The ever-increasing challenges that we face with our consumption of resources on Earth are factors which have prompted researchers to show interest in studying the possibilities of human habitat on other celestial bodies. Mars is a stone planet and is at such distance from the sun that it could be feasible for future settlements with the right technology and solutions. Future missions to Mars rely on solar panels as their primary power system. Utilizing solar architecture is a solution that reduces both a building’s energy consumption and the extent of environmental damage fossil fuels are causing the Earth. This leads to extensive opportunities to explore how we can increase the use of renewable energy using new technologies developed for use on Earth but also for use in the space industry.   This study used a qualitative method through literature studies and semi-structured interviews as well as a quantitative method through calculations. The literature study was meant to act as a theoretical base for this study and for the interviews by creating an understanding of the world’s usage of renewable and non-renewable energy sources and how solar power works by the means of photovoltaic cells. The interviews were held to identify the opportunities and obstacles regarding a solar power system on Mars as well as the usage of BIPV (building-integrated photovoltaics) in extreme environments. Mathematical calculations were based on the fundamental geometric shape of a cylinder where the walls were set to be the varying parameter. Six locations on Mars with different coordinates and underlying matters were selected to the study based on the knowledge collected from the literature study and the interviews.   Aspects that needs to be considered for building-integrated photovoltaics placed on a building’s envelope on Mars are several. Some of the most crucial are: dust deposition and dust in the atmosphere, a climate with major temperature extremes, the habitats location on the planet and the amount of output energy provided by BIPV partly affected by the Mars-Sun distance. If the fundamental geometric shape of the building is a cylinder, the building’s shape would to form as a truncated cone with smaller wall slopes the closer the equator the habitat is located. If the habitat is placed far away from the equator the walls’ slope, the optimal tilt angle of the photovoltaic module, would be steeper and increase with the higher latitude. The maximized power by using BIPV on a building on Mars is provided as close to the equator as possible due to the big amount of sunlight reaching the surface. If BIPV could be used on the Martian surface is still a relatively extensive hypothesis. Studies about Mars and other planets tend to result in this kind of approach because of the many insecurities that cannot be proven before humans get to the planet or detailed tests have been accomplished and analyzed. A solar power system shows great opportunities for future human missions to Mars but BIPV is not considered an option in the near future without further research and development verifying the option.

Fotoelektrinių modulių (FEM) efektyvumas paprastai įvertinamas esant standartinėms tyrimo sąlygoms, tačiau jų veikimas esant realioms lauko sąlygoms yra labai svarbus siekiant kuo tiksliau numatyti jų efektyvumą ir pagaminamos elektros energijos kiekį. / The efficiency of photomodules is evaluated at standard test conditions, but in real conditions their operation is very important in order to foreseen the efficiency and generated energy.

Thesis (PhD (Electrical Engineering))--Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2019 / This dissertation presents a concept for a compact, low-profile, integrated solar panel antenna for use on small satellites in low Earth orbit. To date, the integrated solar panel antenna design approach has primarily been, patch (transparent or non-transparent) and slot radiators. The design approach presented here is proposed as an alternative to existing designs. A prototype, comprising of an optically transparent rectangular dielectric resonator was constructed and can be mounted on top of a solar panel of a Cube Satellite. The ceramic glass, LASF35 is characterised by its excellent transmittance and was used to realise an antenna which does not compete with solar panels for surface area. Currently, no closed-form solution for the resonant frequency and Q-factor of a rectangular dielectric resonator antenna exists and as a first-order solution the dielectric waveguide model was used to derive the geometrical dimensions of the dielectric resonator antenna. The result obtained with the dielectric waveguide model is compared with several numerical methods such as the method of moments, finite integration technique, radar cross-section technique, characteristic mode analysis and finally with measurements. This verification approach was taken to give insight into the resonant modes and modal behaviour of the antenna. The interaction between antenna and a triple-junction gallium arsenide solar cell is presented demonstrating a loss in solar efficiency of 15.3%. A single rectangular dielectric resonator antenna mounted on a ground plane demonstrated a gain of 4.2 dBi and 5.7 dBi with and without the solar cell respectively. A dielectric resonator antenna array with a back-to-back Yagi-Uda topology is proposed, designed and evaluated. The main beam of this array can be steered can steer its beam ensuring a constant flux density at a satellite ground station. This isoflux gain profile is formed by the envelope of the steered beams which are controlled using a single digital phase shifter. The array achieved a beam-steering limit of ±66° with a measured maximum gain of 11.4 dBi. The outcome of this research is to realise a single component with dual functionality satisfying the cost, size and weight requirements of small satellites by optimally utilising the surface area of the solar panels.

Transparent UWB antennas have been the focus of this PhD research. The use of transparent UWB antennas for stealth and energy harvesting has been the underlying applications that have given impetus to this research. Such transparent antennas being built on materials that are discreet, flexible, conformal, conductive and having the ability to provide good antenna performance on glass to serve as the ‘last mile’ link in subsequent generation communications after 4G have been the basis for this contention. UWB in this regard is able to provide the transmission and reception of high data rates and fast video transmission that is an elementary demand of even a 4G wireless communications system. The integration of UWB antennas with photovoltaic to provide integral energy harvesting solutions that will further enhance the value of the UWB system in terms of cost effectiveness and performance are thus the basis of this work. This work hence starts with the study of a transparent conductive oxide polymer, AgHT and its properties, and culminates in the development of a transparent UWB antenna, which can be integrated with photovoltaic for window glass applications on homes and buildings. Other applications such transparent antennas can find use for like on-body wireless communications in healthcare monitoring was also analysed and presented. The radar absorbing material (RAM) property of the AgHT was investigated and highlighted using CST simulation software, as no measurement facilities were available. The transparent UWB antenna in lieu of the inherent absorbent property of the AgHT material is thus able to exhibit stealth characteristics, a feature that would be much desired in military communications. Introduction of a novel method of connecting the co-axial connector to the feed of the antenna to improve gain and efficiency of transparent polymer based antennas and the development of a UWB antenna that maintains its Omni-directional characteristic instead of becoming directional on an amorphous silicon solar cell are presented as some of the contributions for this research work. Some preliminary analysis on the impact of glass on UWB antennas for video transmission and how to improve transmission is presented. The ability of the conductive part of the antenna radiator to be used as a RF and microwave harvester and how it can further add value to a transparent UWB antenna is presented by way of experimental data. Finally yet importantly, this thesis presents some insight into how transparent antennas may be used in Green Technology Buildings to provide an integrated solution for both wireless communications and energy harvesting as part of the future work. Improvement to the aesthetics of the external appearance of residential buildings through the integration of transparent satellite dish onto solar panels on rooftops is also discussed and illustrated as part of this future work.

With the growing energy consumption in the world today, the decreasing amount of fossil fuels and their negative impact on the environment, developments and greater use of renewable energy resources is crucial. One of the promising environmentally friendly energy resources is solar power. The technology for producing electricity from the use of solar cells is continuously developing and is growing on the market. The objective of this master thesis is to illustrate how solar panels can be integrated into a building’s design, and what value this gives to the building. The purpose is also to give an indication of whether an integrated solar panel installation is profitable, and what is required for more building developers to invest in solar power. A study on solar cells was conducted to gain knowledge of the different types of solar cells and systems and their possible integration into buildings. The study also included research on why solar cell installations are not more common today. Case Studies were also conducted on projects with integrated solar cells. This was done to gain an understanding of how solar panels can be used as design elements. The study was done as a systematic literature study through a qualitative method. City and site analyses were carried out as a first step in the design process. The analyses focused on the movements, green spaces, climates, functions and architectural character of the city and site. The analyses were done to attain an impression of the environment the building would be placed in, and its requisites. These analyses were followed by volume and solar studies to come up with a building design that would fulfill the requirements of the client, while creating good areas for placement of the solar panels. The master thesis resulted in a design proposal for a mixed-use building with integrated solar cells. The resulting two buildings are located in the outskirts of the city center of Linköping. The buildings are designed to interact with the surrounding buildings and the remaining city, while at the same time bringing something new and exciting to the mix. The buildings’ placement and height were decided by the combination of the movement of the sun over the plot, so as to create good areas for the solar panels, and the requisites of the site. The integrated solar panels are placed on the roofs and facades of the buildings. The possibilities of semitransparent solar cells in windows and glass railings is also examined. The solar panels on the roof consist of solar roof tiles and are placed on the east side of the north building’s roof and the west side of the south building’s roof. These tiles have matching roof tiles without solar cells inside, on the other side of the roofs, meaning that no difference can be seen between the two sides. The façade panels are placed to cover the entire protruding stairwells of the buildings. Panels are also placed on remaining parts of the south-east and south-west facing facades but are here placed in a pattern as though they are trickling down the walls. The panels are placed to avoid shade as shading of the panels reduces their effect. The solar cells are smooth, black, thin-film solar cells and the panels have matching glass panes that are placed were the design opted for panels, but the placement was not good out of a solar irradiation perspective. The results of the rough calculations on the project’s solar panel installation’s profitability shows that the investment would have a payback time of approximately 15 years. This, when counting in a government support of 1.2 million kroners and the reduced cost for the building cover material that the solar panels replace. The solar panels in the design proposal are not in standard sizes. Would they have been so the investment cost would have been lower and the payback time, according to the rough calculations, would be around 10 years. The produced electricity constitutes around 60 percent of the operational electricity for the buildings. If semitransparent solar cells are included the value goes up to 80 percent. Although the produced electricity does not cover the complete electricity needs of the buildings, it still reduces the amount of bought electricity. Electricity that would most likely not come from a renewable source. The conclusion is, therefore, that an integrated solar cell installation is economically profitable. The solar panels contribute both the aesthetics of the building and building functions, as well as electricity from a renewable source. Investing in a solar cell installation also sets a good example and will lead to more investors taking a chance on solar power. Getting more building developers to invest in solar cells systems can be done by increasing the, today lacking, knowledge of solar energy and solar cells, the process for designing and installing a solar cell system, as well as the laws regarding solar power and solar power investments. Another obstacle for solar power is the high costs of the installations. The prices on solar cells are, however, continuously dropping, because of the development in technology and the manufacturing process, as well as the growing number of manufacturers. To increase the speed of this process more building developers should invest in solar cells, as a higher demand will lead to more manufacturers, which will then lead to reduced prices. The government can also help by offering research support and for example tax subventions to make an investment in solar power seem more worthwhile.

Orientador: Vicente Luiz Scalon / Banca: Ivan De Domenico Valarelli / Banca: Carlos Alberto Carrasco Altemani / Resumo: Com a crise energética recente, houve uma nova conscientização da necessidade de utilização mais racional da energia. Desta feita, uma série de pesquisas com fontes alternativas de energia, que vinham sendo preteridos em função da impressão que a crise energética do início da década de 1970 havia passado, tem ganho nova força. Dentre todas as alternativas para aproveitamento de energia solar, uma das mais utilizadas são os chamados "sistemas domésticos de aquecimento de água". Este tipo de sistema, entretanto, ainda é complexo, constituído de uma série de dutos e conexões entre coletor e tanque armazenador, que contribuem para o elevado custo destes dispositivos. Uma alternativa para otimizar o custo final é o uso dos sistemas solar integrados coletor-tanque (ICS). Neste trabalho, foi avaliado o processo de movimentação natural do fluido em uma das geometrias mais comuns de sistemas deste tipo: a trapezoidal. Foi aplicada a condição de fluxo de calor constante na face inclinada para avaliação... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: The recent energy crisis has developed a new conscience for necessity of rational energy use. Several works treating about renewable energy was stopped in past based in a false idea that the 1970's energy crisis was finished. Nowadays, these works have been retaken with the large use of solar energy in the Solar Domestic Hot Water Systems. However, this device is quite complex and has several components like pipes and fittings coupling solar collectors and storage tanks. This characteristic makes it an expensive system and bring difficulties for his large use. An alternative to turn it cheaper is the construction of a device with solar collector and storage tank integrated in one single component (ICS). In this work was done an evaluation of free convection process in a common geometry of this device: the trapezoidal shape. For this analysis, a constant heat flux condition was applied to the inclined face for evaluation of free convection process. Numerical results... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre

Submitted by Silvana Teresinha Dornelles Studzinski (sstudzinski) on 2015-11-30T14:46:17Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Sérgio Luiz Bohrer Filho_.pdf: 1393460 bytes, checksum: 335661e44d51f93aa77abb3a780e6e5a (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-11-30T14:46:17Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Sérgio Luiz Bohrer Filho_.pdf: 1393460 bytes, checksum: 335661e44d51f93aa77abb3a780e6e5a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-10-14 / CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / PROSUP - Programa de Suporte à Pós-Gradução de Instituições de Ensino Particulares / Este trabalho apresenta um estudo de viabilidade de inserção de energia solar térmica na matriz elétrica brasileira, através de integração de um campo de energia termosolar concentrada com uma usina termelétrica de ciclo combinado localizada na Região Centro-Oeste. A atual conjuntura do setor elétrico, que apresenta crescimento do despacho termelétrico e consequente elevação dos custos de geração de energia elétrica, provocados principalmente por períodos de Energia Natural Afluente (ENA) abaixo da média, justifica o desenvolvimento de fontes alternativas. O objetivo principal deste estudo é apresentar um modelo de empreendimento de produção de eletricidade por meio de fonte solar térmica, compatível à realidade tecnológica e econômica do mercado de energia. O estudo baseia-se na simulação de integração de um campo solar com tecnologia de concentração Fresnel linear e geração direta de vapor superaquecido, junto à Usina Termelétrica Luís Carlos Prestes (UTE-LCP), no município de Três Lagoas, no estado de Mato Grosso do Sul. O desempenho do campo solar é verificado através do software System Advisor Model (SAM) da National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) e a produção adicional de termeletricidade é determinada com base na análise de eficiência do ciclo de Rankine da UTE-LCP. Por fim, é realizada a análise financeira do projeto através de ferramentas de engenharia econômica, onde identifica-se um custo nivelado da energia elétrica (LCOE) de pelo menos 139,24 USD MW-1h-1, uma redução de 42,7% em relação às estimativas de custo internacionais para usinas heliotérmicas. Análises de sensibilidade indicam que o custo do capital tem impacto crítico sobre o LCOE, fato atribuído ao caráter de alta dependência dos recursos de capital da tecnologia solar térmica. / This work presents a study of concentrated solar power insertion in the Brazilian energy matrix, through integration of the solar energy with Luís Carlos Prestes Thermoelectric Power Plant (UTE-LCP) in Três Lagoas city. The current situation of the Brazilian electricity sector, which has presented strong growth of thermoelectric dispatch in recent years and the consequent increase in the cost of electricity generation, justifies the development of alternative energy sources. The purpose of this study is to present a model of electricity generation through thermal solar source compatible to technological and economic realities of the energy market. The study is based on evaluation of the linear Fresnel reflector with direct steam generation, because this configuration has investment, operation and maintenance attractive costs. The performance of the solar field is simulated in the System Advisor Model software (SAM) of the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL). The predict performance is used with UTE-LCP operational database to estimate the additional electricity generation. Finally, the financial analysis is carried out through economic engineering tools, which identifies a Levelized Cost of Electricity (LCOE) of the 139.24 USD MW-1h-1 at least. This LCOE is 42.7% less than cost estimates for Concentrating Solar Power plants. Sensitivity analysis indicates that the cost of capital has critical impact on the LCOE, which was attributed to the character of high dependence on Concentrating Solar Power (CSP) capital resources.

Les travaux de recherche menés dans cette thèse s’inscrivent dans le cadre de la réalisation de la technologie cellule solaire intégrée (i-Cell), qui est une technologie innovante de fabrication de cellules solaires à hauts rendements de conversion et à bas coût de production. L’i-Cell consiste en la réalisation de plusieurs cellules élémentaires ou sous-cellules, en feuilles minces de silicium cristallin purifié, qui sont connectées en série sur un substrat de Si fritté bas coût. La technologie i-Cell permet en effet la réduction du coût de la plaquette grâce à la faible épaisseur des feuilles de silicium et grâce à l’utilisation de substrats issus du frittage de poudres de silicium. Dans une telle structure la fonction photovoltaïque est assurée par la feuille mince de surface alors que le transport du courant et la fonction mécanique sont gérés par le substrat fritté ce quipermet de réduire les coûts de fabrication de la cellule. En effet, à l’instar des couches minces, on peut décomposer la couche active en cellules de faibles surfaces et ainsi produire sur une surface standard (156 x 156 mm²), une cellule dans laquelle circule un faible courant qui permet de réduire fortement la consommation des métaux précieux au sein de la cellule (Argent) et entre les cellules du module (Cuivre). En outre, la configuration des cellules à i-Cell permet de s’affranchir des busbars en Ag traditionnellement utilisés dans les technologies silicium. Ceci présente l’avantage d’éviter le masquage de la lumière et donc d'augmenter la puissance de la cellule. Ce travail de thèse s’articule sur deux axes de recherche principaux. Le premier est orienté sur l’étude de la cinétique d’oxydation thermique de substrats de silicium frittés poreux. Le deuxième axe concerne la réalisation du substrat fritté intégré et la réalisation des premiers prototypes d’i-Cells sur ces derniers. Ce travail a permis de démontrer la faisabilité de l’i-Cell et de réaliser des prototypes d’i-Cell sur le substrat fritté intégré. Des rendements de conversion PV supérieurs à 18% ont été ainsi obtenus. / The research work conducted in this thesis are within the framework of the realization of the integrated solar cell technology (i-Cell), which is an innovative solar cell technology with a high conversion efficiency and a low cost production. The i-Cell consists of the realization of several elementary cells or sub-cells, in purified crystalline silicon thin foils, which are connected in series on a low cost sintered silicon substrate. In fact, the i-Cell technology allows the reduction of the cost of the wafer thanks to the low thickness of the silicon foils and through the use of substrates obtained from the sintering silicon powders. In such a structure, the photovoltaic function is provided by the thin purified Si foil on the surface. Whereas both the current transport and the mechanical function are provided by the sintered silicon substrate – thin allows to reduce the cell manufacturing costs. In fact, just like thin films, we can decompose the active layer in small cell surfaces and thus produce, on a standard surface (156 x 156 mm²), a low current cell that greatly reduces the consumption of precious metals within the cell (Silver) and between the cells within the module (Copper). Furthermore, the configuration of cells in the i-Cell technology permits to eliminate the use of Silver busbars traditionally used in the Si solar cell technologies. This offers the advantage of avoiding the masking light and thus increases the power of the i-Cell. This thesis work focuses on two main axes of research: The first axis relates to the study of the kinetics of thermal oxidation of porous sintered silicon substrates. The second axis of research focuses on the realization of the “integrated sintered substrates”, which consists of the realization of local conductive zones on the insulating porous sintered substrate, and the fabrication of the first i-Cells prototypes on them. This work demonstrated the feasibility of i-Cell and produced prototypes of i-Cell on the integrated sintered substrate. High photovoltaic conversion efficiencies, greater than 18%, were obtained.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:25:27Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2006-02-03Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:12:11Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 bagagli_rp_me_bauru.pdf: 1886943 bytes, checksum: a693fc27655c63ad68c8b6f960ca899f (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / Com a crise energética recente, houve uma nova conscientização da necessidade de utilização mais racional da energia. Desta feita, uma série de pesquisas com fontes alternativas de energia, que vinham sendo preteridos em função da impressão que a crise energética do início da década de 1970 havia passado, tem ganho nova força. Dentre todas as alternativas para aproveitamento de energia solar, uma das mais utilizadas são os chamados sistemas domésticos de aquecimento de água. Este tipo de sistema, entretanto, ainda é complexo, constituído de uma série de dutos e conexões entre coletor e tanque armazenador, que contribuem para o elevado custo destes dispositivos. Uma alternativa para otimizar o custo final é o uso dos sistemas solar integrados coletor-tanque (ICS). Neste trabalho, foi avaliado o processo de movimentação natural do fluido em uma das geometrias mais comuns de sistemas deste tipo: a trapezoidal. Foi aplicada a condição de fluxo de calor constante na face inclinada para avaliação... / The recent energy crisis has developed a new conscience for necessity of rational energy use. Several works treating about renewable energy was stopped in past based in a false idea that the 1970's energy crisis was finished. Nowadays, these works have been retaken with the large use of solar energy in the Solar Domestic Hot Water Systems. However, this device is quite complex and has several components like pipes and fittings coupling solar collectors and storage tanks. This characteristic makes it an expensive system and bring difficulties for his large use. An alternative to turn it cheaper is the construction of a device with solar collector and storage tank integrated in one single component (ICS). In this work was done an evaluation of free convection process in a common geometry of this device: the trapezoidal shape. For this analysis, a constant heat flux condition was applied to the inclined face for evaluation of free convection process. Numerical results... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

This bachelor thesis is written as a Minor Field Studies (MFS) project and funded by SIDA, Sweden’s International Development Cooperation Agency. The project was made in cooperation with Engineers Without Borders Sweden and the local organization Asulma Centre in Nairobi. As a part of their Integrated Solar Research collaboration between the two organizations, the project strives to contribute to the United Nations sustainable development goals. Most households in Kenya rely on wood, charcoal and other sources of fossil fuel to use for cooking food. Unfortunately, these fuels produce smoke that causes great problems for the environment and for human health and can, in the worst cases, be lethal. It is estimated that 23 000 Kenyans die yearly from household air pollution produced from the fossil fueled stoves. Using the sun to cook food is a cheap alternative to conventional methods that are also more sustainable as it does not produce any smoke. The aim of this research was to study, analyze and optimize the model of a solar cooker called a conical cooker. In order to improve a previously developed concept of the conical cooker, this project focuses on what material and manufacturing methods should be used. A functional means tree was used to generate concepts, which were then analyzed using tools such as EduPack and an evaluation matrix based on a developed specification of requirements. After analyzing all the plausible options, it was suggested that the conical body should be made from a 1 mm (gauge 19) stainless steel sheet that has been mechanically polished and then joined together by crimping to shape the cone. The resulting product would cost 1430 KSH to manufacture, which is just below the cost of today’s cooker. It is also produced to withstand corrosion damage as well as maintain a reflective surface in order to work as a sufficient solar cooking method. This would be a cheap alternative that reduces health risks among the citizens of Kenya. However, as a solar cooker, it must be used together with other solutions as the sun is not always available which is why the project is called the Integradet Solar Cooking project. / Denna kandidatuppsats är skriven som ett Minor Field Studies (MFS)-projekt och finansierades av SIDA, Sveriges biståndsmyndighet. Projektet genomfördes i samarbete Ingenjörer Utan Gränser Sverige och den lokala organisationen Asulma Centre i Nairobi. Som en del av ett samarbete mellan de två organisationerna strävar detta projekt efter att bidra till Förenta Nationernas hållbara utvecklingsmål. De flesta hushåll i Kenya förlitar sig på ved, kol och andra fossila bränslekällor för att laga mat. Tyvärr producerar dessa bränslen rök som orsakar stora problem för miljön och människors hälsa och kan i värsta fall vara dödliga. Uppskattningsvis dör 23 000 kenyaner årligen till följd av luftföroreningar i hemmet som produceras av spisar med fossila bränslen. Att använda solen för att laga mat är ett billigt alternativ till konventionella metoder som dessutom är mer hållbart eftersom det inte producerar någon rök. Syftet med denna forskning var att studera, analysera och optimera modellen för en solkokare som kallas en konisk kokare. För att förbättra ett tidigare utvecklat koncept av den koniska kokaren fokuserade detta projekt på vilket material och vilka tillverkningsmetoder som bör användas. Ett funktionsmedelträd användes för att generera koncept som sedan analyserades med hjälp av bland annat EduPack och en utvärderingsmatris som baserats på en framtagen kravspecifikation. Efter att ha analyserat alla möjliga alternativ föreslogs att den koniska kroppen bör tillverkas genom att skära ut önskad form ur en 1 mm rostfri stålplåt (gauge 19). Plåten i rostfritt stål ska sedan mekaniskt poleras och sedan sammanfogas med falsning för att forma konen. Den resulterande produkten skulle kosta 1430 KSH (112 SEK) att tillverka, vilket är strax under priset för dagens kokare. Den är också konstruerad för att motstå korrosionsskador och behålla en reflekterande yta för att fungera som en effektiv solkokningsmetod. Detta skulle vara ett billigt alternativ som minskar hälsoriskerna bland lokalbefolkningen i Kenya. En solkokare måste dock användas tillsammans med andra lösningar eftersom solen inte alltid är tillgänglig varför projektet kallas för det Integrerade solmatlagningsprojektet.