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Electro-optically Tunable Microring Resonators for Non-Linear Frequency Modulated Waveform GenerationSnider, William 2012 August 1900 (has links)
Microring resonators are a fundamental building block for integrated optical filters, and have both modulation and waveform generation applications. A hybrid chalcogenide (As2S3) on titanium diffused (Ti:LiNbO3) waveguide platform has been developed to realize tunable microring resonators on a lithium niobate (LiNbO3) substrate. The use of a LiNbO3 substrate allows for electro-optic tuning, which is demonstrated for the first time on an As2S3 guided optical mode. While optical modes confined in diffused waveguides are commonly electro-optically tuned, the use of a rib waveguide external to the substrate poses new design challenges. Simulation work to determine the optimum electrode design was carried out, while also taking into account the limitations of working with a low melting temperature chalcogenide material.
The tuning of this hybrid As2S3 on Ti:LiNbO3 device structure is demonstrated with fabricated Mach-Zehnder interferometers and ring resonators. Electro-optic tuning of the TM polarization utilizing the r13 LiNbO3 tuning coefficient is shown, yielding results that show an improvement over previous tunable LiNbO3 microring resonators. Simulations are also carried out to show the waveform generating capabilities of this hybrid device platform.
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Free-carrier effects in polycrystalline silicon-on-insulator photonic devices /Ogah, Oshoriamhe F. January 2010 (has links)
Typescript. Includes bibliographical references.
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Germanium photodetector integrated with silicon-based optical receiversHuang, Zhihong, January 1900 (has links) (PDF)
Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Texas at Austin, 2006. / Vita. Includes bibliographical references.
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Estudo e desenvolvimento de guias de onda ARROW, com camadas anti-ressonantes de a-SiC:H e TiOx, para aplicação em dispositivos de óptica integrada. / Study and development of ARROW waveguides with a-SiC:H e TiOx anti-resonant layers for integrated optics applications.Daniel Orquiza de Carvalho 30 April 2008 (has links)
Neste trabalho, foram fabricados guias de onda ARROW (Anti-Resonant Reflecting optical waveguides), através da utilização de filmes finos, de materiais amorfos, obtidos pelas técnicas de Deposição Química a vapor assistida por plasma (PECVD) e Sputtering. Pelo fato de o funcionamento destes guias ser bastante dependente da geometria e das propriedades ópticas dos materiais, foram realizadas simulações utilizando o Método de Matrizes de Transferência (TMM) e o Método de Diferenças Finitas com Reticulado Não Uniforme (NU-FDM) para a determinação dos parâmetros geométricos destas estruturas. Na fabricação, foram utilizados filmes de oxinitreto de silício (SiOxNy) e carbeto de silício amorfo hidrogenado (a-SiC:H), depositados por PECVD, à temperatura de 320°C, e filmes de TiOx depositados por Sputtering, para a fabricação das camadas que compõem os guias de onda. Os filmes de a-SiC:H e TiOx foram utilizados como primeira camada anti-ressonante, possuindo espessuras de 0,322 µm e 86,3 nm, respectivamente. A definição das paredes laterais dessas estruturas foi feita através da Corrosão por Plasma Reativo (RIE) utilizando técnicas fotolitográficas convencionais. Os guias de onda ARROW foram caracterizados em termos de perdas por propagação, para o comprimento de onda de 633 nm, utilizando a técnica de clivagem e a técnica de vista superior. As perdas em função do comprimento de onda para a faixa que vai desde o ultravioleta até o infravermelho próximo (200 nm a 1100 nm) também foram medidas utilizando fonte de luz branca, monocromador e medidor de potência óptica. Além disso, a análise modal dos guias de onda foi feita através de imagens obtidas através de uma objetiva de microscópio e de uma câmera CCD (Charge Coupled Device). Os resultados mostram que é possível obter guias monomodo, com baixas atenuações, tendo se conseguido valores entre 0,8 e 3 dB/cm, para o comprimento de onda de 633 nm. Isso possibilita, no futuro, a fabricação de diversos dispositivos, como sensores interferométricos, sensores químicos baseados em absorção óptica, redes de Bragg, entre outros. / In this work, Anti-Resonant Reflecting Optical Waveguides (ARROW) were fabricated using thin amorphous films, obtained by Plasma Enhanced Chemical Vapor Deposition (PECVD) and Sputtering techniques. Since these waveguides are highly dependent on its geometry and on the optical properties of the materials used, simulations using the Transfer Matrix Method (TMM), and the Non-Uniform Finite Difference Method (NU-FDM), were necessary, for the determination of the geometric parameters of these structures. Silicon oxynitride films (SiOxNy), amorphous hydrogenated silicon carbide films (a-SiC:H), both deposited at a temperature of 320°C, and TiOx films, deposited by Sputtering technique, were used in the fabrication of the layers of the waveguides. The a-SiC:H and the TiOx films were used as first ARROW layer, having thicknesses of 0,322 µm and 86,3 nm, respectively. Also, the definition of the sidewalls of the waveguide was achieved using Reactive Ion Etching (RIE) and conventional lithographic techniques. The waveguides were characterized in terms of propagation losses, for working wavelength of 633 nm, by using the cut-back and the top view techniques. The losses as a function of working wavelength, for the ultraviolet, visible and near infrared regions (200 nm to 1100 nm), were also measured using a white light source, a monocromator and an optical power meter. Furthermore, modal analysis was achieved by using images captured by a Charge Coupled Device (CCD) camera, using a microscope objetctive. Results proved the possibility of obtaining single-mode waveguides with relatively low losses, with values around 0.8 and 3 dB/cm, for working wavelength of 633 nm. This are promising results which indicate the possibility of using these waveguides for the fabrication of many devices such as interferometric sensors, chemical sensors based on optical absorption, Bragg gratings, among others.
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Produção e caracterização de filmes de nitreto de alumínio e sua aplicação em guias de onda tipo pedestal. / Fabrication and characterization of aluminum nitride films and its application in pedestal-type optical waveguides.Maria Elisia Armas Alvarado 28 April 2017 (has links)
O presente trabalho tem como objetivo principal a produção e estudo de filmes de nitreto de alumínio (AlN) depositados por pulverização catódica (sputtering) reativa e a fabricação e caracterização de guias de onda tipo pedestal utilizando o AlN como núcleo. Inicialmente, filmes de AlN foram fabricados por pulverização catódica reativa (sputtering) de rádio frequência (RF) utilizando um alvo de alumínio (Al) com 99,999% de pureza, e nitrogênio (N2) como gás reativo. Subsequentemente, os filmes foram caracterizados mediante as técnicas de elipsometria, difração de raios X (DRX), espectroscopia de absorção por transformada de fourier na região do infravermelho (FTIR) e espectroscopia de absorção na região do ultravioleta e do visível (UV-VIS). Tendo as melhores condições ópticas e físicas para a deposição de filmes de AlN, foram fabricados neste trabalho guias de onda tipo pedestal utilizando estes filmes como núcleo. O guia de onda pedestal traz um processo de fabricação alternativo, em que a geometria do guia de onda determina-se na camada anterior ao do núcleo, assim já não é necessário delinear as paredes laterais da camada de núcleo facilitando desta forma, o processo de fabricação do dispositivo. Os guias de tipo pedestal fabricados neste trabalho foram definidos através da corrosão parcial do óxido de silício (SiO2) mediante a técnica de RIE (Reactive Ion Etching) usando gases trifluorometano (CHF3) e oxigênio (O2) como gases reativos. Uma vez definido o pedestal, um filme de nitreto de alumínio é depositado sobre o SiO2 com a finalidade de constituir o núcleo do guia de onda. O ar foi utilizado como revestimento superior, cujo índice de refração (n = 1) aumenta o confinamento da luz no núcleo e também para poder possibilitar a caracterização das perdas ópticas do dispositivo. Para esta caracterização usamos a técnica de vista superior que permitiu a análises das perdas ópticas de propagação para diferentes alturas de pedestal e diferentes espessuras de núcleo tanto para filmes de AlN orientado no plano cristalino (002) quanto para filmes de AlN amorfos. / The main objective of this work is the production and study of Aluminum Nitride (AlN) films deposited by reactive sputtering and the fabrication and characterization of pedestal optical waveguides using AlN as core. Initially, aluminum nitride films were produced by reactive sputtering using a 99.999% aluminum (Al) purity target, and nitrogen (N2) as the reactive gas. Subsequently, the films were characterized by ellipsometry, X-ray Diffraction, Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) and Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy (UV-VIS). Once the best optical and physical conditions for the deposition of AlN films were obtained, pedestal waveguides using these films as a nucleus were fabricated in this work. The pedestal waveguide provides an alternative manufacturing process where the geometry of the waveguide is determined in the pre-core layer, so it is no longer necessary to delineate the side walls of the core layer thereby facilitating the device fabrication process. The pedestal waveguides fabricated in this work were defined by the partial corrosion of SiO2 by the RIE (Reactive Ion Etching) technique using CHF3 and O2 gases as reactive gases. Once the pedestal is completed, an aluminum nitride film is deposited onto the SiO2 layer as the waveguide core. The air was used as an upper cladding, whose refractive index (n ? 1) increases the confinement of the light in the core and also allows the optical loss characterization. For this characterization, we used the superior view technique that allowed the analysis of optical propagation losses for different pedestal heights and different core thicknesses for both highly (002) oriented and amorphous AlN films.
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Fabricação de canaletas em substratos de silício para acoplamento fibra-guia utilizando siliceto de níquel como material de máscara. / Fabrication of V-grooves on silicon substrates for fibre-guide coupling using nickel silicide as mask material.Amanda Rossi Mascaro 09 November 2007 (has links)
Neste trabalho, apresentamos um novo processo de fabricação para a obtenção de canaletas em V em substratos de silício monocristalino (100) para um acoplamento óptico utilizando siliceto de níquel como material de máscara. O filme de siliceto de níquel (10nm de espessura para 200 nm de nickel) foi obtido por processos de evaporação térmica e posterior recozimento a baixas temperaturas ( 200 e 250°C). As canaletas em V (com profundidade de 60 mm) foram fabricadas através do processo de corrosão anisotrópica, utilizando uma solução de KOH (27%-60°C). Durante este processo, a taxa de corrosão do substrato de silício pela solução de KOH foi estimada como sendo 33.1 micrômetros/h. A composição da camada de siliceto de níquel obtida foi investigada utilizando a técnica RBS, que nos forneceu a estequiometria Ni2Si. A rugosidade de filmes de níquel e de Ni2Si foi medida pela técnica AFM. Uma análise SEM foi feita com as canaletas e guias de onda obtidos. Após o processamento das canaletas em V, elas foram alinhadas com um guia de onda simples de teste para um futuro acoplamento óptico. / In this work, we present a new fabrication process to obtain V-grooves on monocrystaline silicon substrates (100) for optical coupling using nickel silicides as mask material. The nickel silicide film 10 nm thick for 200 nm of nickel thick) was obtained using thermal evaporation and annealing processes at low temperatures (200 and 250°C) as mask for alkaline solutions. Vgrooves (60 mm deep) were fabricated by anisotropic etching process, using a KOH (27%-60°) solution. During this process, the etch rate of the silicon substrate by the KOH solution was measured as 33.1 micrometers/h. The composition of the obtained nickel silicide layer was investigated using RBS technique, which supplied us the stoichiometric Ni2Si. The roughness of nickel and Ni2Si layers was measured by AFM technique. A SEM analysis was made with the obtained Vgrooves and waveguides. After processing the V-grooves, they were aligned with a simple waveguide for a future optical coupling.
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Análise de um sensor de pressão em óptica integrada / An integrated optical pressure sensor analysisStilante Koch Manfrin 27 October 1995 (has links)
A análise de um sensor óptico de pressão foi realizada neste trabalho. O sensor baseia-se no deslocamento de um diafragma composto por camadas de silício, dióxido de silício e vidro. O deslocamento do diafragma causa a alteração do índice de refração do guia óptico do ramo sensor de um interferômetro de Mach-Zehnder, formado por guias do tipo \"rib\" na camada de vidro. A diferença de fase entre os sinais ópticos dos ramos sensor e de referência causa variação da intensidade luminosa na saída deste interferômetro. A simulação do deslocamento do diafragma foi feita empregando-se o Método das Diferenças Finitas, que também foi, utilizado no cálculo da alteração do índice de refração no guia óptico. O diafragma de três camadas foi substituído, nos cálculos, por outro composto de uma camada equivalente. A análise da propagação da luz no guia tipo \"rib\" foi feita por intermédio do Método do Índice Efetivo. Para a distribuição dos campos elétrico (para o modo TE) e magnético (para o modo TM) admitiu-se uma variação gaussiana na direção y, e a formulação clássica para um guia planar assimétrico, na direção x. O resultado final deste trabalho apresentou melhor aproximação com os dados experimentais do trabalho realizado por OHKAWA [23] do que a própria previsão teórica daquele. São apresentados gráficos do deslocamento do diafragma em função da pressão aplicada, da variação do índice de refração do guia do ramo sensor em função das dimensões geométricas do guia, da distribuição da componente de campo elétrico no guia óptico em função das suas dimensões geométricas, da defasagem entre os sinais dos ramos sensor e de referência em função da pressão aplicada e da pressão de meia-onda em função do comprimento do diafragma. / An integrated optical pressure sensor was analysed in this work. The sensor is based on the deflection of a multilayered diaphragm and operates as a Mach-Zehnder interferometer. A pressure difference between the upper and lower faces of the diaphragm induces a strain and produces a refractive index change in the sensor arm of the interferometer. As a consequence, a phase-shift is established between both arms of the sensor and light intensity modulation is observed at the device output. The Finite Difference Method was used in order to calculate the diaphragm deflection and the refractive index change. In the formulation the multilayered diaphragm was replaced by a single-layered one, with an equivalent bending rigidity. The light propagation in the rib-type waveguide sensor arm was analysed by the Effective lndex Method. A gaussian variation was assumed for the y-component of the electric (TE mode) and magnetic (TM mode) field distributions. In the x-direction the classical formulation was used. Results for the diaphragm deflection dependence on the applied pressure, the refractive index change as a function of the device geometry, phase shift versus applied pressure, as well as halfwave pressure as a function of diaphragm lenght are presented. The final model yield a better agreement to experimental data than the formulations previously available in the literature.
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An Optical Biosensor Towards Urinary Tract Infection DiagnosisBéland, Paul January 2015 (has links)
We explore a new laboratory technique in the field of urinalysis promising a combination of speed and selectivity in support of urinary tract infection diagnosis. Laboratory experimentation demonstrates long range surface plasmon polaritons (LRSPP) waveguides as a useful biosensor to selectively detect gram negative bacteria or gram positive bacteria in human urine. The biosensor can detect bacteria at concentration of 105 CFU/ml, the internationally recommended threshold for diagnostic of urinary tract infection (UTI). Using a negative control solution at bacterial concentration 1000x higher than the targeted bacteria in urine with a weak concentration of constituents, the power ratio between the negative control signals to the target bacteria signal is measured to be 5.4. Thus we report a conclusive demonstration of the LRSPP waveguide biosensor selectivity to the gram of bacteria in human urine. In addition, the biosensor may prove useful as an alternative urinalysis test method to determine the urine specific gravity, to estimate proteinuria, and to detect biofilm formation on surfaces.
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Une étape vers la réalisation par l’échange protonique de fils quantiques et de circuits intégrés à fort confinement sur LiNbO3 / Towards proton exchanged quantum wires and highly confining integrated circuits on LiNbO3Stepanenko, Oleksandr 18 December 2013 (has links)
Le présent travail visait à développer et à étudier une nouvelle méthode de fabrication des guides d'onde, « High Index Soft Proton Exchange » (HISoPE) , qui permet de réaliser des guides d'onde très confinés (dne = 0,1). Des caractérisations en génération d’harmonique localisée ont montré que les propriétés non linéaires de ces guides ne sont pas détruites mais les guides HISoPE réalisés sur coupe Z peuvent présenter des modes ayant des pertes élevées. Ces pertes peuvent être éliminés en utilisant des bains plus acides pour l’échange, mais cela implique des déformations plus importante dans les guides d'onde canal et la nature hybride des modes propageant. Dans le cadre du projet PhoXcry, nous avons essayé de réaliser un modulateur électro-optique très efficace en combinant des cristaux photoniques et des guides HISoPE sur coupe X. Dans les meilleurs guides d'onde fabriqués sur coupe X, les pertes à la propagation, expliquées par la nature hybride des modes sont de 1.75dB/cm, mais dans les guides d'ondes nanostructurés il n’a pas été possible d’identifier clairement une bande interdite photonique. HISoPE en combinaison avec l’échange inverse (Reverse Proton Exchange, RPE) a montré un grand potentiel pour la fabrication de guides d'onde enterrés. Dans une expérience de SHG et malgré des pertes élevées de 2dB/cm, nous avons pu estimer une efficacité de conversion de 160%/W*cm2. Un comportement du coupleur directionnel a été observé dans les guides d'onde enterrés fabriqué en raison d’une cinétique RPE différente dans les différentes parties du guide d'onde. Un développement ultérieur de la méthode HISoPE + RPE devrait permettre d'améliorer la qualité des guides enterrés. / The present work aimed to develop and to study a new method of waveguide fabrication, High Index Soft Proton Exchange (HISoPE), which allows realizing highly confining waveguides in LiNbO3 (dne=0.1). Characterizations by localized SHG experiments, showed that the nonlinear properties of the HISoPE waveguides are not destroyed, but modes with high propagation loss were observed for planar HISoPE waveguides on Z-cut wafers. These losses can be eliminated by performing the exchange in more acidic bath, but this results in more important deformations in channel waveguides and in the hybrid nature of the propagating modes. In the frame of the project PhoXcry, we tried to realize a highly efficient electro-optical modulator by combining photonic crystals and HISoPE waveguides on X-cut wafers of LiNbO3. The losses of the waveguides fabricated on X-cut, attributed to the hybrid nature of the propagating modes, were estimated to be around 1.75dB/cm. The nanostructured waveguides exhibited high losses and it was not possible to identify clear optical band gap. HISoPE in combination with reverse proton exchange (RPE) showed a great potential for buried waveguide fabrication. We used them in a SHG experiment and despite elevated losses of 2dB/cm, the conversion efficiency was estimated as high as 160%/W*cm2. A directional coupler behavior was observed in the buried waveguides due to different RPE kinetics in different parts of the waveguide. A further development of the HISoPE+RPE process will improve the quality of the buried waveguides.
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Conception, fabrication et caractérisation de composants photoniques innovants appliqués à la détection de gaz / Design, fabrication and characterization of innovative photonic components for gas detectionMaulion, Geoffrey 16 December 2015 (has links)
La détection de gaz suscite depuis une dizaine d'années, un intérêt grandissant voir galopant, cela pour diverses raisons : environnementales, de santé publique, de sécurité (Hommes et infrastructures), etc... Ce dynamisme a pour conséquence un besoin de renouvellement et de perfectionnement des moyens de détection, qui croît à mesure que les normes existantes et les secteurs d'application respectivement, se complexifient et se diversifient. Une telle frénésie entraîne naturellement l'augmentation du nombre de projets de recherche sur cette thématique : le projet ANR PEPS, débuté en 2010, est l'un d'entre-eux. Acronyme de "Pellet Photonique Sensor", il vise à démontrer la faisabilité d'une plateforme de détection photonique multi-gaz exploitant l'effet thermo-optique, grâce à la combinaison de deux éléments centraux : des nanopoudres catalytiques sélectives aux gaz visés (dihydrogène ou monoxyde de carbone) et un composant photonique planaire très sensible aux variations d'indice de réfraction. Ce manuscrit est principalement consacré à la conception (sélection et optimisation) du composant photonique. / For about a decade, gas detection has known a tremendous interest, due to several reasons: environmental issues, public health, people and building safety, etc... This trend, triggered a spectacular and sustainable need of gas detection means improvement and development, which has grown with both standards sophistication and scope extension. As a matter of fact, the number of research projects related to this particular topic increased: PEPS ANR project, begun in 2010, is one of them. This research project, which is the acronym of Pellet Photonique Sensor, aim at developing a photonic multigas detection system based on thermo-optical effect, thanks to the combination of on one hand, catalitic nanopowders which react selectively with the target gas (hydrogen or carbon monoxide) and on the other hand, an high sensitive to refractive index variations planar photonic component. This thesis manuscript mostly treats of the photonic component design (choice and optimization).
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