This thesis focuses on the main characteristics of life insurance and its importance as a means of income at retirement age. The aim of this thesis is the evaluation of selected environmental insurance products according to preselected parameters on model examples. Best selected product will be further compared with the product of supplementary pension of a specific insurance subject. At the very end, I focus on evaluating the results and drawing appropriate recommendations for fictitious clients to dispose of a certainamount of retirement funds.

Affordable Care Act (ACA) was passed and implemented to expand insurance coverage, reduce health care cost, and improve the quality of care. The purpose of this dissertation study was to investigate whether the ACA insurance expansion correlates with the number of visits made to emergency departments (EDs). The quasi-experimental design interrupted time series was utilized in the analysis. The ED visits were compared using MANOVA to determine the relationship between ED visits and ACA and canonical correlation analysis to assess the strength of the relationship and the extent to which independent variables could predict the dependent variable. The hypothesis was that the ACA will reduce the uninsured, increase the insured, and reduce the ED visits. The relationship between number of ED visits and the ACA will present whether the uninsured patients contributed significantly to the ED overcrowding. Analysis of secondary data from four EDs (H1, H2, H3, and H4) in the Chicago area showed that 484,742 visits were made, and 2,801 were excluded due to unknown payer type. Medicaid patients recorded the largest number of visits (181,226) while the uninsured patients recorded the least number of visits (56,572). The ED visits decreased by 6% from 2012 to 2013 (pre-ACA) and increased by 4% from 2013 to 2105 (post-ACA). The ACA implementation increased the people with insurance who visited the EDs by 11%. The results demonstrated a strong relationship between ACA and ED visits. The correlation of the variables (hospital and year) and ED visits demonstrated that the hospital could explain 97% of the Medicaid visits and 87% of uninsured while the year could predict 82.6% of the uninsured visits and 52.5% of Medicaid visits.

The thesis is divided into theoretical and practical parts. Definitions and explanations of terms related to real estate issues and their valuation are presented in the theoretical part. They are presented here all the information and the laws, regulations and standards required for classification of the property and its subsequent determination of value. In the practical part of the comparison of the selected insurance companies operating on the Czech market. At the chosen property valuation is performed and the resulting values are compared with the practices of the insurance. In conclusion, given the practical outcomes and recommendations for the process of determining the insured value of the property in terms of the insurance contract.

H παρούσα διδακτορική διατριβή σχεδιάστηκε με σκοπό τον έλεγχο του μέτρου της μείωσης της απασχόλησης στη γενική κυβέρνηση κατά τουλάχιστον 150.000 την περίοδο 2012 – 2016. Στόχος αυτής της διδακτορικής διατριβής είναι ο εντοπισμός και η αξιολόγηση των επιδράσεων του συγκεκριμένου μέτρου στην περιουσία του φορέα συνταξιοδότησης των δημοσίων υπαλλήλων, στα δημόσια οικονομικά μεσοπρόθεσμα, καθώς και, στην ύπαρξη και επιβίωση της κοινωνικής ασφάλισης μέσα σε ένα περιβάλλον οικονομικής ύφεσης, στην Ελλάδα. Ο έλεγχος του μέτρου βασίστηκε στην εκπόνηση αναλογιστικής μελέτης η οποία είναι απόλυτα βασισμένη στους νόμους και στα επίσημα στοιχεία του κράτους με ημερομηνία υπολογισμού τον 12/2012. Για τις ανάγκες της δημιουργήθηκε ένα νέο αρχείο δεδομένων με περίπου 120.000 δημοσίους υπαλλήλους από την επεξεργασία δύο διαφορετικών βάσεων δεδομένων καθώς και τη κατάλληλη υπόθεση εργασίας. Χρησιμοποιήθηκαν οι Ελβετικοί αναλογιστικοί πίνακες EVK 2000 σύμφωνα με τις κείμενες δημοσιοϋπαλληλικές διατάξεις συνταξιοδότησης σε συνάρτηση με τον αναλυτικό χάρτη υπηρετούντων δημοσίων υπαλλήλων στις 2.11.2012 και τεχνικό επιτόκιο 3,8% βάσει των αναμενόμενων αποδόσεων των αποθεματικών. Για την αποτίμηση επιλέχθηκε και χρησιμοποιήθηκε η μέθοδος της Προβεβλημένης Πιστούμενης Μονάδας (Projected Unit Credit Method, PUC) γνωστής και ως μέθοδος των δεδουλευμένων παροχών. Σύμφωνα με τη μέθοδο της Προβεβλημένης Πιστούμενης Μονάδας ο τρέχων μισθός του ασφαλισμένου προβάλλεται στην ημερομηνία συνταξιοδότησης του. Για τον έλεγχο της σχέσης δημοσιονομικής πολιτικής και ανάπτυξης χρησιμοποιήθηκε ο δημοσιονομικός πολλαπλασιαστής 2,35 και ποσοστό εσόδων της γενικής κυβέρνησης σαν ποσοστό του Α.Ε.Π το 44,7% σύμφωνα με την Ευρωπαϊκή Επιτροπή για το 2012. Με βάση τις παραδοχές που αναφέρθηκαν, το αποτέλεσμα της αναλογιστικής μελέτης απέδειξε ότι οι επιπτώσεις της μείωσης της απασχόλησης στη γενική κυβέρνηση, εντοπίζονται κυρίως στο ΑΕΠ - δημόσια έσοδα, στην ανεργία – απολύσεις, και στη Κοινωνική Ασφάλιση. Πιο ειδικά, το μέτρο θέτει σε άμεσο κίνδυνο τη βιωσιμότητά Οργανισμών Κοινωνικής Ασφάλιση λόγω της ιδιαίτερα μεγάλης μείωσης των εσόδων τους από ασφαλιστικές εισφορές και από την αύξηση κατά 1,1% του δείκτη ανεργίας με αντίκρισμα την ελάφρυνση των εξόδων του Κρατικού Προϋπολογισμού. Το οικονομικό αποτέλεσμα είναι ότι ελαφρύνει μεν τις δημόσιες δαπάνες κατά 6.337,6 εκ. € με πρόσθετη όμως επιβάρυνση του ΑΕΠ με ποσό της τάξεως των -13.619,2 εκ. €. Αυτό το αποτέλεσμα μπορεί να μεταφραστεί και σε μία σημαντική μείωση των άμεσων εσόδων του Κράτους, χωρίς να υπολογίσουμε τυχόν άλλες επιπτώσεις, για παράδειγμα στην υγεία, στην ανεργία κ.ά. Το τελικό οικονομικό αποτέλεσμα του μέτρου ως κρατικό έσοδο είναι της τάξεως των 249,8 εκ. € το οποίο δεν είναι δυνατόν να αντισταθμίσει το κοινωνικοοικονομικό κόστος της ανεργίας/απόλυσης σε περιβάλλον ύφεσης και ανεργίας με ταυτόχρονο άμεσο κίνδυνο της βιωσιμότητας Οργανισμών Κοινωνικής Ασφάλισης. Από τη μελέτη αποδεικνύεται ότι, το μέτρο υλοποιείται χωρίς τον απαραίτητο σχεδιασμό για το αναμενόμενο αποτέλεσμα στο ΑΕΠ, στα δημόσια έσοδα, στην ανεργία μέσω των απολύσεων, στη Κοινωνική Ασφάλιση. Ακόμα τα μέτρα αυτά βρίσκονται σε ευθεία αντίθεση με τις προτάσεις του ΔΝΤ και του ΟΟΣΑ για την οικονομία και τις συντάξεις. / This thesis was designed in order to examine the measure of employment reduction in the general government by at least 150,000, in the period 2012 – 2016. The aim of this thesis is to detect and assess the effects of this measure on the civil servants pension body property, on the public finance, in the medium term, as well as on the existence and survival of social security in an environment of economic recession, in Greece. The examination of the measure was based on an actuarial study which is totally based on the laws and state official data, with the calculation date of 12/2012. For its needs, a new data archive was created, with approximately 120,000 civil servants, from the process of two different databases, as well as the proper case study. The Swiss EVK 2000 actuarial tables were used, according to the effective provisions on civil servants’ pension, in relation to the detailed charter of civil servants on active service on 2.11.2012, and 3.8% technical interest rate, based on the expected returns of the reserves. For the calculation, the Projected Unit Credit Method (PUC) was selected and used, also known as accrued benefits method. According to the Projected Unit Credit Method, the current salary of the insured person is projected on his/her retirement date. In order to examine the relationship of the civil servant policy and the development, the 2.35 fiscal multiplier was used, and the percentage of the general government income as a GDP percentage was considered 44.7%, according to the European Commission, for 2012. Based on the aforementioned admissions, the result of the actuarial study proved that the effects of the employment reduction in the general government are mainly detected on the GDP – public income, the unemployment – dismissals, and the Social Security. More specifically, the measure directly endangers the sustainability of the Social Security Organizations, due to the particularly large decrease in their income from insurance contributions, and due to the 1.1% increase of the unemployment rate, which results in a decrease in the expenditures of the State Budget. The financial result is that it decreases the public expenditures by 6,337.6 m. €, but it burdens the GDP with an amount of approximately -13,619.2 m. €. This result can also be translated into a significant decrease in the direct income of the State, without calculating any other effects, for example on health, unemployment etc. The final financial result of the measure as public income is approximately 249.8 m. €, which cannot compensate the socio-economic cost of unemployment/dismissal in a recession and unemployment environment, while, at the same time, the sustainability of the Social Security Organizations is endangered. The study proves that the measure is applied without the necessary planning for the expected result on the GDP, the public income, the unemployment through dismissals, and the Social Security. In addition, these measures are in direct contrast to the IMF and OECD proposals on economy and pensions.

Introdução - A Lei 9.656/1998 fundamenta o marco legal do setor privado da saúde no Brasil. Igualmente importante, a Lei 9.961/2000 criou a Agência Nacional de Saúde Suplementar (ANS) para fiscalizar e regulamentar a relação entre operadoras e beneficiários de planos. A partir de então houve um crescimento expressivo no número das ações judiciais, fenômeno denominado judicialização da saúde. Objetivo - Conhecer e analisar o montante e os motivos das ações judiciais relacionadas às coberturas assistenciais e avaliar o impacto econômico-financeiro em uma entidade de autogestão. Método Análise de banco de dados das ações judiciais do período 1998 a 2009. A base de dados constitui-se de 7.271 ações cíveis ativas e baixadas. Desse total foram selecionadas 3.569 relacionadas a coberturas assistenciais, cujos dados foram organizados em planilha eletrônica. Analisou-se ainda a população total e o impacto econômico-financeiro a partir de informações de balanço anual. Resultados Várias constatações importantes foram reveladas, como a evolução crescente do número de ações; o fato de a Bahia possuir 9,5 por cento da população assistida e responder por 33,4 por cento das ações totais; as gastroplastias aparecerem como o objeto mais importante 427 ações (12 por cento do total); o impacto econômico-financeiro atingindo em média 1 por cento da receita total, mas 32 por cento do resultado (superávit) do exercício de 2009, entre outros achados. Conclusão o marco legal foi determinante para os beneficiários recorrerem ao Judiciário por coberturas assistenciais. O fenômeno da judicialização da saúde impacta de maneira significativa a Autogestão estudada. Boa parte das decisões judiciais parece não observar critérios técnicos relacionados à homologação de novas tecnologias e aos protocolos médicos, o que vem ensejando uma atuação mais ativa do Conselho Nacional de Justiça no encaminhamento de questões relacionadas à saúde / Introduction - Law 9.656/1998 moved the legal framework of private health sector in Brazil. Equally important, 9.961/2000 Act created the National Agency for Supplementary Health (ANS) to oversee and regulate the relationship between providers and beneficiaries of plans. Since then there has been significant growth in the number of lawsuits, a phenomenon called the legalization of health. Objective - To investigate and analyze the amount and the reasons for lawsuits related to care coverage and to evaluate the economic and financial impact on a self-insured entity. Methods - Analysis of database of lawsuits in the period 1998-2009. The database consists of 7271 civil actions, active or downloaded. Of this total were selected 3569 related to care coverage, and data were organized into a spreadsheet. It was also analyzed the total population and the economic and financial impact from the annual balance sheet information. Results - Several important findings were revealed as a growing trend in the number of shares, the fact that Bahia has 9.5 per cent of the assisted population and account for 33.4 per cent of the total shares, the gastroplasty appears to be the most important object - 427 shares (12 per cent of total), the economic and financial impact means on average 1 per cent of total revenue, but 32 per cent of the result (surplus) for the year 2009, among other findings. Conclusion - the legal framework was crucial for the beneficiaries to avail themselves of judicial assistance coverage. The phenomenon of legalization of health impacts significantly the self study. Much of judicial decisions seem not to notice technical criteria related to approval of new medical technologies and protocols, which have demanded a more active role of the National Council of Justice in addressing health-related issues

Introdução - A Lei 9.656/1998 fundamenta o marco legal do setor privado da saúde no Brasil. Igualmente importante, a Lei 9.961/2000 criou a Agência Nacional de Saúde Suplementar (ANS) para fiscalizar e regulamentar a relação entre operadoras e beneficiários de planos. A partir de então houve um crescimento expressivo no número das ações judiciais, fenômeno denominado judicialização da saúde. Objetivo - Conhecer e analisar o montante e os motivos das ações judiciais relacionadas às coberturas assistenciais e avaliar o impacto econômico-financeiro em uma entidade de autogestão. Método Análise de banco de dados das ações judiciais do período 1998 a 2009. A base de dados constitui-se de 7.271 ações cíveis ativas e baixadas. Desse total foram selecionadas 3.569 relacionadas a coberturas assistenciais, cujos dados foram organizados em planilha eletrônica. Analisou-se ainda a população total e o impacto econômico-financeiro a partir de informações de balanço anual. Resultados Várias constatações importantes foram reveladas, como a evolução crescente do número de ações; o fato de a Bahia possuir 9,5 por cento da população assistida e responder por 33,4 por cento das ações totais; as gastroplastias aparecerem como o objeto mais importante 427 ações (12 por cento do total); o impacto econômico-financeiro atingindo em média 1 por cento da receita total, mas 32 por cento do resultado (superávit) do exercício de 2009, entre outros achados. Conclusão o marco legal foi determinante para os beneficiários recorrerem ao Judiciário por coberturas assistenciais. O fenômeno da judicialização da saúde impacta de maneira significativa a Autogestão estudada. Boa parte das decisões judiciais parece não observar critérios técnicos relacionados à homologação de novas tecnologias e aos protocolos médicos, o que vem ensejando uma atuação mais ativa do Conselho Nacional de Justiça no encaminhamento de questões relacionadas à saúde / Introduction - Law 9.656/1998 moved the legal framework of private health sector in Brazil. Equally important, 9.961/2000 Act created the National Agency for Supplementary Health (ANS) to oversee and regulate the relationship between providers and beneficiaries of plans. Since then there has been significant growth in the number of lawsuits, a phenomenon called the legalization of health. Objective - To investigate and analyze the amount and the reasons for lawsuits related to care coverage and to evaluate the economic and financial impact on a self-insured entity. Methods - Analysis of database of lawsuits in the period 1998-2009. The database consists of 7271 civil actions, active or downloaded. Of this total were selected 3569 related to care coverage, and data were organized into a spreadsheet. It was also analyzed the total population and the economic and financial impact from the annual balance sheet information. Results - Several important findings were revealed as a growing trend in the number of shares, the fact that Bahia has 9.5 per cent of the assisted population and account for 33.4 per cent of the total shares, the gastroplasty appears to be the most important object - 427 shares (12 per cent of total), the economic and financial impact means on average 1 per cent of total revenue, but 32 per cent of the result (surplus) for the year 2009, among other findings. Conclusion - the legal framework was crucial for the beneficiaries to avail themselves of judicial assistance coverage. The phenomenon of legalization of health impacts significantly the self study. Much of judicial decisions seem not to notice technical criteria related to approval of new medical technologies and protocols, which have demanded a more active role of the National Council of Justice in addressing health-related issues

The topic of this diploma thesis is non-life insurance - household insurance. The aim is to analyze the market for household insurance and preferences of clients who effect this type of insurance. The theoretical part describes in detail household insurance - especially as the subject of insurance, the basic classification, types of risks which are covered and uncovered by insurance. The practical part describes in detail economic development of the insurance market for household insurance in the last five years. The main chapter of this part presents the analysis of results of a questionnaire survey using statistical methods. The aim of the analysis is to identify relations between ownership of household insurance and some economic-demographic parameters and to determine factors that influence the choise of clients effecting household insurance and their mutual relations and patterns.

Thesis shows progression of catastrophic events and their influence on insurance market. Insurance and reinsurance are connected to conception of catastrophes and therefore it is necessary that this thesis firstly presents key features and classification of notion catastrophe itself. For understanding of the notion is important to differentiate between nature and manmade disasters. Next part summarizes large-scale events in 2008, significant events in the past and disasters in Czech Republic. Catastrophic events are analyzed from various angles, but the most important one seems to be insured losses volume. The core of the thesis is concerned with explanation of the disaster trend and its consequences. Key problem of disaster insurance is connected to the question, how to cover catastrophic losses for both, individuals and insurance companies.

Diploma thesis deals with fighting insurance fraud from the very beginning to the end, seen from insurance company's perspective. It also tries to see insurance frauds and dealing with them not only from IT point of view, but also accompany other department's views and needs. It's starting with organizational overview and its readiness to fight fraud and trying to show, how to improve. Furthermore it introduces reader with basic terms and phrases of insurance fraud and continues with general description of this encounter. It continues with indicators of insurance fraud and its examples and strategies, how to find them in data. Next part of my thesis is focusing on available external sources and possible insurance companies' cooperation, for maximized ability to detect suspicious cases. This is continued by selection of proper system, requirements definition and its goals. Last part shows one of FMS solutions and its description, from requirements up to complete solutions architecture and screenshots of given system.

The thesis deals with documentation of the most common types of damage of vehicles at low speed, so-called ‘parking manoeuvers’. An analysis of characteristic damage was based on tests published so far, the author’s own tests and an analysis of real insured events. The results of the author’s own tests are compared to the procedures of the insurance company in the cases of potential insurance claims. The output of this thesis is a comprehensive presentation of the results of the impact tests carried out by the author which serve for the use in the assessment of insured events.