Proper management of different waste streams generated in conjunction with oil Exploration and Production (E&P) activities in Sudan is a major challenge for Petrodar Operating Company (PDOC) inter alia. PDOC generates a range of waste streams that are expected to significantly increase especially during and after the planned expansions. Therefore, there is a growing need for establishing an Integrated Waste Management System (IWMS) through a systematic approach for enhancing the attempts to redirect PDOC’s efforts towards realizing its commitment to best HSE standards. This study introduces the composition of an Integrated Waste Management System (IWMS) that incorporates better strategies and practices that particularly suit the case of PDOC’s Central Processing Facilities (CPF) (Al-Jabalayn site), Sudan in accordance with the Waste Management Hierarchy. In the first part; mainly the qualitative characterization of the past, current and the near-future situation at Al-Jabalayn site in terms of waste management strategies and practices are all described and analyzed, followed by the creation of a “waste inventory”. Accordingly the elements of a recommended set of appropriate waste management strategies and practices are identified in order to form a framework of an Integrated Waste Management System (IWMS) that particularly fits the case of Al-Jabalayn site and its operating circumstances. The model framework that has been suggested based on this case study can be promoted, replicated and applied to similar Sudanese E&P sites; operating under same conditions. The adoption of such an approach shall pave the way to diminish the gap between the current situation and the most possible sustainable waste management system in the sector.

During the last decades, solid waste management has been going through a lot of changes regarding, regulation and applications of models and systems. New practices to solve environmental problems have been approached in different scenarios, situations and in different countries. Today the problem of waste management requires the application of broader approach including new methodologies, systems, practices and models to continue the development toward sustainable systems. The objective of this thesis to assess the waste management situation in the Provinces of Jujuy (Municipality of San Salvador de Jujuy) and Salta (Municipality of Salta Capital) located in the north of Argentina and to provide technical recommendations to implement or improve their waste management system. To carry out the technical and environmental assessment of the waste situation in the municipalities in Jujuy and Salta, the Integrated Waste Management (IWM) approach from UN-HABITAT and UNEP, Global Waste Management Outlook is applied; as well as the chronological and practical methodology WHAT (Waste Holistic Assessment Tool) from the Municipal Association in Sweden “Gästrike Återvinnare” based on ten (15) aspects that, according to praxis in Sweden, are considered relevant in order to assess the waste management system in a municipality. The Province of Jujuy and Salta are facing environmental problems as contamination of soil and groundwater, landfills producing greenhouse gas emissions and social problems of people living at the landfill that need to be addressed. The result of this thesis shows that in the province of Jujuy the waste management situation need to be prioritized. At the capital of Jujuy, there are produced 400 tonnes of household waste per day. The level of knowledge of the system perspective is very low and they need the creation of goals, objectives and policies for the implementation of a sustainable system. It is also necessary the assessment of the type and quality of the waste produced, to have a picture of the situation based on facts. The collection and transport need improvements on infrastructure and regarding the workers at the landfill. There is a lack of sorting system or sorting stations. Sorting of waste and recycling is only based on the activity of the informal workers living at the landfill. The construction of a sorting plant at Chanchillos is positive but the lack of separation system limit the usefulness of the equipment. Regarding the financing aspects, there is a system in place for charging the customers for services provided regarding collection of waste, but there is a problem with financing, to cover not only the costs for the daily services but to secure financing for needed investments in infrastructure, treatment facilities etc. In conclusion, the most important aspects with high priority In Jujuy to start with the implementation of an integrated waste management system in Jujuy are: system goals, source and quality of waste, waste sorting, waste treatment, cooperation, planning, financing, knowledge, socio economic aspects and environmental aspects. The results with lower priority are collection and transport, law and regulations, public awareness and business opportunities. On the other hand, the legislative framework shows that the legislation is in place concerning the issues of waste and environmental protection as well the legislative framework at national and provincial level. However, it is necessary to develop a specific legislation, regarding waste management practices, considering, waste hierarchy as well as the development guidelines regarding extended producer responsibility (EPR). In relation to the technical aspects of the landfill, the results show that there is a potential to implement two different solutions for waste treatment a) The capturing of the landfill gas to reduce gas emissions from the landfill. b) Possibility to build up a biogas plant with electricity generation or biodiesel production taking advantage of the raw material of the place as manure. The results in the Province of Salta shows the implementation of an integrated system is in place but it is necessary the improvement of the system. At the capital of the Province of Salta, there are produced 600 tonnes waste a day, that is deposited in a controlled landfill with biogas extraction and only a small percentage of the waste is sent for recycling. Regarding the waste collection and separation there are similarities with the problems of infrastructure described in the Province of Jujuy, such as the lack of trash cans, that makes the collection difficult and the lack of a separation system is a common deficit. The municipality does not have an update data of the quality and quantity of waste since 2003. In relation to public awareness there is a cooperative in cooperation with a private company that oversees the waste sorting. This program is a good initiative but it only covers 2000 blocks of the city and 14 000 households representing only the 10% of the total area. Regarding the financing there is a problem with financing, to cover not only the costs for the daily services but to secure financing for needed investments in infrastructure, treatment facilities, etc. The waste is transported to the landfill, which is using the cell method and is well constructed, considering important aspects as the size of the cells, quantity and variation of rainfall, the absorptive capacity of the waste as well as the control of the capacity of the cells for high degree compaction. However, the controlled landfill has technical problems during the extraction of biogas with leachates and oxygen that ingress into the holes where methane gas is extracted. In conclusion, the aspects with high priority in Salta are: classification of source and type of waste, cooperation, planning, financing, business opportunities and socio-economic aspects. The aspects with low priority are: system goals, collection and transport, waste treatment, law and regulations, public awareness, knowledge, environmental aspects. This shows that the government strategy is working positively regarding instruments and legislation. However, the control and financial system need improvement to afford the costs of the waste management system. The controlled landfill has technical problems during the extraction of biogas with leachates and oxygen that enter the holes where methane gas is extracted. There is also a potential to a) upgrade the biogas to biofuel or b) for generation of energy which is highly demanded in the Province. The conclusions of the assessment show that today the problem of waste management requires a broader approach and new methodologies to understand the situation of the decision makers in the area of waste management. Where not only the physical or technical aspects on a waste management system are considered but also broader and deeply oriented aspects that include other factors that describe the cause of the problems. The methodology applied in this thesis called WHAT (Waste Holistic Assessment Tool) can be used as a practical assessment tool in the future, for the analysis of the conditions for the establishment and development of integrated waste management system in a municipality. After the application of the WHAT methodology in this thesis it can be noticed that there is a potential of future improvements of the methodology as a) the inclusion of the Swedish knowledge and knowhow in the area.  b) potential to development of a software to provide a quick assessment in a municipality. c)  the inclusion of a database for the implementation of waste management. d) potential to include a financial tool with cost and benefits of the investments. According to the concept of sustainable waste management, the system needs to ensure health and safety aspects but in addition it must also be environmentally, effective, economically affordable and socially acceptable.

Submitted by Silvana Teresinha Dornelles Studzinski (sstudzinski) on 2017-02-08T14:57:22Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Ilana Freitas Freire de Carvalho Cairo Flores_.pdf: 1493935 bytes, checksum: 9c28f8d3ccd4c6f5e5d0ec03d527cc98 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-02-08T14:57:22Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Ilana Freitas Freire de Carvalho Cairo Flores_.pdf: 1493935 bytes, checksum: 9c28f8d3ccd4c6f5e5d0ec03d527cc98 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-07-28 / Nenhuma / A promulgação da Política Nacional de Resíduos Sólidos – PNRS realinhou o cenário do saneamento básico brasileiro, com atribuições atreladas a todos os envolvidos no ciclo de vida do produto. Como instrumento de planejamento para esta política, destacam-se os planos de resíduos sólidos, obrigatórios inclusive para captação de recurso federal. Salienta-se que a PNRS determina que os sistemas de logística reversa devem ser executados pela cadeia produtiva dos materiais, porém compete aos gestores públicos, a fiscalização e monitoramento dos mesmos. Assim, este estudo buscou analisar a implementação, por todos os envolvidos na cadeia, das rotinas de logística reversa das embalagens plásticas de óleos lubrificantes na Bacia Hidrográfica do Rio dos Sinos. Para alcançar o objetivo proposto, a pesquisa foi subdividida em etapas. Inicialmente, as metas estipuladas no Acordo Setorial foram analisadas de modo comparativo com as metas propostas nos planos inerentes a PNRS, sendo eles: plano nacional, estadual do Rio Grande do Sul, Regional e 26 planos municipais. A seguir, como a ênfase desta pesquisa permeou o estudo da responsabilidade compartilhada no sistema de logística reversa de embalagens plásticas de óleos lubrificantes (SLREPOL), foi possível conhecer o comportamento dos diversos atores envolvidos neste sistema. Por fim, a efetividade da responsabilidade compartilhada foi avaliada a partir da reflexão sobre o comportamento dos diversos atores envolvidos no sistema de logística reversa e o papel estipulado na legislação vigente. Os diversos atores foram estudados utilizando-se das técnicas de entrevistas com gestor público estadual da FEPAM e do MMA, representante da empresa de coleta das embalagens plásticas; visitas técnicas à Central de Triagem e empresa recicladora; envio por email de 26 questionários aos municípios do Pró-Sinos (com 39% de retorno); e, aplicação de 143 formulários em pontos geradores de embalagens. Os municípios foram divididos em grupos de acordo com o impacto, devido à quantidade de pontos geradores de embalagens (PGE). Foi possível concluir que não ocorre diálogo entre Estado e Municípios, quanto à temática logística reversa de embalagens plásticas de óleos lubrificantes. A fiscalização e monitoramento do sistema são pontuais e esporádicos, e ainda não ocorrem em todo o comércio varejista de óleos lubrificantes. Após 15 anos, o SLREPOL ainda não é obrigatório em todos os estabelecimentos geradores de embalagens plásticas de óleos lubrificantes na área estudada. / The enactment of the National Solid Waste Policy - PNRS realigned the scene of Brazil's basic sanitation, with responsibilities linked to everyone involved in the product life cycle. As a planning tool for policy, we highlight the plans of solid waste, including mandatory for federal fund raising. Please note that the PNRS determines that the reverse logistics systems must be performed by the supply chain of materials, but it is for the public managers, supervision and monitoring of the same. This study sought to examine the implementation by all involved in the chain of reverse logistics routines of plastic packaging of lubricating oils in the basin of the Rio dos Sinos. To achieve the proposed objective, the research was divided into stages. Initially, the goals stipulated in the Sectoral Agreement were analyzed comparative way with the goals proposed in the plans inherent in PNRS, namely: national, state of Rio Grande do Sul, regional and 26 municipal plans. Next, as the emphasis of this research permeated the study of shared responsibility in the reverse logistics system of plastic packaging of lubricating oils (SLREPOL), it was possible to know the behavior of the various actors involved in this system. Finally, the effectiveness of shared responsibility was evaluated from the behavior of the reflection of the various actors involved in the reverse logistics system and the role stipulated by law. The various actors were studied using the techniques of interviews with state public manager FEPAM and the MMA, representative collection company of plastic packaging; technical visits to the Screening Center and recycling company; e-mailing questionnaires to 26 municipalities of the Pro-bells (39% return); and application of 143 forms in packs of generating points. The municipalities were divided into groups according to the impact due to the amount of packaging generator points (PGE). It was possible to conclude that there is dialogue between the state and municipalities, as the theme reverse logistics plastic packaging of lubricating oils. The inspection and monitoring system are occasional and sporadic and does not occur throughout the retail sale of lubricating oils. After 15 years, the SLREPOL is not binding in the generating facilities of plastic packaging of lubricating oils in the study area.

Information technology (IT) is one of the fastest growing product groups on the market today (Babu et al., 2006). This technology has become inexpensive to produce and continues to improve in the areas of memory, speed, operating systems, weight, and audio/visual capabilities (Envirosris, 2000). All of these factors have led to a decrease in product lifespan and an increase in the amount of IT-waste produced. IT-waste contains a number of hazardous materials. If this waste is not managed appropriately it can create serious environmental and human health problems. In Canada, there are no federal policies in place to manage IT-waste. Management of IT-waste has largely been the responsibility of local governments. Consequently, there is no uniformity. A wide spectrum of management approaches ranges from ‘do nothing’ to enacting bans to prohibit this waste from entering landfills. Recently (April 1, 2009), a program (Ontario Electronic Stewardship Waste Electronic and Electrical Equipment- OES WEEE) has been created at the provincial level to help with IT management. Residential participation in this program remains voluntary. This research is exploratory and aims at examining the potential for a sustainable integrated waste management (IWM) plan for residential IT-waste, using the Regional Municipality of Waterloo (RMoW) as a case study. A multiple methods approach was employed to gain an understanding of IT-waste issues and to develop a set of sustainable IWM criteria for evaluation of the OES program and RMoW. Methods used to collect data included: a literature review, surveys, plan analysis, direct observation, key informant interviews, and archival research. A number of recommendations apply specifically to Waterloo Region. Others more broadly address local governments across Ontario for better management of residential IT-waste and other e-waste products.

Information technology (IT) is one of the fastest growing product groups on the market today (Babu et al., 2006). This technology has become inexpensive to produce and continues to improve in the areas of memory, speed, operating systems, weight, and audio/visual capabilities (Envirosris, 2000). All of these factors have led to a decrease in product lifespan and an increase in the amount of IT-waste produced. IT-waste contains a number of hazardous materials. If this waste is not managed appropriately it can create serious environmental and human health problems. In Canada, there are no federal policies in place to manage IT-waste. Management of IT-waste has largely been the responsibility of local governments. Consequently, there is no uniformity. A wide spectrum of management approaches ranges from ‘do nothing’ to enacting bans to prohibit this waste from entering landfills. Recently (April 1, 2009), a program (Ontario Electronic Stewardship Waste Electronic and Electrical Equipment- OES WEEE) has been created at the provincial level to help with IT management. Residential participation in this program remains voluntary. This research is exploratory and aims at examining the potential for a sustainable integrated waste management (IWM) plan for residential IT-waste, using the Regional Municipality of Waterloo (RMoW) as a case study. A multiple methods approach was employed to gain an understanding of IT-waste issues and to develop a set of sustainable IWM criteria for evaluation of the OES program and RMoW. Methods used to collect data included: a literature review, surveys, plan analysis, direct observation, key informant interviews, and archival research. A number of recommendations apply specifically to Waterloo Region. Others more broadly address local governments across Ontario for better management of residential IT-waste and other e-waste products.

Fonte de riquezas supostamente inesgotáveis, os oceanos e as zonas costeiras há muito tempo servem de depósito para todo tipo de resíduo produzido pelo homem, desde águas residuais a todo tipo de resíduos sólidos descartados inadequadamente e que acabam por originar o lixo marinho. A Baía de Guanabara é um reflexo histórico dessas ações mal geridas em terra e que acabam refletidas em seu espelho dágua. O presente estudo procura fazer uma analise sobre as origens do lixo marinho na Enseada de Jurujuba, localizada na Baía de Guanabara, e seu principal canal de drenagem, o Canal de São Francisco (CSF), com ênfase ao descarte de resíduos nas comunidades localizadas a montante do canal. Apresenta também uma avaliação da experiência de projetos de intervenção e prevenção à geração do lixo marinho, com destaque a um projeto de coleta de lixo flutuante com uso de embarcação, bem como a iniciativa da Prefeitura de Niterói em um Projeto de Gestão Integrada de Resíduos no alto da bacia contribuinte ao CSF. O trabalho foi estruturado através de observações de campo, entrevistas, analise de relatórios dos projetos envolvidos, bem como consulta a sites e blogs relacionados ao assunto. O fato de resíduos sólidos terminarem em um corpo hídrico torna sua retirada e destinação adequadas muito mais complicadas do que em terra, evidenciando a complexidade do lixo marinho. Os resultados apontam para a necessidade de mais estudos nas áreas periféricas, que abrangem a maior parte da população, com vista à integração de politicas públicas no planejamento de ações por bacias ou microbacias hidrográficas e como forma de prevenção à geração do lixo marinho e melhora da qualidade de vida dessas populações. / Supposedly inexhaustible source of wealth, the oceans and coastal zones have long serve as a deposit for all types of waste produced by man, from wastewater to all types of solid waste disposed improperly, which eventually lead marine debris. Guanabara Bay is a historical result of these actions mismanaged on land and end up reflected in its water mirror. This study seeks to make an analysis of the origins of marine debris in Jurujuba Inlet, located in Guanabara Bay, and its main drainage channel, the Canal de São Francisco (CSF), with emphasis on waste disposal in communities located upstream channel. It also presents a review of the experience from intervention and prevention projects for the generation of marine debris, especially a project to collect floating debris with the use of a specific vessel, and the initiative by the Municipality of Niterói in a Project of Integrated Waste Management above of the tributary basin of the CSF. The work was structured through field observations, interviews, review of project reports involved, as well as consultation to websites and blogs related to the subject. The fact that solid waste ending in a water body makes its removal and proper disposal much more complicated than on land, showing the complexity of marine debris. The results point to the need for more studies in suburban areas, which cover the majority of the population, with the integration of public policies for action planning for river basins or watersheds and in order to prevent the generation of marine debris and to improve the quality of life of these populations .

The main objective of my dissertation was to ascertain the major trends and effectiveness of municipal waste management of the waste that is produced by individual municipalities with extended powers in the region of Vysočina. I mainly focus on the expenses related to the waste management that are paid from municipal budgets.

Fonte de riquezas supostamente inesgotáveis, os oceanos e as zonas costeiras há muito tempo servem de depósito para todo tipo de resíduo produzido pelo homem, desde águas residuais a todo tipo de resíduos sólidos descartados inadequadamente e que acabam por originar o lixo marinho. A Baía de Guanabara é um reflexo histórico dessas ações mal geridas em terra e que acabam refletidas em seu espelho dágua. O presente estudo procura fazer uma analise sobre as origens do lixo marinho na Enseada de Jurujuba, localizada na Baía de Guanabara, e seu principal canal de drenagem, o Canal de São Francisco (CSF), com ênfase ao descarte de resíduos nas comunidades localizadas a montante do canal. Apresenta também uma avaliação da experiência de projetos de intervenção e prevenção à geração do lixo marinho, com destaque a um projeto de coleta de lixo flutuante com uso de embarcação, bem como a iniciativa da Prefeitura de Niterói em um Projeto de Gestão Integrada de Resíduos no alto da bacia contribuinte ao CSF. O trabalho foi estruturado através de observações de campo, entrevistas, analise de relatórios dos projetos envolvidos, bem como consulta a sites e blogs relacionados ao assunto. O fato de resíduos sólidos terminarem em um corpo hídrico torna sua retirada e destinação adequadas muito mais complicadas do que em terra, evidenciando a complexidade do lixo marinho. Os resultados apontam para a necessidade de mais estudos nas áreas periféricas, que abrangem a maior parte da população, com vista à integração de politicas públicas no planejamento de ações por bacias ou microbacias hidrográficas e como forma de prevenção à geração do lixo marinho e melhora da qualidade de vida dessas populações. / Supposedly inexhaustible source of wealth, the oceans and coastal zones have long serve as a deposit for all types of waste produced by man, from wastewater to all types of solid waste disposed improperly, which eventually lead marine debris. Guanabara Bay is a historical result of these actions mismanaged on land and end up reflected in its water mirror. This study seeks to make an analysis of the origins of marine debris in Jurujuba Inlet, located in Guanabara Bay, and its main drainage channel, the Canal de São Francisco (CSF), with emphasis on waste disposal in communities located upstream channel. It also presents a review of the experience from intervention and prevention projects for the generation of marine debris, especially a project to collect floating debris with the use of a specific vessel, and the initiative by the Municipality of Niterói in a Project of Integrated Waste Management above of the tributary basin of the CSF. The work was structured through field observations, interviews, review of project reports involved, as well as consultation to websites and blogs related to the subject. The fact that solid waste ending in a water body makes its removal and proper disposal much more complicated than on land, showing the complexity of marine debris. The results point to the need for more studies in suburban areas, which cover the majority of the population, with the integration of public policies for action planning for river basins or watersheds and in order to prevent the generation of marine debris and to improve the quality of life of these populations .

In this thesis, the need for the step by step transformation of industry towards sustainability is emphasized. This work involves looking at the Olive Oil Industry (OOI) from a systems perspective through the lens of Strategic Sustainable Development (SSD) and applying backcasting from a principled view of socio-ecological sustainability. A specific project is also looked at, the Integrated Waste Management Project (IWMP), which aims at contributing to the sustainability of this particular industry. The OOI was analysed through the ABCD methodology, a tool used in planning for SSD, and measures were drawn up to guide the industry’s transformation. Following this analysis, the IWMP was examined within the context and results of the OOI research. Overall, the industry is transitioning and the IWMP is a good opportunity and contributor to the evolution of the Olive Oil Industry towards sustainability. At the same time, OOI and other industries would benefit greatly from embracing a systems perspective and a strategic approach for sustainable development.

Waste can be considered as an urban burden or as a valuable resource depending on how it ismanaged. Different waste treatment technologies are available at present to manage municipal solidwaste (MSW). Various actors are involved to develop waste treatment technology for certain area.The aim of this study is to analyze the driving forces in technical development in waste sector inSweden. The study is also done to identify emerging waste management technology in Sweden.Moreover, a comparative study of existing and emerging technologies is done by Life CycleAssessment (LCA) model. An extensive literature review and pilot questionnaire survey among thewaste management professionals’ is done for the study. LCA model is developed by SimaProsoftware CML2 baseline method is used for identifying environmental burden from the wastetechnologies.Dry composting, Pyrolysis-Gasification (P-G), Plasma-Arc are identified as potential emergingtechnologies for waste management system in Sweden. Technical developments of thesetechnologies are influenced by indigenous people’s behavior, waste characteristics, regulations, healthor environmental impact and global climate change. Comparative LCA model of P-G andIncineration shows that, P-G is a favorable waste treatment technology than Incineration for MSW,especially in acidification, global warming and aquatic eco-toxicity impact categories.