For years Penghu has been actively developing its tourism gaming (gambling) industry since its location, climate, and soil quality have hindered the development of its agriculture, fishery, and local industries and resulted in slow economy and reduced population. Its tourism industry had not developed well despite the unique natural sceneries and local history; therefore, the local government placed hope on the gambling industry in the wish of attracting foreign investors. For the past two decades, the local effort of legalizing off-shore gambling -- the only and the most important force behind this policy, has never ceased. The scenario adopted in this study is that the draft of the "Offshore Islands Development Act" that serves as the legal basis of Penghu's development of the gambling industry has been approved by the Legislative Yuan and is supported by the majority in a public vote. Being the only area where legalized gambling is allowed, the local government of Penghu and the central government immediately start to work on the applicable legal basis and regulations. Born and raised in Penghu, the researcher of this study also cares very much about this topic and thus wishes to come up with the recommendations for optimal local development. In this study the "Nominal Group Technique" (NGT) of "Interactive Management" (IM) was utilized for the purpose of getting everyone's opinions across in a democratic manner and reducing egocentric and arbitrary perspectives. Through NGT, an interactive seminar is held where "feasible and specific recommendations for the influences of Penghu's gambling industry on its economy and society" are provided. The 2-stage Seminar is held based on the unique procedures of NGT: Identify problems, clarify problems, vote and select problems, and come up with 12 specific strategies: 1. Invest a certain portion of the gambling revenue in the local environment in order to maintain the local landscapes and culture. 2. Establish a Penghu Gambling Committee or a dedicated authority that carries out its duties objectively and wins public trust and support. 3. Give a certain portion of the jobs in the gambling industry to the local residents whose households have been registered in Penghu for at least 5 years. 4. Make timely plans that are dedicated to Penghu's environment and surrounding. Gambling authorities should hold studies on the size of the gambling market. 5. Establish a security system between a service provider and a security authority and invest more in software/hardware for crime prevention. 6. Reinforce personnel training and industrial-academic collaborations in order to provide more jobs. 7. Establish a Supervisory Committee that is in charge of analyzing/evaluating relevant policies and formulating tasks. 8. Formulate strategies that protect the development of local industries and create a win-win situation for them and foreign inventors. 9. Penghu County Government should formulate a public-supervision system for the gambling industry in order to prevent corruptions and political manipulation. 10. Complete the infrastructure and public transportation as quickly as possible. 11. Actively help Penghu's traditional industries and develop tourism with the gambling industry and create a win-win situation. 12. Evaluate the influences of the population-carrying capacity on infrastructure and ecosystems and determine the responses. After comparing all the strategies, the inter-strategic relationships are reinforced using "Interpretive Structural Modeling" (ISM), and the ISM software was used to draw the diagram of the structural enhancement. After the second-stage discussions and revisions, the final, revised Diagram of Enhanced Structure was completed that clearly shows the causal relationships between each strategy and how they are ordered and ranked. The main contribution of this study is the information found provides the government with a clear, prioritized set of instructions that help the authority understand how the 12 strategies work and what they actually achieve. Through the 2-stage interactive seminar, questionnaire surveys were conducted twice on the participants in order for us to understand their expectations for the actual procedures, participation, understanding, and interactions in the seminar, and such information helps us understand how satisfied they are towards the interactive learning and whether they have actually achieved the expected results through independent thinking, diverse perspectives, debates, listening, group discussions, brain storming, and communication. In other words, we wish to find out how effective participation, problem-defining and clarifications, and consensus-reaching benefit the entire effort.

This study adopts a variety of research methods widely used in professional academic fields covering regional science, management science and policy science. The essence of each method is selected for cross-field analysis that is beyond the framework of different fields, departments and layers. Through the public affairs management (PAM) method, the reference architecture is integrated for analysis, and the output of regional analysis (including comparative analysis, economic foundation analysis, variance appropriation analysis, time series analysis and cross-sectional analysis, gravity model) is used as input data for the project analysis (the nominal group technique). The outputs of regional analysis and project analysis are used as input for the interactive management (IM) method in a policy analysis; the outputs of the first three analyses are further used as the input to the social judgments theory (SJT) of the judgment analysis. A set of proposals is then created using VCS, and the survey questionnaire is created using SJT and multi-attribute utility theory (MAUT) by IM participants in generating strategies. These are sent to 53 public administrators in the Penghu County Government for them to fill out. The results are analyzed using the serial intention structure of the SJT method to identify the cooperation elements among all units. The historical data in Penghu is then further analyzed using appropriate research methods to calculate a set of objective and mutually supporting data. The participants¡¦ psychological perception are further quantified with all kinds of resource links swept across each node, enabling different types of energy to diffuse to their maximum for creation of the greatest possible public values. This study was conducted by a team of three students taking an interactive approach to exploring issues regarding the impact of strategy in cooperation between Penghu and China's Economic Zone on the Western Side of the Taiwan Strait. The team worked together to conduct literature research, examining issues related to public living within the aspects of economy, society and government. The study uses the interactive management (IM) method widely used in policy analysis, together with process analysis methods such as the nominal group technique (NGT) method and the interpretive structural modeling (ISM) method, with 26 participants from various sectors. In the NGT process, starting from idea generation, problem clarification, and voting on problems, the issues were compared pair-wise. ISM software was used for generating an enforcement structural diagram, which was reviewed by participants; over half approved on the twelve strategies in the governmental aspect of cooperation between Penghu and China¡¦s Economic Zone on the Western Side of the Taiwan Strait study, in addition to the revised and approved enforcement structural diagram. This paper focuses on using the IM method for analysis. During the planning stage, information generated by varieties of research methods was used for deliberate review by the parties of interest. During the interactive test stage, the purpose was to make sure that the 26 participants are representative of the public. Therefore, 15-20 observers came from the same population for simultaneous voting and pair-wise comparison of rules. The results produced were almost identical, indicating that the participants invited in the IM method were representative enough. In the follow-up stage, the Penghu Cable Company was supportive to air the promotional interactive DVD, with contents connoting public welfare and social education, for free for one month from April 1, 2009 to April 30, 2009. Afterwards, the twelve major strategies as voted were sent to 10 administrative units, of which five replied and agreed to adopt; More voices of the majority of people will then be heard, effective opinions adopted and, together with cross-border governmental policies and people¡¦s needs, the public opinions will be blended into public policies. The method will serve as a bridge between the Government and the public, enabling people to do a final evaluation on the government's performance or even facilitating the Central Government to listen to people¡¦s responses when allocating subsidy funds to cities and counties. tThis study will propose a concrete strategy on ¡§competitiveness in cooperation between Penghu and China's Economic Zone on the Western Side of the Taiwan Strait¡¨, by surveying county government public administrators with SJT and MAUT questionnaires. A total of 53 county government public administrators generally agreed that the Government should proactively expand services to improve the employment rate. In summary, if the governmental sector is able to take the public interests and county public services as the top priority issues, as well as expressing a willingness to listen to people¡¦s opinion and incorporate people¡¦s needs into the policies, a flourishing and peaceful realm of the people, by the people, for the people and based on the people is achievable in the near future.

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This study investigates how the public forum cognition of citizen affect their intension to attend public forum given researching methods of Public Affairs Management Integrated Reference Framework (PAM) and Social Development Matrix(SDM). Based on PAM, we analysed the meaning of citizen governance and the role of citizen through real events, and discussed the cognition and psychological weights of our citizen to participate public forums. Through the analysis methods of literatures, this study summarized three factors that proposed by Ostrom(1990) - Institution, Commitment and Supervision, and then sequentially made the standard measurement divided into two levels by fair/unfair, high/low and valid/invalid. In this study, we focused on citizens who had participated in interactive management and chose Information Integration Theory (IIT) as our research method. Our research discussed that psychological weights of Institution, Commitment and Supervision, which defined three explanatory variables to estimate the public forum consciousness of citizens. By using SPSS and AVERAGE software, we computed the psychological weights of three factors and understood the attitudes of citizens toward public forum, furthermore, we compared the differences among the weights and offered suggestion and strategies of citizen governing in the future. The results are as following: 1. Compared to participants from traditional conservative society, our participants from highly developed multi-cultural society are more willing to attend public forums. 2. Participants of different backgrounds assess sequentially the importance of three factors by Supervision, Institution and Commitment. 3. Our results showed that the integrated information patterns(model) are all unequal weighted average pattern(model). 4. All three factors of our research are significant on dependent variable in main effects, two-factor interaction and three-factor interaction.

South Africa (SA) is classified as a middle-income emerging market, with the most resource-rich economy in Sub-Saharan Africa (SAccess, 2012). Its Research and Development (R&D) journey is characterised by a history of imbalances and oppression. Since the introduction of SA’s National R&D Strategy, recorded government R&D spending has been on the rise. However, the success rate for public-funded R&D projects has neither been satisfactory nor readily exposed for all to see. Factors considered critical for project success are largely contextual and tend to differ per project and industry. There appears to be no general consensus among scholars and authors on the common factors deemed critical in influencing the success of public-funded R&D projects. In SA, such factors still remain a mystery for further exploration. This research study sought to develop a model that will assist in achieving two key objectives, namely to identify the Critical Success Factors (CSF) of public-funded R&D projects in SA, as well as to exhume possible interrelationships between the identified critical success factors. This paper argues for a systemic and structure-based holistic approach and adopts Warfield’s Interactive Management (IM) in its endeavour to identify those factors that are deemed critical in the successful implementation of public-funded R&D projects in SA. The methodology comprises three key phases: a planning phase; a workshop phase; as well as a follow-up phase. The planning phase is a foundational phase that lays the basis and a plan for the ensuing two phases. The workshop, also known as the conversation phase, could be conceptualised as a process for building patterned interactions among the participants. It is in this phase that a relationship model, in the form of a diagraph, is constructed. The follow-up phase is the last phase and involves the implementation of the results to prove validity of solutions proposed in the workshop phase. However, since this last phase falls outside the scope of this paper, it has been excluded. Through the application of the IM methodology, a total of 35 identified CSFs were reduced to 23 key to formulate the CSF relationship model using the Interpretive Structural Model (ISM). Based on the model results, the study is concluded by identifying “Product market viability” and “Executive management support” as the two primary success factors that are most significant and have the greatest leverage to influence other factors towards the successful completion of public-funded R&D projects in SA.

The Community Policing should not take only the policing viewpoint into consideration, but be carried out by taking the community as the core network functioning conformity. Strategic formulation of Community Policing cannot be self-lauded as police professionalism, but be understood in the context of solving policing problems connected with other topics that depend on widespread opinion consultation, research questionnaires and public verification. Community Policing is precisely what police and people share in mutual governance; it is a witnessing of public affairs participation that carries out democracy at the grassroots level. However, its foundation is established on effective communication, mutual understanding and confidence between the police and citizens. It also depends on environmental social capital to develop gradually. Therefore, it is the key to learn how to respect and yet contain different societies and individuals with cognition of their roles in such societies. Accordingly, we can try to seek collective mutual recognition. This research puts emphasis on the operation pattern of the ¡§partnership spirit¡¨ and the ¡§network governance¡¨ from the ¡§acts as circumstances permit¡¨ characteristic of Community Policing. In addition, it discusses the problem of lack of people-participation in Community Policing in the Penghu area by literature discussion (including area background material analysis), expert interview, interactive management (IM), questionnaire survey of society judgment theory (SJT), cross-territory analysis and so on. Through question analysis and interactive conference, 12 items of the first plan and enhancement drawings are obtained. It belongs to the fourth level according to the IM success rank, i.e. it can discover a suitable plan that promotes the participation of the populace, and thus can be recommended to the policing governance and relevant administration agencies. This research takes Penghu as the background and the IM as the interface. The community populace and the performers of Community Policing network (including government institution, private enterprise and Non-governmental organizations) are the main participants. Then, the collective consensus containing multi-dimensional individual cognition was delivered. Furthermore, the endorsement of the local policing decision-making group was investigated through the V-C-S strategic triangle analysis and the SJT questionnaire. Overall, the twelve plans of top priority can be categorized into three essential strategies: ¡§strengthen the policing management to respond to the populace¡¨, ¡§enhance community empowerment to form a policing network¡¨ and ¡§specialization community policing¡¨, separately presenting the viewpoint of three main participants: the experts, the populace, and the basic unit police. Moreover, ¡§specialization of Community Policing¡¨ was considered to be the top priority. However, taking the above essential strategies as the judgment cues to perform the SJT questionnaire to the local policing decision-making group demonstrates that the policing decision-making commanding officer most take seriously the notion of ¡§strengthen the policing management to respond to the populace¡¨, but the ground-roots staff most take seriously the ¡§enhance community empowerment to form policing network¡¨ strategy. Through the investigation, the IM model is proven to be effective in enhancing public participation in Community Policing affairs and reaching a consensus; through SJT questionnaires, the local policing decision-making group gave high approval to the key strategies from interactive deliberation. The result of the survey also shows that people in different positions could have various considerations and judgments. Thus, this research suggests that enforcement authorities can actualize their policies by adopting IM and reach consensus through public participation and mutual understanding.

Kaohsiung is transforming from a city of heavy industries into one of service industries, the rate of unemployment and adjustment of industry structure are becoming the real challenges for local development. During WTO and the 2009 World Games, moreover, Kaohsiung is expected to rise to the challenge of risks. Meanwhile, demand of citizens in Kaohsiung are not fully corresponded to public policies made by central government, and most of the people don¡¦t care as much as should local affairs because of lack of effective communications between public and private sectors. Therefore, in city marketing efforts, it would be more important to encourage participation and integrate multiple sectors¡¦ opinions as ¡§internal marketing¡¨ rather than just trying to attract businesses to the city. An integrated public affair management(PAM) framework(Wang et al., 2003)is adopted to describe situations in the pluralistic societies. Then we introduce the Cognitive Continuum Theory(CCT) adopted by Hammond et al., (1987) and Interactive Management (IM) technique developed by Warfield (1994). Results of studies are: 1) the problems of Kaohsiung¡¦s local development on structure of industry, human resource and port of Kaohsiung, 2) in the CCT studies there exist quite a few differences of cognition and modes of cognition presented tend to ¡§intuition¡¨ or ¡§analysis¡¨ between limited information, and 3) the IM analysis include competitive strategies for Kaohsiung¡¦s local development and an problematique diagram to demonstrate the structure of strategies. The conclusion is that, although there exist diversities of opinions among multiple stakeholders in Kaohsiung, they can be quite effectively addressed with the IM technique. Methods and results introduced and used here should be of value to relevant agencies about public forum and citizen conference.