide variety of fields to meet different needs in our society. Medicine, robotics and telephones are just a few examples that mark our daily lives. As part of the "NSERC-Green Electronics Network", the development of sensors (time, temperature, humidity) printed on the basis of green materials for application in smart packaging are among the main objectives of this pan-Canadian network which brings together renowned academic researchers and manufacturers in the field of printing packaging and food. The development of the "smart" label would allow the efficient, real-time trace of sensitive food products while ensuring the integrity of the cold chain in order to preserve the safety and taste qualities of food. Therefore, several projects are currently devoted to the development of this functional packaging, including mine. Indeed, my master's project mainly aims at the development of a printed temperature sensor in collaboration with the National Optics Institute (INO). The main objective is to replace the thermistor based on poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) polystyrene sulfonate (PEDOT:PSS) currently used in temperature sensors developed at INO with a material whose properties are independent of humidity. To do this, new materials, inspired by PEDOT, have been synthesized and studied as thermistors. These materials are, unlike PEDOT:PSS which is a suspension, 100% soluble in water which greatly facilitates printing. As part of this thesis, the formulation, printing and fabrication of a temperature sensor using this new generation of PEDOT will be presented.