Aujourd'hui, la campagne n'est plus seulement un lieu de production agricole puisque de nouveaux usages, notamment récréatifs, apparaissent (Urbain 2002, Perrier-Cornet, Hervieu, 2002). Ainsi, cette thèse porte sur les associations et leur rôle dans la recomposition de la structure sociale et sportive de la société rurale en Franche-Comté, en matière d'intégration et/ou d'exclusion. Notre travail empirique, entrecroisant des phases quantitatives et qualitatives, s'apparente à une plongée analytique dans la vie sociale des clubs ruraux. Nous y observons les mécanismes d'engagement et de désengagement des sportifs en suivant leur itinéraire au sein des structures associatives. Dans une approche mêlant l'influence des situations et des dispositions, notre étude se donne pour objectif d'analyser les différentes modalités de construction ou de déconstruction des « connectivités » dans et/ou à partir des clubs sportifs des villages ruraux. Nous définissons les connectivités selon trois dimensions : la « communalité », soit le partage ou la possession d'un attribut commun, la « connexité », comme les attaches relationnelles qui lient les individus entre eux et la « groupalité », comme le sentiment d'appartenir à un groupe particulier, limité, solidaire (Brubaker, 2001). Sans pour autant écarter les contraintes macro-sociales, la construction plurielle des connectivités sportives associatives résulte de l'inscription des individus au sein d'une « configuration » particulière (Elias, 1991), au centre de laquelle l' « esprit club » joue un rôle prépondérant. En ce sens, les associations sportives rurales, à travers leurs temporalités, sportives et extra-sportives, exercent une influence déterminante sur la structuration des connectivités/dé-connectivités. L'articulation de logiques individuelles et collectives entraîne alors leur différenciation et parfois même leur décomposition. Notre recherche sur ces connectivités/dé-connectivités différenciées permet, alors, de démontrer leur rapport réciproque avec le processus d'intégration et/ou d'exclusion et d'évaluer la portée structurante et/ou reléguante de la réalité du sport à la campagne. / Today, the countryside is no longer exclusively a place for agricultural production. Indeed, new uses are appearing, amongst which, recreational activities (Urbain 2002, Perrier-Cornet, Hervieu, 2002). This thesis deals with associations and their role into the reorganization of the social and sports structure in rural society in Franche-Comté, with a focus on integration and/or exclusion. Our empirical work counts both quantitative and qualitative phases and can be compared to an analytical dive into the social life of the rural athletic clubs. There, we observe the mechanisms of sportsmen's involvement and uninvolvment by following their ‘career' within the associative structures. In an approach combining the influence of situational and individual characteristics, our study aims at analyzing the various modalities for the construction or the deconstruction of the "connectivities" in and/or from the sports clubs in the rural villages. We define connectivities according to three dimensions: the "commonality" is the sharing or the ownership of a common attribute; the "connectedness" is defined as the relational ties which bind the individuals together; and the "groupness", as the feeling of belonging to a particular, limited, united group (Brubaker, 2001). Without pushing aside the macro-social constraints, the plural construction of the associative sports connectivities is the result of the inscription of the individuals within a particular "configuration" (Elias, 1991), at the center of which the "club spirit" plays a major role. The rural sports associations, through their sports-related and non-sports-related temporalities, exercise a determining influence on the structuring of the connectivities/dis-connectivities. The articulation of individual and collective logics then causes their differentiation and sometimes even their decomposition. So, our research on these differentiated connectivities/dis-connectivities allows to demonstrate their mutual relationship with the integration and/or exclusion process and to estimate the structuring and/or relegating impact of the reality of sports activities in the countryside.

This diploma thesis deals with a topic of Roma education in the Czech elementary education system. Aim of the thesis is to analyse current state of czech educational system in a relationship to Roma students, to point out the practice of segregation at elementary schools and to offer possible solutions. In the theoretical part there is a description of current situation of Roma minority in the Czech Republic. Through media information and proffesional papers I reflect escalated social situation and analyze most frequent disputes between Roma minority and majority. I present a reform of Roma children education as one of the priorities for Roma integration in the Czech Republic. I present current alternatives of elementary education of Roma students in the Czech republic and compare advatages of inclusion against segregation in education. The practical part focuses on didactical arrangments of multicultural education topics in 6. ? 9. grade. Educational project called ?Black sheep, white crows? is a realization of cross-sectional topic of multicultural education in civics and czech language. Focus of this educational project is to verify the functioning of education at an open elementary school, which uses inclusive education.

The master thesis deals with public policies in the area of Roma minority inclusion in the modern history of the Czech Republic after 1989. The main objective of the thesis is to identify, by applying the theory of social construction of target populations, the form of state intervention in solviing the exclusion of the Roma minority from society. And then to find out what influence the social construction of the Roma and their political possibilities play here. The research consists in analysing and identifying the different elements of the theory in the following order: 1. Analysis of public policies for Roma integration; 2. Analysis of the social construction of the Roma; 3. Analysis of the political power of Roma. The first step towards achieving the aim of the thesis is to reveal the nature of the policy design of Roma integration. In this step, I will analyse a convolute of public policy documents, which includes international legal conventions, domestic minority laws and strategic documents. In the next step, I will focus on the social image of the Roma, the form of which, according to the social construction theory of target populations, plays an undeniable role in the formulation of public policies and the behaviour of elected officials. The last main effort to fulfil the aim of the thesis...