Photonic crystals (PCs), consisting of a periodic pattern of variations in the material properties, are one of the platforms proposed as synthetic optical materials to meet the need for optical materials with desired properties. Recently, applications based on dispersive properties of the PCs have been proposed in which PCs are envisioned as optical materials with controllable dispersive properties. Unlike the conventional use of PCs to achieve localization, in these new applications propagation inside the photonic crystal is studied, and their dispersive properties are utilized. Among these applications, the possibility of demultiplexing light using the superprism effect is of particular interest. Possibility of integration and compactness are two main advantages of PC-based wavelength demultiplexers compared to other demultiplexing techniques, for applications including compact spectrometers (for sensing applications), demultiplexers (for communications), and spectral analysis (for information processing systems). I develop the necessary simulation tools to study the dispersive properties of photonic crystals. In particular, I will focus on superprism-based demultiplexing in PCs, and define a phenomenological model to describe different effects in these structures and to study important parameters and trends. A systematic method for the optimization and design of these structures is presented. Implementation of these structures is experimentally demonstrated using the devices fabricated in a planar SOI platform based on designed parameters. In the next step, different approaches to improve the performance of these devices (for better resolution and lower insertion loss) are studied, and extension of the concepts to other material platforms is discussed.

Polarization dependences of optical devices in highly-integrated optical systems become a major problem. To overcome this issue, one can implement polarization diversity scheme to achieve a single polarization on-chip network. One of the essential components in a polarization diversity scheme is the polarization beam splitter (PBS). In this thesis, we will a PBS based on a silicon-on-insulator (SOI) platform with reduced device size and broad operation bandwidth. We use the three-dimensional Finite-Difference Time-Domain (3D-FDTD) method to perform the simulation. First, we use two asymmetric waveguides to design an asymmetric directional coupler with only TE-like mode phase matching condition. We then tape the lower waveguide to keep the TE-polarized light, and split the TE- and TM- polarized light. By utilizing an asymmetrical directional coupler with a tapered waveguide, we have achieved a 7.3

The ever-increasing need for higher bandwidth and density is one of the motivations for extensive research on planar optoelectronic structures on printed circuit board (PCB) substrates. Among these applications, optical interconnects have received considerable attention in the last decade. Several optical interconnect techniques, such as free space, guided wave, board level and fiber array interconnects, have been introduced for system level applications. In all planar optoelectronic systems, optical waveguides are crucial elements that facilitate signal routing. Low propagation loss, high reliability and manufacturability are among the requirements of polymer optical waveguides and polymer passive devices on PCB substrates for practical applications. Besides fabrication requirements, reliable characterization tools are needed to accurately and nondestructively measure important guiding properties, such as waveguide propagation loss. In three-dimensional (3D) fully embedded board-level optical interconnects, another key challenge is to realize efficient optical coupling between in-plane waveguides and out-of-plane laser/detector devices. Driven by these motivations, the research presented in this thesis focuses on some fundamental studies of optical interconnects for PCB substrates, e.g., developing low-loss optical polymer waveguides with integrated efficient out-of-plane couplers for optical interconnects on printed circuit board substrates, as well as the demonstration of a novel free-space optical interconnect system by using a volume holographic thin film. Firstly, the theoretical and experimental investigations on the limitations of using mercury i-line ultraviolet (UV) proximity photolithography have been carried out, and the metallization techniques for fine copper line formation are explored. Then, a new type of low-loss polymer waveguides (i.e., capped waveguide) is demonstrated by using contact photolithography with considerable performance improvement over the conventional waveguides. To characterize the propagation properties of planar optical waveguides, a reliable, nondestructive, and real-time technique is presented based on accurately imaging the scattered light from the waveguide using a sensitive charge coupled device (CCD) camera that has a built-in integration functionality. To provide surface normal light coupling between waveguides and optoelectronic devices for optical interconnects, a simple method is presented here to integrate 45° total internal reflection micro-mirrors with polymer optical waveguides by an improved tilted beam photolithography (with the aid of de-ionized water) on PCBs. A new technique is developed for a thin layer of metal coating on the micro-mirrors to achieve higher reflection and coupling efficiency (i.e., above 90%). The combination of the capped waveguide technique and the improved tilted UV exposure technique along with a hard reusable metal mask for metal deposition eliminates the usage of the traditional lift-off process, greatly simplifies the process, and reduces fabrication cost without sacrificing the coating quality. For the study of free-space optical interconnects, a simple system is presented by employing a single thin-film polymeric volume holographic element. One 2-spherical-beam hologram is used to link each point light source with the corresponding photodetector. An 8-channel free-space optical interconnect system with high link efficiency is demonstrated by using a single volume holographic element where 8 holograms are recorded.

L’optique intégrée sur verre est une technologie mature dont les nombreuses applica-tions vont des télécommunications optiques aux capteurs. L’amélioration constante des per-formances des dispositifs réalisés est basée sur une densification des fonctions et donc uneréduction des dimensions des guides d’onde ainsi qu’une augmentation de la densité de puis-sance que ceux-ci transportent. Dans ce travail, nous avons donc étudié les performancesultimes de la technologie de l’échange d’ions argent/sodium sur verre en matière de confi-nement et de longueur de propagation. En particulier, dans le cas de la génération d’effetsnon-linéaires, nous avons mis en évidence la nécessité de trouver un compromis entre ces deuxaspects. Nous démontrons alors que les performances des guides d’onde obtenus par échanged’ions argent/sodium sont intrinsèquement limitées par les pertes optiques attribuées à laprésence d’argent métallique. Ceci se traduit par la présence d’un seuil d’endommagementà fortes densités de puissances. Pour dépasser cette limitation nous avons proposé et ini-tié alors un changement radical de technologie dont nous présentons les premiers résultatsobtenus par échange thallium/sodium sur un verre spécifiquement développé. / Glass integrated optics is a key enabling technology which applications range from opticaltelecommunications to sensors. The steady improvement of devices performances is sustainedby an increasing functions density and thus smaller waveguides supporting higher powerdensities. In this work we investigate the ultimate performances in terms of confinementand propagation length of the silver/sodium ion-exchanged waveguides fabricated on glasstechnology. In particular, a trade-off between these two features has been highlighted inthe case of nonlinear effects. We then demonstrate that the performances of silver/sodiumion-exchanged waveguides are mainly limited by optical losses introduced by metallic silveraggregates even for buried low-losses waveguides. Hence the waveguides exhibit a damagethreshold for high power densities. To overcome this limitation a major technology changehas been initiate and we present the first results obtained by thallium/sodium ion exchange.

L’optique intégrée sur verre est une technologie mature dont les nombreuses applica-tions vont des télécommunications optiques aux capteurs. L’amélioration constante des per-formances des dispositifs réalisés est basée sur une densification des fonctions et donc uneréduction des dimensions des guides d’onde ainsi qu’une augmentation de la densité de puis-sance que ceux-ci transportent. Dans ce travail, nous avons donc étudié les performancesultimes de la technologie de l’échange d’ions argent/sodium sur verre en matière de confi-nement et de longueur de propagation. En particulier, dans le cas de la génération d’effetsnon-linéaires, nous avons mis en évidence la nécessité de trouver un compromis entre ces deuxaspects. Nous démontrons alors que les performances des guides d’onde obtenus par échanged’ions argent/sodium sont intrinsèquement limitées par les pertes optiques attribuées à laprésence d’argent métallique. Ceci se traduit par la présence d’un seuil d’endommagementà fortes densités de puissances. Pour dépasser cette limitation nous avons proposé et ini-tié alors un changement radical de technologie dont nous présentons les premiers résultatsobtenus par échange thallium/sodium sur un verre spécifiquement développé. / Glass integrated optics is a key enabling technology which applications range from opticaltelecommunications to sensors. The steady improvement of devices performances is sustainedby an increasing functions density and thus smaller waveguides supporting higher powerdensities. In this work we investigate the ultimate performances in terms of confinementand propagation length of the silver/sodium ion-exchanged waveguides fabricated on glasstechnology. In particular, a trade-off between these two features has been highlighted inthe case of nonlinear effects. We then demonstrate that the performances of silver/sodiumion-exchanged waveguides are mainly limited by optical losses introduced by metallic silveraggregates even for buried low-losses waveguides. Hence the waveguides exhibit a damagethreshold for high power densities. To overcome this limitation a major technology changehas been initiate and we present the first results obtained by thallium/sodium ion exchange.

Orientador: Hugo Enrique Hernandez Figueroa / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Elétrica e de Computação / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-21T13:36:44Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 RubioNoriega_RuthEsther_M.pdf: 3183170 bytes, checksum: af9b79df81c18d5376bdcda8ca9f973a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012 / Resumo: A principal contribuição deste trabalho _e a proposta da análise de estruturas periodicamente segmentadas na plataforma de silício sobre isolante (SoI), usando o método dos elementos finitos em um domínio computacional de duas dimensões...Observação: O resumo, na íntegra, poderá ser visualizado no texto completo da tese digital / Abstract: The principal contribution of this work is to propose the analysis of grating periodic structures on the silicon-on-insulator platform through the finite element method in a two dimension computational domain...Note: The complete abstract is available with the full electronic document / Mestrado / Telecomunicações e Telemática / Mestra em Engenharia Elétrica

Avec les avantages significatifs de stockage, de traitement et de transmission des informations, la science de l’information quantique a attiré des études abondantes lors des dernières décennies, par lesquelles de nombreuses preuves de principe ont été faite en utilisant des techniques expérimentales macro-photoniques. Cependant, l'applicabilité de ces technologies dépend fortement de la miniaturisation du système, i.e. l'intégration « sur-puce » des fonctionnalités photoniques quantiques. Les conditions prérequis générales d'une puce quantique intégrée sont la génération, le transport et la détection localisée et efficace de photons. Des efforts ont été réalisés avec succès comportant une ou deux fonctions nécessaires. Cependant, l'intégration complète reste encore inachevée. Basé sur des éléments nano-photoniques de semiconducteurs et des techniques de nano-fabrication simples, cette thèse vise à fournir une stratégie d'intégration « sur-puce ». Une excitation efficace et locale d'une source de photon unique par un guide d'onde inférieure à l'échelle de la longueur d'onde est d'abord démontrée. Ensuite, nous étudions l’échange efficace de la lumière entre les nanostructures et les guide d'onde, qui peuvent servir le bloc de liaison entre les dispositifs dans un système d'intégration. La fabrication et la caractérisation d'un photo-détecteur sensible basé sur un nanofil unique sont présentées, qui présente un grand potentiel pour la détection de photons uniques. A la fin, une perspective de l'intégration ultime de toutes ces fonctionnalités est fournie / With the significant advantages in storing, processing and transmitting information, quantuminformation science has attracted abundant studies in the last few decades, by which many proofs ofprinciple have been made using macro-photonic experimental techniques. However, the applicabilityof this technology still strongly depends on the miniaturization of the system, i.e. the on-chip integration of quantum photonic functionalities. The general prerequisites of an integrated quantumchip are localised and efficient generation, transportation and detection of photons. Some effortshave been made successfully involving one or two necessary features. However, the full integration still remains unaccomplished. Based on semiconductor nanophotonic elements and simple nanofabrication techniques, this thesis aims to provide a strategy for on-chip quantum photonic integration. An efficient and local excitation of a single photon source with a subwavelengthwaveguide is firstly demonstrated. Then we investigate the efficient light exchange betweennanostructures and waveguides that can serve as linking blocks between devices in an integrationsystem. The fabrication and characterisation of a sensitive photodetector based on a single nanowireis also presented, which exhibits great potential in single-photon detection. At the end, an outlook ofthe ultimate integration of all these functionalities is provided

L'objectif de ce travail de thèse est d'étudier le couplage plasmon-émetteur dans des structures plasmoniques hybrides, visant à renforcer l’interaction lumière-matière à l'échelle nanométrique. Contrairement aux cavités optiques dont le volume de modes est limité par la diffraction, les cavités plasmoniques offrent un unique avantage d’efficacité du confinement sub-longueur d'onde. Cela peut conduire à l’accroissement de la fluorescence des émetteurs placés dans leur voisinage. Pour cela, nous proposons comme dispositif de focalisation une structure intégrée d’un réseau annulaire avec des nanoantennes afin de garantir une meilleure efficacité. Ce dispositif bénéficie du couplage entre des plasmons polaritons de surface (SPP) qui se propagent à partir du réseau et des plasmons localisés de surface (LSP) localisés aux niveaux des nanoantennes afin de parvenir à une augmentation de champ plus élevée. Nous présentons une étude de caractérisation de la plate-forme plasmonique constitué du réseau de diffraction métallique annulaire, d’une nanoantenne en étoile, et la structure intégrée réseau/nanoantenne. Nous montrons comment cette structure peut conduire à une plus grande émission des molécules de colorants ainsi que de centre SiV du diamant. La combinaison du confinement sub-longueur d'onde des LSP et l'énergie élevé des SPP dans notre structure conduit à une focalisation précise qui peut être mis en œuvre pour étudier le couplage plasmon-émetteur dans les régimes de couplage faibles et forts / There is a growing interest nowadays in the study of strong light-matter interaction at the nanoscale, specifically between plasmons and emitters. Researchers in the fields of plasmonics, nanooptics and nanophotonics are constantly exploring new ways to control and enhance surface plasmon launching, propagation, and localization. Moreover, emitters placed in the vicinity of metallic nanoantennas exhibit a fluorescence rate enhancement due to the increase in the electromagnetic field confinement. However, numerous applications such as optical electronics, nanofabrication and sensing devices require a very high optical resolution which is limited by the diffraction limit. Targeting this problem, we introduce a novel plasmonic structure consisting of nanoantennas integrated in the center of ring diffraction gratings. Propagating surface plasmon polaritons (SPPs) are generated by the ring grating and couple with localized surface plasmons (LSPs) at the nanoantennas exciting emitters placed in the gap. We provide a thorough characterization of the optical properties of the simple ring grating structure, the double bowtie nanoantenna, and the integrated ring grating/nanoantenna structure, and study the coupling with an ensemble of molecules as well as single SiV centers in diamond. The combination of the sub-wavelength confinement of LSPs and the high energy of SPPs in our structure leads to precise nanofocusing at the nanoscale, which can be implemented to study plasmon-emitter coupling in the weak and strong coupling regimes

Les systèmes optiques intégrés ont été largement utilisés dans la détection et la caractérisation de substances biochimiques. Aussi, le développement de nouvelles technologies permettant la fabrication de structures intégrées à l’échelle nanométrique, ouvre un horizon dans la conception d'une nouvelle génération de capteurs biochimiques. Sur la base de plasmons de surface localisés, au cours des dernières années ont été proposés différentes configurations de systèmes optiques pour concentrer le champ électromagnétique dans une petite région de l'espace, ce qui favorise son interaction avec des substances biochimiques. En utilisant la méthode modale de Fourier, dans la présent thèse est présentée une analyse exhaustive de la propagation des modes dans un réseau périodique de nanoparticules métalliques intégrés avec une guide d'ondes diélectrique. Deux géométries des nanoparticules ont été étudiées: des réseaux périodiques de nanofils et de nanocônes métalliques. Il est démontré que pour les nanocônes métalliques le champ optique est fortement exalté au sommet des nanocônes quand ils sont excités à leur résonance LSP via une guide d'onde diélectrique. Pour valider les résultats numériques, on a fabriqué et caractérisé expérimentalement un réseau périodique de nanofils d’or placée sur une guide d’onde à échange d’ions. La caractérisation de l'échantillon a été réalisée dans le champ lointain en mesurant des spectres de transmission et dans le champ proche en utilisant la microscopie en champ proche optique de balayage (NSOM). Les résultats obtenus montrent que les dispositifs intégrés plasmoniques proposées peuvent être appliquées dans la détection de substances biochimiques / Localized surface plasmons (LSP) are used to control and concentrate the electromagnetic field in small volumes of matter. This is a very interesting property in the context of biophotonics. Indeed, it allows an enhancement of the light-matter interaction at the cell scale, or even at a single molecule scale. The technological challenge is to propose optical devices able to efficiently couple light into localized plasmonic modes and to improve the detection of signals resulting from the interaction between the confined light and the analyte under detection.In this thesis work, we theoretically and experimentally study the guiding and confinement properties of light in periodic arrays of metallic nanowires of rectangular and triangular (nanocones) cross section that support localized plasmons. These nanowires are integrated in a photonic circuit that enables an efficient light coupling. The extinction spectra of the plasmonic resonances are directly obtained by analyzing the transmitted light in the device. By making use of the Fourier modal method, we perform an exhaustive theoretical study of the plasmonic Bloch modes that propagate due to the near-field coupling of the localized plasmons resonances. It is demonstrated that for the metallic nanocones, the optical field can be strongly enhanced by a controllable tip effect and remarkably intense

Photonics, the technological field that encompasses all aspects of light, has been rapidly growing and increasingly useful in uncovering fundamental truths about nature. It has helped detect gravitational waves, allowed for a direct measurement of the quantum wave function, and has helped realize the coldest temperatures in the universe. But photonics has also had an enormous impact on day-to-day life as well; it has enabled high capacity and/or high speed telecommunication, offered cancer treatment solutions, and has completely revolutionized display and scanning technology. All of these discoveries and applications have required a superb understanding of light, but also a high degree of control over the sometimes abstract properties of light. The work contained in this thesis explores two novel means of controlling and manipulating two different abstract properties of light. In Part I, the property under investigation is the polarization state of light – a property that is paramount to all light-matter interactions, and even some light-light interactions such as interference. Here, a liquid crystal on silicon spatial light modulator (LCOS-SLM)’s capabilities in manipulating the polarization state of light is theoretically examined and experimentally exploited, tested, and reported on. It is found through experimentation that, for an appropriate range of beam sizes and input polarizations, a single LCOS-SLM can be used to produce any light field with an arbitrary, spatially varying polarization profile. In Part II, the property under investigation loosely corresponds to light’s spatial degree of freedom – how light can move from one spot in space to another in a non-trivial manner. Here, control over light’s position through a waveguide array through the use of quantum geometric phase is theoretically examined, simulated, and experimentally designed. It is found through simulation that a threewaveguide array is capable of implementing two dimensional unitary transformations. The common theme between Part I and Part II is manipulating these properties of light to realize classes of general transformations. Moreover, if the light field is treated as a quantum state in the basis of either property under investigation, a two dimensional computational basis ensues. This is precisely the right cardinality for applications in quantum information.