Orientador: Rubens de Figueiredo Camargo / Banca: Edmundo Capelas de Oliveira / Banca: Alexys Bruno Alfonso / Resumo: Neste trabalho, apresentamos algumas definições de funções inerentes ao Cálculo Fracionário bem como as definições para Derivada e Integral Fracionárias. Como um dos objetivos primordiais deste trabalho é solucionar problemas reais, foi dado um enfoque à derivada fracionária segundo Caputo, uma vez que esta definição é mais pertinente a este tipo de problema, como vamos ver mais adiante. Apresentamos o modelo exponencial que descreve o crescimento bacteriano em um meio ideal e propomos uma generalização do mesmo via Cálculo Fracionário. Com o intuito de refinar a solução dada pela clássica equação logística e ampliar o seu campo de aplicações no estudo de dinâmicas tumorais, propomos e resolvemos uma generalização para a mesma, utilizando o Cálculo Fracionário, isto é, substituímos a derivada de ordem 1 presente na equação ordinária por uma derivada de ordem não inteira 0 < ≤ 1. Em ambos os casos, a solução da equação fracionária tem, como caso particular, a solução do modelo clássico. Por fim, apresentamos a parte original deste trabalho, i.e., analisamos a aplicabilidade do modelo Logístico Fracionário para a descrição do crescimento de tumores de câncer, isto é, sabendo os modelos de crescimentos tumorais presentes na literatura, mostramos graficamente que o comportamento do modelo proposto é, em diversos casos, mais conveniente para descrever o crescimento de tumores de câncer do que os modelos usualmente utilizados / Abstract: This work presents the definitions of some important functions inherent to Fractional Calculus as well as the definitions for Fractional Integral and Fractional Derivative. One of the main goals of this work is to solve real problems, that is why focus was given on fractional derivatives, in accordance with Caputo, once this definition is more pertinent to this kind of problem. It was introduced the exponential model wich describes bacterial growth in an ideal way and it was proposed its generalization through Fractional Calculus. In order to refine the solution given by the classical logistic equation and expand its application range in the study of tumor dynamics, we propose and solve its generalization, using the Fractional Calculus , i. e., we replace the derivative of order 1 in the ordinary equation by a non-integer order derivative 0 < ≤ 1. In both cases, the solution of the fractional equation has as a special case the solution of the classic model. Finally, we present the original part of this work, i.e., we analyse the applicability of the fractional logistic model to describe the growth of cancer tumor, that is, we compare the model with some presented in the literature and showed graphically that in several cases our model is more convenient than the usual ones / Mestre

A força hidrodinâmica em termos dos coeficientes de massa adicional e amortecimento, para obstáculos aproximadamente circulares, finos e submersos sob uma superfície livre aquática, é calculada numericamente usando um método espectral. Primeiramente, é apresentado um modelo matemático para ondas aquáticas de superfície e em seguida, o problema de difração de ondas devido à presença de um obstáculo é descrito. Quando o obstáculo é submerso e fino, o problema pode ser formulado em termos de uma equação integral hipersingular. Usando um mapeamento conforme sobre um disco circular, é mostrado que a solução pode ser obtida através de um método espectral onde a hipersingularidade é avaliada analiticamente em termos de polinômios ortogonais. Os coeficientes da força hidrodinâmica, em função do número de onda, são obtidos para obstáculos quase circulares. A ocorrência de frequências ressoantes ´e observada para submersões suficientemente pequenas e subpicos de ressonância aparecem para valores moderados da submersão, em comparação com o caso do disco circular. / The hydrodynamic force, in terms of the added mass and damping coefficients, for thin and submerged nearly circular obstacles below a water free surface is computed by a spectral method. Firstly, a mathematical model for surface water waves is presented. Next, the diffraction problem of waves due to the presence of an obstacle is described. When the body is thin and submerged, the problem can be formulated in terms of a hypersingular integral equation. Using a conformal mapping over a circular disc, it is shown that the solution can be obtained by means of a spectral method where the hipersingularity is analytically evaluated in terms of orthogonal polynomials. The hydrodynamics coefficients, in function of the wavenumber, are computed and shown for nearly circular obstacles. The occurrence of resonant frequencies is observed for sufficiently small submergences and subpeaks of resonances appear for moderate values of the submergence, in comparison with the case of a circular disc.

A força hidrodinâmica em termos dos coeficientes de massa adicional e amortecimento, para obstáculos aproximadamente circulares, finos e submersos sob uma superfície livre aquática, é calculada numericamente usando um método espectral. Primeiramente, é apresentado um modelo matemático para ondas aquáticas de superfície e em seguida, o problema de difração de ondas devido à presença de um obstáculo é descrito. Quando o obstáculo é submerso e fino, o problema pode ser formulado em termos de uma equação integral hipersingular. Usando um mapeamento conforme sobre um disco circular, é mostrado que a solução pode ser obtida através de um método espectral onde a hipersingularidade é avaliada analiticamente em termos de polinômios ortogonais. Os coeficientes da força hidrodinâmica, em função do número de onda, são obtidos para obstáculos quase circulares. A ocorrência de frequências ressoantes ´e observada para submersões suficientemente pequenas e subpicos de ressonância aparecem para valores moderados da submersão, em comparação com o caso do disco circular. / The hydrodynamic force, in terms of the added mass and damping coefficients, for thin and submerged nearly circular obstacles below a water free surface is computed by a spectral method. Firstly, a mathematical model for surface water waves is presented. Next, the diffraction problem of waves due to the presence of an obstacle is described. When the body is thin and submerged, the problem can be formulated in terms of a hypersingular integral equation. Using a conformal mapping over a circular disc, it is shown that the solution can be obtained by means of a spectral method where the hipersingularity is analytically evaluated in terms of orthogonal polynomials. The hydrodynamics coefficients, in function of the wavenumber, are computed and shown for nearly circular obstacles. The occurrence of resonant frequencies is observed for sufficiently small submergences and subpeaks of resonances appear for moderate values of the submergence, in comparison with the case of a circular disc.

La thèse se compose de 3 parties. Dans la partie I, nous considérons des problèmes à lafrontière pour une EDP de Laplace dans un domaine simplement connexe de bordLispschitz continu. Depuis des données Dirichlet et Neumann suffisamment régulièresdisponibles sur une partie de la frontière, nous développons une méthode non-itérative derésolution de ce problème de Cauchy, régularisé par une contrainte en norm L2 portantsur la solution sur la partie complémentaire du bord. Notre approche par les fonctionsanalytiques de la variable complexe permet d'imposer des contraintes ponctuellessupplémentaires possédant un intêret pratique pour incorporer des mesures corrompues.La partie II concerne la structure spectrale d'un opérateur de Poisson tronqué intervenantdans diverses applications physiques. Nous établissons d'importantes propriétés dessolutions, des connexions avec d'autres problèmes, ainsi que, pour des valeursasymptotiques d'un paramètre, des formulations sous forme d'autres équations intégralesou EDO solubles. Dans la partie III, nous traitons un problème inverse particulier issud'expériences pratiques effectuées avec un microscope SQUID. Depuis des mesurespartielles de la composante verticale du champ magnétique, le but est de retrouvercertaines propriétés de l'aimantation d'un échantillon de roche. Nous présentons denouvelles méthodes utilisant les transformations de Kelvin et de Fourier pour l'estimationdu moment magnétique. / The thesis consists of three parts. In Part I, we consider partially overdeterminedboundary-value problemS for Laplace PDE in a planar simply connected domain withLipschitz boundary. Assuming Dirichlet and Neumann data available on its part to be realvaluedfunctions of certain regularity, we develop a non-iterative method for solving thisill-posed Cauchy problem choosing as a regularizing parameter L2 bound of the solutionon complementary part of the boundary. The present complex-analytic approach alsonaturally allows imposing additional pointwise constraints on the solution which, onpractical side, can help incorporating outlying boundary measurements without changingthe boundary into a less regular one. Part II is concerned with spectral structure of atruncated Poisson operator arising in various physical applications. We deduce importantproperties of solutions, discuss connections with other problems and pursue differentreductions of the formulation for large and small values of asymptotic parameter yieldingsolutions by means of solving simpler integral equations and ODEs. In Part III, we dealwith a particular inverse problem arising in real physical experiments performed withSQUID microscope. The goal is to recover certain magnetization features of a sample frompartial measurements of one component of magnetic field above it. We develop newmethods based on Kelvin and Fourier transformations resulting in estimates of netmoment components.

Cette thèse porte sur le problème de la diffration acoustique par un obstacle et sa résolution numérique par la méthode des éléments finis de frontière. Dans les trois premiers chapitres, on s'intéresse au cas où l'obstacle possède des singularités géométriques. Nous traitons le cas particulier des singularités de bord, courbes ouvertes en dimension 2, et surfaces ouvertes en dimension 3. Nous introduisons un formalisme qui permet de retrouver les bonnes propriétés de la méthode pour des objets réguliers. Une fonction de poids est définie sur les objets diffractant, et les opérateurs intégraux usuels (simple-couche et hypersingulier) sont renormalisés de manière adéquate par ce poids. Des préconditioneurs sont proposés sous la forme de racines carrées d'opérateurs locaux. En dimension 2, nous proposons une analyse théorique et numérique complète du problème. Nous montrons en particulier que les opérateurs intégraux renormalisés font partie d'une classe d'opérateurs pseudo-différentiels sur des courbes ouvertes, que nous introduisons et étudions ici. Le calcul pseudo-différentiel ainsi développé nous permet de calculer des paramétrices des les opérateurs intégraux qui correspondent aux versions continues de nos préconditionneurs. En dimension 3, nous montrons comment ces idées se généralisent théoriquement et numériquement dans le cas pour des surfaces ouvertes. Dans le dernier chapitre, nous introduisons une nouvelle méthode de calcul rapide des convolutions par des fonctions radiales en dimension 2, l'une des tâches les plus coûteuses en temps dans la méthode des éléments finis de frontière. Notre algorithme repose sur l'algorithme de transformée de Fourier rapide non uniforme, et est la généralisation un algorithme analogue disponible en dimension 3, la décomposition creuse en sinus cardinal. / In this thesis, we are concerned with the numerical resolution of the problem of acoustic waves scattering by an obstacle in dimensions 2 and 3, with the boundary element method. In the first three chapters, we consider objects with singular geometries. We focus on the case of objects with edge singularities, first open curves in the plane, and then open surfaces in dimension 3. We present a formalism that allows to restore the good properties that held for smooth objects. A weight function is defined on the scattering object, and the usual layer potentials (single-layer and hypersingular) are adequately rescaled by this weight function. Suitable preconditioners are proposed, that take the form of square roots of local operators. In dimension 2, we give a complete theoretical and numerical analysis of the problem. We show in particular that the weighted layer potentials belong to a class of pseudo-differential operators on open curves that we define and analyze here. The pseudo-differential calculus thus developed allows us to compute parametrices for the weighted layer potentials, which correspond to the continuous versions of our preconditioners. In dimension 3, we show how those ideas can be extended theoretically and numerically, for the particular case of the scattering by an infinitely thin disk. In the last chapter, we present a new method for the rapid evaluation of discrete convolutions by radial functions in dimension 2. Such convolutions represent a computational bottleneck in the boundary element methods. Our algorithm relies on the non-uniform fast Fourier transform and generalizes to dimension 2 an analogous algorithm available in dimension 3, namely the sparse cardinal sine decomposition.

We extend the recently developed rough path theory to the case of more rough noise and/or more singular Volterra kernels. It was already observed that the Volterra rough path introduced there did not satisfy any geometric relation, similar to that observed in classical rough path theory. Thus, an extension of the theory to more irregular driving signals requires a deeper understanding of the specific algebraic structure arising in the Volterra rough path. Inspired by the elements of "non-geometric rough paths" developed, we provide a simple description of the Volterra rough path and the controlled Volterra process in terms of rooted trees, and with this description we are able to solve rough Volterra equations driven by more irregular signals.

<div> <div> <div> <p>This dissertation contains two parts: one part is about the error estimate for the finite element approximation to elliptic PDEs with discontinuous Dirichlet boundary data, the other is about the error estimate of the DG method for elliptic equations with low regularity. </p> <p>Elliptic problems with low regularities arise in many applications, error estimate for sufficiently smooth solutions have been thoroughly studied but few results have been obtained for elliptic problems with low regularities. Part I provides an error estimate for finite element approximation to elliptic partial differential equations (PDEs) with discontinuous Dirichlet boundary data. Solutions of problems of this type are not in H1 and, hence, the standard variational formulation is not valid. To circumvent this difficulty, an error estimate of a finite element approximation in the W1,r(Ω) (0 < r < 2) norm is obtained through a regularization by constructing a continuous approximation of the Dirichlet boundary data. With discontinuous boundary data, the variational form is not valid since the solution for the general elliptic equations is not in H1. By using the W1,r (1 < r < 2) regularity and constructing continuous approximation to the boundary data, here we present error estimates for general elliptic equations. </p> <p>Part II presents a class of DG methods and proves the stability when the solution belong to H1+ε where ε < 1/2 could be very small. we derive a non-standard variational formulation for advection-diffusion-reaction problems. The formulation is defined in an appropriate function space that permits discontinuity across element </p> </div> </div> <div> <div> <p>viii </p> </div> </div> </div> <div> <div> <div> <p>interfaces and does not require piece wise Hs(Ω), s ≥ 3/2, smoothness. Hence, both continuous and discontinuous (including Crouzeix-Raviart) finite element spaces may be used and are conforming with respect to this variational formulation. Then it establishes the a priori error estimates of these methods when the underlying problem is not piece wise H3/2 regular. The constant in the estimate is independent of the parameters of the underlying problem. Error analysis presented here is new. The analysis makes use of the discrete coercivity of the bilinear form, an error equation, and an efficiency bound of the continuous finite element approximation obtained in the a posteriori error estimation. Finally a new DG method is introduced i to over- come the difficulty in convergence analysis in the standard DG methods and also proves the stability. </p> </div> </div> </div>

Thesis: M.S., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Ocean Engineering, 1979 / Bibliography: leaves 65-66. / Wooi Tong Tan. / M.S. / M.S. Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Ocean Engineering

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(情報学) / 甲第20513号 / 情博第641号 / 新制||情||111(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院情報学研究科複雑系科学専攻 / (主査)教授 西村 直志, 教授 磯 祐介, 准教授 吉川 仁 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Informatics / Kyoto University / DFAM

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