The focus of this study lies within gender coded musical instruments. This concept concerns the unconscious thought of musical instruments as either feminine or masculine. The aim of this study is to acknowledge the existence of this concept amongst pupils in Swedish upper secondary schools, and to demonstrate how it can affect pupils’ choice of main instrument. The study presents earlier studies that show signs of the existence of gender coded instruments. It also explores the concept of sex and gender in different situations. These include the use of gender in the Swedish language, in music, and in an ensemble situation. Fifteen pupils from two different schools were interviewed, and the conclusion is that the gender coding exists. When the pupils were asked to categorise different instruments as feminine or masculine, the results revealed that singing and piano were considered feminine. Some of the masculine instruments were electric guitar, electric bass, and drums. According to the pupils, the reasons behind their main choice of musical instrument can be put into five different categories. These are; Role models, Parents’ influense, the accessibility of musical instruments, Norms and Biological stereotypes. Three of these categories; Role models, Norms and Biological stereotypes are also what they believe are reasons behind gender coded musical instruments. The aim of this study is to raise awareness of this situation as the Swedish school values show that schools and their teachers are supposed to work towards equality between the genders, a task which cannot be done if this continues.

Le blanchiment de capitaux est actuellement le délit qui connaît la plus importante croissance. Par ailleurs, la lutte contre ce phénomène reste un thème actuel et global. Consciente du caractère essentiellement transfrontalier de ce fléau et ses conséquences néfastes qu’il présente particulièrement pour les pays en voie de développement dont les systèmes financiers sont réputés fragiles, l’Algérie a mis en place divers instruments afin de combattre le blanchiment d’argent. Outre sa participation aux instruments internationaux, elle a mis en place des moyens nationaux permettant de lutter contre cette forme de délinquance financière. Nous avons analysé ces instruments et les modifications récentes apportées en la matière par les autorités algériennes. / Money laundering is currently an offense that is still growing. Moreover, the fight against this phenomenon remains an overall theme. Recognizing the transboundary nature of this scourge and its harmful consequences that this presents particularly for the developing countries whose financial systems are notoriously fragile, Algeria has introduced various instruments to fight money laundering. In addition to its participation in international instruments, it has set up national means to fight against this form of financial crime. We analyzed these instruments and the recent changes made by the Algerian authorities.

M.Ing. / This thesis describes a full design project of a processor based sophisticated measurement instrument - the datalogger. It covers the theoretical approach to the design project followed with hardware and software design. Many nonstandard solutions in hardware and software parts are used to approach a target, and they are fully described. The world that surrounds us today is full of products based on science and technology knowledge. These products are part of everyday life. The development of science and technology is very much depend upon a parallel development of measurement techniques and instruments. Measurement and the technology of measurement called instrumentation, serves not only science but all branches of engineering, medicine and almost every sphere of human life. Measuring instruments are used in the monitoring and control of processes and operations, too. Most specialised instruments, such as the datalogger, are used in experimental, research and develop science and engineering work. This thesis is organised into six chapters. The dataloger position in the measurement instruments tree is shown in the first chapter. The electronics design philosophy follows in the next chapter. It covers the most common problems found when the new design project starts. The global design strategy with brief description of all steps follows. The second chapter contains the datalogger project history, the reasons for going into the project, and the requests of the new device, too. At the end of this chapter the basic work principle of the datalogger is described to allow an easily following applied solutions. The third chapter covers all datalogger design specialities that make the datalogger design different from the design of other measurement instruments. It starts with remote sensors problems and problems commonly connected to the input stage of similar systems. The second half of this chapter analyses the instrument precision and error sources. There are several different methods that precision can be increased. Two methods applied here, reducing measurement range and oversampling with noise, are briefly described. The forth chapter interpretates the design of the processor board. It starts with a general microcontroller overview, describing the reasons for selecting the Hitachi microcontroller H8/532. The most important microcontroller characteristics are shown, too. The second part of this chapter contains the organisation, connections and contents of other electronics blocks in the processor board. At the end of this chapter the processor board schematic and full characteristics are given. The datalogger's hardware is described in the fifth chapter. The basic work principles of the various hardware parts are given in the beginning. The hardware is broken down and described in the following way: power electronics, digital control, signal processing part, and interface cards. All parts are covered with detailed descriptions of design circuit and the following calculation. The last chapter shows the software for the datalogger. It starts with the mathematical calculation principle developed and used in the datalogger. The customer part which follows covers software and hardware part relation between user and datalogger. One of the datalogger's software speciality is organisation of RAM space which allows high software flexibility of the datalogger as a measurement instrument. At the end the full datalogger program organisation is given on a global level.

Cette thèse s'inscrit dans le contexte de la robotique, de l'automatique et de l'acoustique musicale. Elle propose une étude d'un banc de test robotisé pour le jeu des cuivres et se décompose selon trois volets: la modélisation passive du système, sa simulation et son développement. La modélisation utilise le formalisme passif des systèmes hamiltoniens à ports. Les principaux éléments du système sont: l'alimentation en air pour le souffle, l'excitateur (composé de deux lèvres et d'un jet d'air) et un résonateur acoustique. Un nouveau modèle de jet d'air généré entre les lèvres est proposé. Ce modèle a pour but de restituer un bilan de puissance plus proche de la réalité physique que les modèles couramment utilisés. Pour la simulation à passivité garantie, la méthode du gradient discret est présentée. Elle ne garantit pas l'existence et l'unicité d'une solution et est limitée au second ordre de consistance numérique. De plus, son exécution nécessite des algorithmes d'optimisations non linéaires. Pour pallier ces limitations, une méthode à plusieurs étapes de type Runge-Kutta double et basée sur un changement de variable est proposée. Des résultats de simulations sont interprétés et comparés à ceux issus d'un modèle classique de la littérature. Le banc de test, ainsi que les développements techniques sont présentés. Ils permettent la mise au point d'expériences de cartographies répétables pouvant être utilisées pour caractériser différents instruments de musique. Enfin, des résultats numériques et expérimentaux sont comparés afin de mettre en avant les défauts et les qualités du modèle proposé. / This thesis is to be seen against the robotic, the automatic, and the musical acoustic backgrounds. It provides a study of a robotized test bench for brass instruments and is divided into three parts: the passive modelling of the system, its simulation and its development. The modelling uses a passive formalism, namely, the ports-Hamiltonian systems. The main parts of the complete system are: an air supply for the breath, an acoustic exciter (composed of a couple of artificial lip and an air jet) and an acoustic resonator. A new model for the air jet generated between the lips is proposed. This model aims at providing a power balance, which is closer to the real system than other commonly used models. The discrete gradient method is presented to perform passive simulations. It does not generally guaranty the existence and uniqueness of a solution and is limited to the second order of numerical consistency. Moreover, its execution needs nonlinear optimisation algorithms. To compensate for these limitations, a multi-stage method of double Runge-Kutta type and based on a change of variable is proposed. Results from simulations are interpreted and compared to those coming from a Bernoulli type model. Finally, the test bench and the technical developments are presented. They enable the performance of repeatable cartographies experiments which can be used to characterise music instruments. Finally, experimental and numerical results are compared in order to highlight the defaults and the qualities of the proposed model.

L’apport majeur de la thèse est de montrer que la place grandissante de la biodiversité dans les politiques d’aménagement du territoire tient beaucoup au rôle joué par les instruments d’évaluation des impacts, qu’on regroupe sous le terme d’évaluation environnementale. En considérant ces instruments (études d’impact, mécanismes de compensation, processus participatifs associés) comme des « coproductions », c’est-à-dire des instruments mélangeant des éléments de science et de décisions politiques, nous avons montré qu’ils avaient des effets propres qui ont largement influencé les politiques d’aménagement et la manière dont les acteurs de l’aménagement se représentent la biodiversité.L’étude des instruments de l’évaluation environnementale, selon une démarche socio-historique d’une part et au travers de l’étude d’une série de grands projets ferroviaires d’autre part, nous a permis de montrer l’existence de plusieurs « régimes » caractéristiques de l’évaluation environnementale, qui mobilisent différents outils et différentes représentations de la biodiversité, et que nous avons identifié comme « pionnier », « institutionnalisé » et « utilitariste ».L’étude de la biodiversité dans la société peut être appréhendée non seulement au travers des conventions, lois, et conflits d’acteurs qu’elle génère mais aussi par les instruments concrets mis en place pour la prendre en compte, ces instruments étant à la fois des révélateurs des représentations de la biodiversité à un moment donné et des vecteurs de changement de ces représentations. / The major contribution of this thesis is to show that the growing role for biodiversity in territorial planning policies is firmly linked to the role played by impact assessment instruments, grouped together under the term 'environmental assessment'. By considering these instruments (impact studies, offset mechanisms, associated participatory processes) as 'co-productions', that is to say as instruments mixing elements of science and political decision-making, we showed that they had their own effects, which have strongly influenced planning policies and the way in which planning actors conceive of biodiversity.The study of environmental assessment instruments, following on the one hand a socio-historical approach and on the other a series of case studies of large-scale railway projects, allowed us to show the existence of several 'regimes' characteristic of environmental assessment, that mobilise different tools and different representations of biodiversity, and which we have identified as 'pioneering', 'institutionalised' and 'utilitarian'.The study of biodiversity in society can therefore be approached not only through analysing the conventions, law and conflicts between actors that it generates, but also through considering the concrete instruments implemented in order to take biodiversity into account, these instruments revealing the representations of biodiversity at a moment in time and being the vectors of change in these representations.

The work is concerned with the comparison of the assurance instruments anchored in the law environment of the Czech Republic. The work is dealing with the importance of the assurance instruments and sets up its own criterions of efficiency used for the main comparison. The following chapters analyze individual reinsurance tools such as lien, right of retention, warranty, bank warranty, penal clause, conveyance of title and recognition of engagements. The most important aspects of the efficiency are the substance of reinsurance instruments, their law power, their area of application, their economic efficiency and some aspects regarding time delays. The last chapter compares all of these assurance tools according to the above mentioned criterions.

This labor discusses with the possibilities of using a network connection devices in measurement technology from Agilent. It deals with the theoretical description of the different ways of measuring devices connected to computer networks and their use in laboratory teaching. Practical work is focused on creating automated utilities for selected tasks in the laboratory diagnosis of electrical materials in the software Agilent VEE Pro. The work is a detailed description of the labs in terms of setting and controlling the basic parameters created by the application. Installation and configuration of software and hardware communication tools are summarized in the brochure "How to handle a remote connection of measuring instruments over the Internet."

Determining with certainty how the tax authorities will treat a particular financial instrument issued is not straightforward, and this poses a risk to corporate taxpayers tasked with generating shareholder value and predictable shareholder returns. The tax classification of financial instruments, as either debt or equity instruments, may have a profound impact from a corporate taxation perspective and the reclassification of financial instruments by a tax authority, in an unanticipated manner, can alter expected tax consequences. Previous studies have placed less emphasis on the potential discrepancies between the debt or equity classification of financial instruments from a tax-versus-corporate-reporting perspective and the reasons for such potential discrepancies. This study aims to identify potential factors, giving rise to divergent financial instrument classifications between tax and financial reporting, in order to gain insight into the reasons for the potential divergence. The research objectives of the study are to determine whether there is incongruity between the tax and accounting classification of selected financial instruments; to identify the factors giving rise to a possible incongruent outcome; and to evaluate the reasons for incongruity, in order to gain insight into the differing objectives of taxation and corporate reporting. Case studies were obtained from the technical department of a large accountancy firm in South Africa to analyse specific fact patterns. It was found that incongruence exists between the financial reporting and taxation classification of financial instruments from the perspective of the issuer of those instruments. This incongruence was attributed to the impact of contingent settlement provisions and the rules-based approach adopted by tax authorities, as opposed to the principle or substance-based approach favoured by financial reporting. The incongruence noted suggests that, based on their differing objectives, financial reporting favours the classification of financial instruments as debt whilst taxation favours the classification of financial instruments as equity. Although the approaches currently followed by financial reporting and taxation are different, recent taxation amendments have incorporated financial reporting guidance into the Income Tax Act 58 of 1962. Future research can be conducted to determine the impact of aligning financial reporting and taxation principles on tax certainty from a taxpayer perspective. / Dissertation (MCom)--University of Pretoria, 2012. / lmchunu2014 / Taxation / unrestricted

No description available.

Music educators admit that there is a great need for research in the field o public school music. Instrumental class teaching has suffered the trial and error method since its introduction into the schools. There is still an appalling lack of material on the subject. The two or three books published on instrumental class teaching are from twelve to seventeen years old. The Reader's Guide lists only nine magazine articles in the past ten years concerning the class teaching of string instruments. Yet, the successful teaching of instrumental classes requires a high type of organization and a specialized teaching technique. It is not only necessary for the teacher to be a good musician, but he must have a knowledge of proper classroom methods and apply it. The purpose of this study is to analyze and evolve from six recognized beginning string methods a course of study suitable for use in training a beginning string section.