Diss.--Tübingen, 1999. / Glossaire p. 577-585. Bibliogr. p. 586-598. Index.

Diss.--Tübingen, 1995. / Glossaire p. 400-416. Bibliogr. p. 417-430. Index.

Diss.--Tübingen, 1995.

Diss.--Tübingen, 1995.

Diss.--Tübingen, 1995.

Diss.--Tübingen, 1995.

L’examen de différentes formes d’expression vocales et instrumentales kurdes d'Iran et d'Irak, liées à quatre dialectes, permet de dégager un idiom commun de la musique traditionnelle kurde, avec sa grammaire modale et rythmique. Cette recherche s'appuie sur des enquêtes dans les régions kurdes d’Iran et d’Irak et sur la collecte d'une centaine d'heures d’enregistrements de mélodies vocales et instrumentales. Elle prend en compte la diversité linguistique et religieuse ainsi que la place de la musique, de la poésie, de la danse et des instruments et fait apparaître une certaine unité au-delà de la diversité des formes. / The study of the various types of Iranian and Iraki Kurdish vocal and instrumental types of expression, associated to four forms of language, enables to delinate the commonalities within traditional Kurdish music, its rythms and modes. The research is based on detailed investigations performed on-site in Kurdish speaking regions of Iran and Irak as well as on more than hundred hours of recordings. Beyond the large diversity of expression resulting from linguistic and religious diversity, local specificies in the use of instruments and from the different roles played by poetry and dance in musical expression, the study eventually reveals the common roots of Kurdish music.

The presented Master thesis examines the topic of Music therapy and its use in an after-school childcare. The first part of the thesis defines the music therapy, explores its history, evolution and describes its current form. It illustrates the impact of music on a person and the effects of music therapy. It provides an introduction to existing forms of music therapy, methods and techniques used in a school environment. It also delineates music therapeutic approaches leading to improvement of attention, elimination of insecurity, reinforcement of confidence, advancement of pupils' communication and can alleviate problems associated with specific learning disorders. The second part of the thesis explores the uses of music therapy in a practical setting. It describes experience with the use of music therapeutic methods in an after-school childcare setting and lists methods and forms of work utilized in individual music therapeutic lessons. It indicates, how to influence children's behavior and actions with the purposeful use of music and principles of music therapy. Results of the research and the methodology of musicotherapeutic lessons, which is a part the presented thesis, could be possibly used in planning afternoon activities in an after-school childcare

Le bois est couramment utilisé pour la fabrication d’instruments de musique. Les procédés employés consistent souvent en traitements modifiant le matériau en volume ou en surface. Ce travail s’est focalisé sur deux espèces employées dans les instruments à cordes et représentatives de différentes cultures: L’épicéa (Picea abies Karst.) utilisé en Europe et le Mûrier blanc (Morus alba L.) utilisé en Iran. Pour chacune l’effet d’un traitement thermique modéré (<150°C) et d’un revêtement par vernis sur plusieurs propriétés physiques et mécaniques ont été étudiés. Les principaux résultats sont les suivants. A la différence de l’Epicéa, le Mûrier présente un très faible degré d’anisotropie mécanique. Chez les deux espèces, le traitement thermique entraîne une forte chute dde l’amortissement, particulièrement dans la direction radiale pour l’Epicéa, ainsi que du taux d’humidité d’équilibre, sans dégradation marquée comme indiqué par la faible perte de masse. Toutefois, après reconditionnement à haute humidité, une part importante de la modification est récupérée. L’application d’un vernis à base solvent sur le Mûrier entraîne une rigidification continue, tandis que la forte augmentation de l’amortissement observée après l’application est suivie par un retour au bout d’environ 2 mois aux niveau du bois non traité. Pour l’Epicéa, des vernis à base d’huile siccative ont été appliqués et divers paramètres du procédé ont été testé. Dans ce cas la cintétique de stabilisation des propriétés est très lente et des variations notables continuaient à être observée au bout de 5 mois. / Wood is commonly used for making musical instruments. During the process it is often subjected to treatments, that either modify its volume or its surface properties. Two species used for for string instruments were studied, representative of different cultures: Spruce (Picea abies Karst.) used in Europe and White Mulberry (Morus alba L.) used in Iran. For each of them the effect of thermal treatment at moderate temperature (<150°C) and of coating on various physical and mechanical properties was studied. The main results are as follows. In contrast to Spruce, Morus has a very low degree of mechanical anisotropy. For both species, thermal treatment induces a strong decrease in damping, especially in R direction for Spruce, and equilibrium moisture content, without marked degradation as indicated by the very small weight loss. However, after reconditioning at high humidity, a significant part of the changes is recovered. The application of a solvent-based varnish on Morus induces a continuous stiffening, while a very strong increase in damping after application is followed, after about 2 months, by a return to values close to those of untreated wood. For Spruce, siccative oil based varnish was applied and several parameters of the process were tested. In this case, the kinetics of property stabilisation are very slow and significant changes were still observable after 5 months.

O presente estudo verificou o aumento da resistência à perda de corte de instrumentos produzidos em liga de níquel-titânio, após tratamento de implantação iônica de nitrogênio. Para tal, foram utilizados vinte e um instrumentos da marca K3 ?ENDO, de n° 25.02, com 21 mm, divididos em dois grupos. O grupo 1 foi constituído por onze instrumentos submetidos à ação de uma câmara de implantação iônica de nitrogênio, servindo um deles como controle para a determinação da quantidade de íons implantados. O grupo 2 foi composto por dez instrumentos não submetidos ao processo de implantação iônica. Cada lima instrumentou 20 blocos de canais simulados 20.02 de 21 mm, previamente lavados em cuba ultra-sônica com detergente a 40°C por 10 minutos e depois com água bidestilada por mais 10 minutos. Os mesmos foram secos com jato de ar, voltaram para estufa a 40°C por 2 dias e finalmente pesados em balança analítica. Após cada instrumentação os blocos foram lavados em cuba ultra-sônica com detergente a 40°C por 20 minutos e pesados novamente. O ensaio de resistência à perda de corte foi realizado mediante a instrumentação de cada bloco com auxílio de um simulador de ação da instrumentação endodôntica, sendo a amplitude percorrida pelo contra-ângulo padronizada em 2,5 mm a cada penetração por 8 vezes atingindo um total de 2,0 cm para dentro do canal simulado, com força de penetração de 1,5 N. Quanto a resistência à perda de corte os resultados mostraram que os instrumentos implantados não apresentaram diferença estatisticamente significante em nível de 5 % (? = 0,5 %) até 20 usos. Porém, os instrumentos não implantados mostraram diferença estatisticamente significante (? = 0,5 %) entre 5 e 15 usos, 5 e 20 usos, bem como entre 10 e 20 usos. Ao compararem-se instrumentos implantados e não implantados, observou-se que em 5 e 10 usos não houve diferença estatisticamente significante (p>5%). Já na comparação entre ambos com 15 e 20 usos a diferença foi estatisticamente significante (? = 0,5 %). Lícito foi concluir, portanto, que o processo de implantação de íons de nitrogênio manteve a resistência à perda de corte de instrumentos produzidos em liga de níquel-titânio até 20 usos. Os instrumentos não implantados mostraram perda progressiva do poder de corte significativamente entre 5 e 15 usos, 5 e 20 usos, bem como entre 10 e 20 usos. Comparando-se instrumentos implantados e não implantados, observou-se que até 10 usos ambos comportaram-se igualmente no que respeita à perda de corte. Já na comparação entre ambos com 15 e 20 usos a diferença foi significativa. / The present study investigated the cutting ability resistance in nickel-titanium instruments after nitrogen ion implantation treatment. Twenty-one instruments of K3 ?ENDO brand, number 20.02, with 21 mm, were divided in two groups. The group 1 submitted 11 instruments to nitrogen ion implantation chamber, while on served as positive control for the determination of the ion implantation quantity. In group 2, the 10 instruments were not submitted to ion implantation treatment. Each file instrumented 20 acrylic blocks 20.02 with 21 mm, previously washed in ultrasonic container with detergent in 40°C for 10 minutes and then with bidestiled water for 10 minutes. They were dried and put in a 40°C stove for 2 days and finally weighed in analytic balance. After instrumentation the blocks were washed for 20 minutes and weighed again. The usage essay was realized through the instrumentation of each block using an endodontic instrumentation simulated action, with a 2,5 mm standardized distance for 8 times, getting a total of 2,0 cm inside the simulated canal with a strong penetration of 1,5 N. The results showed that there was no statistical difference in cutting resistance of instruments treated with ionic implantation process until 20 uses. Although in the non treated instruments there was a gradual reduce in cutting ability resistance from 5 to 20 uses. The conclusion was that the nitrogen ion implantation process increases the cutting resistance of nickel-titanium instruments.