A partir da Política Nacional de Resíduos Sólidos (PNRS) instituída pela Lei n.º 12.305 de 2010, os gestores municipais passam a ser responsabilizados quanto as suas ações no tocante a geração e destinação dos resíduos sólidos urbanos. Entretanto, a Política Nacional busca um novo modelo de gestão, promovendo a inclusão social, a logística reversa e outros instrumentos que devem ser direcionados pelos planos municipais de gestão integrada de resíduos sólidos urbanos. A questão é saber qual efeito esta Lei surtiu após 6 anos da sua instituição nas capitais brasileiras? Para responder esta questão o presente trabalho buscou analisar as ações do poder público municipal e as respectivas mudanças geradas nos indicadores da gestão de resíduos sólidos urbanos alinhados com os seus Planos Municipais de Gerenciamento Integrado de Resíduos Sólidos PMGIRS. Delimitou-se a análise aos municípios de Belo Horizonte-MG, Curitiba-PR e Porto Alegre-RS, por apresentarem semelhanças socioeconômicas e ambientais, tendo como intervalo de estudo os anos entre 2008 a 2014, por dar possibilidade de análise o período que antecede e subsequente à instituição da PNRS. Para tanto foram analisados os dados disponíveis no Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística (IBGE); Sistema Nacional de Informação de Resíduos Sólidos (SINIR- RS); Sistema Nacional de Informação de Saneamento (SNIS); institutos de pesquisa dos estados de Minas Gerais, Paraná e Rio Grande do Sul e informações das Prefeituras em questão. O presente estudo baseou-se em pesquisa quantitativa e qualitativa, além de estabelecer uma fundamentação teórica sobre o assunto abordado. Como resultado, foi caracterizada a gestão de resíduos sólidos urbanos dos municípios em questão e avaliado comparativamente os indicadores destes municípios. Os municípios já instituíram seus planos municipais, que estão alinhados com a PNRS, entretanto os indicadores de reciclagem e reaproveitamento dos resíduos sólidos urbanos não evoluíram significativamente. / From the National Solid Waste Policy (PNRS) established by the 2010 Law 12.305,municipal managers become accountable for their actions regarding the generation and disposal of municipal solid waste. However, the National Policy seeks a new management model, promoting social inclusion, reverse logistics and other instruments to be targeted by the municipal plans for integrated solid waste management. The question is what effect this law has had after 6 years of its institution in the Brazilian states capital. To answer this question this study sought to analyze the actions of the municipal government and its changes generated in municipal solid waste management indicators aligned with their Municipal Plans for Integrated Solid Waste Management (PMGIRS). The analysis was delimited to the municipalities of Belo Horizonte-MG, Curitiba-PR and Porto Alegre-RS, for presenting socioeconomic and environmental similarities, with the study interval the years between 2008 and 2014, to give possibility to analyze the period preceding and following the institution of the PNRS. Therefore the available data analyzed was from the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (IBGE); National System of Solid Waste Information (SINIR-RS); National Sanitation Information System (SNIS); research institutes in the states of Minas Gerais, Paraná and Rio Grande do Sul and information of the Prefectures in question. This study was based on quantitative and qualitative research, besides the establishment of a theoretical foundation on the subject matter. As a result, waste management was characterized in the municipalities concerned and weighed against the indicators of these municipalities. The municipalities have already instituted their municipal plans that are aligned with the PNRS, however the indicators of recycling and reuse of waste have not evolved significantly.

Apesar da significativa representatividade do setor da construção civil na economia, o gerenciamento dos resíduos sólidos gerados pelo setor ainda é um desafio na maioria dos municípios brasileiros. Os resíduos da construção civil (RCC) são gerados nas atividades relacionadas à construção, comércio e indústria de materiais da construção civil. Estes resíduos quando não recebem tratamento e destinação adequados além de causarem impactos ambientais, afetam direta ou indiretamente a saúde, segurança e o bem estar da população, interferindo nas atividades sociais e econômicas e na qualidade dos recursos ambientais. Neste contexto, a logística reversa é vista como alternativa para gestão adequada dos resíduos, quando bem planejada e executada. A logística reversa está prevista na Lei no 12.305/2010, que trata sobre a Política Nacional dos Resíduos Sólidos (PNRS). No entanto, a implantação da logística reversa ainda é um desafio para alguns setores devido às dificuldades inerentes a este sistema e a falta de informações quanto à operacionalização e regulamentação. Tendo em vista esta dificuldade, este trabalho tem como objetivo avaliar o potencial de aplicação dos preceitos da logística reversa ao setor da construção civil na cidade de Curitiba e propor um modelo conceitual, destacando as responsabilidades dos principais participantes da cadeia produtiva da construção civil. Na primeira etapa da pesquisa, profissionais da construção civil foram selecionados para responder, com auxílio da técnica Delphi, um questionário, elaborado com base na revisão da literatura, a fim de selecionar critérios relevantes para compor o sistema de logística reversa no setor da construção civil. Na primeira rodada Delphi os profissionais opinaram sobre a relevância dos critérios escolhidos para compor o sistema de logística reversa e na segunda rodada foi realizada a análise multicritério com auxílio do Processo de Análise Hierárquica (AHP) a fim de ponderar e hierarquizar os critérios selecionados. Os resultados foram analisados na ferramenta BPMS AHP Excel e exportados por meio de gráficos. Nesta etapa da pesquisa foi demonstrado que a aplicação do questionário Delphi em conjunto com o AHP auxilia a tomada de decisão dos agentes da cadeia produtiva da construção civil. Os resultados apontam a importância da relação colaborativa entre clientes e fornecedores na devolução materiais e as possíveis barreiras que podem dificultar a operacionalização do sistema de logística reversa no setor da construção civil como a falta de apoio do governo, conscientização da população e baixo incentivo para reutilização de RCC. Na etapa da idealização e elaboração do modelo conceitual, com o auxílio da ferramenta Free Mind, foi possível destacar o potencial de aplicação dos preceitos da logística reversa entre os principais agentes da cadeia produtiva da construção civil em Curitiba. O modelo proposto auxilia na compreensão do fluxo de materiais no sistema de logística reversa e as responsabilidades de cada prestador de serviço, na execução das atividades relacionadas à construção civil, incluindo o gerenciamento dos RCC, além do cumprimento da PNRS e minimização dos impactos ambientais. / Despite the significant representativeness of the construction sector in the economy, the management of solid waste generated by the sector is still a challenge in most Brazilian municipalities. Construction and Demoliton Waste (CDW) is generated in activities related to the construction, trade and construction materials industry. The CDW when not properly treated and destined besides causing environmental impacts can affect directly or indirectly the health, safety and welfare of the population, interfering in social and economic activities and the quality of environmental resources. In this context, reverse logistics is seen as one of the alternatives for proper waste management, when well planned and executed. Reverse logistics is provided for in Law 12.305/2010, which deals with the National Policy on Solid Waste (NPSW). However, the implementation of reverse logistics is still a challenge for some sectors due to the difficulties inherent in this system and the lack of information regarding operationalization and regulation. In view of this difficulty, this paper aims to evaluate the potential of applying the reverse logistics precepts to the civil construction sector in the city of Curitiba and to propose a conceptual model, highlighting the responsibilities of the main participants in the civil construction production chain. In the first stage of the research, professionals of construction industry were selected to answer, with the help of the Delphi technique, a questionnaire elaborated based on the literature review, in order to select relevant criteria to compose a reverse logistics system to the civil construction sector. In the first round of Delphi, the participants decided on the relevance of the criteria chosen to compose the reverse logistics system and in the second round a multicriteria analysis was carried out with the aid of Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) in order to weight and hierarchize the criteria selected. The results were analyzed in the BPMS AHP Excel tool and exported through graphs. In this stage of the research it was demonstrated that the application of Delphi questionnaire in conjunction with the AHP helps the decision making of the agents of the civil construction productive chain. The results point out the importance of the collaborative relationship between customers and suppliers in the return of materials and possible barriers that may hinder the operation of the reverse logistics system in the construction sector, such as a lack of government support, population awareness and a low incentive to CDW reuse. In the stage of idealization and elaboration of the conceptual model, with Free Mind tool, it was possible to highlight the potential of applying the reverse logistics precepts among the main agents of the civil construction production chain in Curitiba. The proposed model assists in understanding the flow of materials in the reverse logistics system and the responsibilities of each service provider in the execution of activities related to civil construction, including the management of CDW, besides compliance with NPSW and minimization of environmental impacts.

Integrated management of municipal and hazardous waste is one of the challenges facing the new municipalities in South Africa, especially those located in previously disadvantaged rural areas. However, much of the research on solid and hazardous waste management in South Africa has examined waste management problematics in urban areas, the majority of which are located within the jurisdiction of local governments which are comparatively effective in terms of providing adequate disposal services. By contrast, this study has examined the environmental risk assessment associated with unregulated landfill sites in the Albert Luthuli municipality, in the Mpumalanga province. The determination of the environmental risk was achieved by the use of questionnaire surveys and landfill analysis forms in selected study areas. The findings have highlighted a very high environmental risk, nearly four times and above, the threshold limits set by the Department of Environmental Affairs and Tourism (DEAT, 2005:15) for all of the landfill sites examined. Several exposure pathways stemming from associated environmental impacts have also been identified for the study. The higher environmental risk determined for the problem sites is ascribed to numerous factors, including their ill-planned location, the sensitivity and vulnerability of the natural environment and adjacent rural settlements, the lack of appropriate waste pre-treatment processes prior to disposal, and most significantly, the lack of regulatory and control measures to contain the myriad of environmental problems generated. In conclusion, it is recommended that several measures (including closure) should be taken in order to reduce and contain the magnitude of environmental risks involved. / Environmental Sciences / M.Sc.(Environmental Sciences)

Integrated management of municipal and hazardous waste is one of the challenges facing the new municipalities in South Africa, especially those located in previously disadvantaged rural areas. However, much of the research on solid and hazardous waste management in South Africa has examined waste management problematics in urban areas, the majority of which are located within the jurisdiction of local governments which are comparatively effective in terms of providing adequate disposal services. By contrast, this study has examined the environmental risk assessment associated with unregulated landfill sites in the Albert Luthuli municipality, in the Mpumalanga province. The determination of the environmental risk was achieved by the use of questionnaire surveys and landfill analysis forms in selected study areas. The findings have highlighted a very high environmental risk, nearly four times and above, the threshold limits set by the Department of Environmental Affairs and Tourism (DEAT, 2005:15) for all of the landfill sites examined. Several exposure pathways stemming from associated environmental impacts have also been identified for the study. The higher environmental risk determined for the problem sites is ascribed to numerous factors, including their ill-planned location, the sensitivity and vulnerability of the natural environment and adjacent rural settlements, the lack of appropriate waste pre-treatment processes prior to disposal, and most significantly, the lack of regulatory and control measures to contain the myriad of environmental problems generated. In conclusion, it is recommended that several measures (including closure) should be taken in order to reduce and contain the magnitude of environmental risks involved. / Environmental Sciences / M.Sc.(Environmental Sciences)