Spelling suggestions: "subject:"devevelopment (R& D)"" "subject:"agentdevelopment (R& D)""
1 |
Roles of inter-firm relationships in R&D : the case of NTT in the Japanese telecom industryNishioka, Kenichi January 2009 (has links)
The value and scope of telecom services have increased substantially in the decade from the mid 1990s. The telecom companies have offered not only telephone services but also data exchanges for example streaming services. Therefore, they now offer telecom services as packaging into which layered services are integrated. The number of actors involved in the market has increased due to the expansion of business areas, while rapidly changing technological trends have altered R&D methods. The thesis shows that the adoption of the marketing concept and the development of complex inter-firm technology based relationships underpin the creation and management of new telecom services. The relationships have originated from an exchange of technological knowledge and specialized skills. This research uses the NTT-centred collaboration system in Japan, which features relational exchanges and high mutual dependence. This case shows that inter-firm relationships greatly contributed in the development of technological resources in two ways; collecting advantageous technologies from others and mediating in the introduction of new technologies. In addition, developments in technology resulted in an expanded domain of applicability. Consequently, not only the market structure was changed but also the relationship between marketing and R&D changed. With increasing integration of the market, the number of related firms increased as firms concentrated on specific technologies, with additional firms having superior competitive advantages in each layered business area. The case in the thesis also shows mechanisms of changing inter-firm relationships under dynamic business circumstances; indirect exchanges occurred when inter-firm relationships changed. Inter-firm relationships are changed, keeping existing but adding new relationships. The study also indicates a new direction to study service marketing. As the new trend of service development in ICT industry develops so the integration abilities and the management of inter-firm relationships in supply-sides become more focused. The thesis points to the importance of these upstream activities (coordinating inter-firm relationships in a service-oriented approach) and advocates the presence of a facilitator who can bridge both upstream and downstream activities. The results should contribute to both marketing and technology management in academia as well as business practices in R&D management.
|
2 |
Three Essays on Research Joint Ventures, Coordination Costs and Environmental R&DRahimi, Armaghan January 2016 (has links)
This dissertation is about research and development (R&D) and formation of research joint ventures (RJV). The first chapter analyzes R&D competition and cooperation regimes with coordination costs under full information sharing and no spillovers in a Stackelberg model. The findings show that profits and R&D incentives of RJV members decrease with coordination costs. R&D cooperation of leaders results in higher profits for insiders and also higher welfare compared with R&D competition. Checking the robustness of the results shows that with R&D spillovers and no information sharing no RJV forms. With convex costs, an RJV containing all leaders forms.
The second chapter considers a duopoly Cournot model where production may result in environmental damage. Firms can either invest in process or environmental R&D. In the first case, we assume an exogenous emission tax. With high enough emission tax, welfare is always higher under public R&D than cooperation. Under endogenous emission tax, when the regulator acts before firms’ decision on R&D, with high R&D spillovers, public R&D yields higher welfare than R&D cooperation. When the regulator sets the emission tax after firms’ decision on R&D, welfare under R&D cooperation is higher than public R&D. Comparison of commitment and no commitment also shows that commitment increases private R&D.
Chapter three investigates the endogenous formation of coalitions under the size announcement game in a Cournot framework and analyzes the effect of coordination costs on equilibrium and optimal coalitions. When there are industry-wide R&D spillovers numerical simulations show that with high enough coordination costs no RJV forms in equilibrium, which also maximizes welfare. When there is intra coalition full information sharing and no inter-coalitions R&D spillovers with high enough coordination costs, the equilibrium coalition structure is more concentrated than when coordination costs are low and the size is higher than when RJVs could not form endogenously. Also, with high enough coordination costs, the welfare maximizing coalition is less concentrated than the equilibrium one while the opposite is true for low coordination costs.
|
3 |
Identification of the critical success factors for public-funded R&D projects in South AfricaMkhize, Bahle 15 May 2019 (has links)
South Africa (SA) is classified as a middle-income emerging market, with the most resource-rich economy in Sub-Saharan Africa (SAccess, 2012). Its Research and Development (R&D) journey is characterised by a history of imbalances and oppression. Since the introduction of SA’s National R&D Strategy, recorded government R&D spending has been on the rise. However, the success rate for public-funded R&D projects has neither been satisfactory nor readily exposed for all to see. Factors considered critical for project success are largely contextual and tend to differ per project and industry. There appears to be no general consensus among scholars and authors on the common factors deemed critical in influencing the success of public-funded R&D projects. In SA, such factors still remain a mystery for further exploration. This research study sought to develop a model that will assist in achieving two key objectives, namely to identify the Critical Success Factors (CSF) of public-funded R&D projects in SA, as well as to exhume possible interrelationships between the identified critical success factors. This paper argues for a systemic and structure-based holistic approach and adopts Warfield’s Interactive Management (IM) in its endeavour to identify those factors that are deemed critical in the successful implementation of public-funded R&D projects in SA. The methodology comprises three key phases: a planning phase; a workshop phase; as well as a follow-up phase. The planning phase is a foundational phase that lays the basis and a plan for the ensuing two phases. The workshop, also known as the conversation phase, could be conceptualised as a process for building patterned interactions among the participants. It is in this phase that a relationship model, in the form of a diagraph, is constructed. The follow-up phase is the last phase and involves the implementation of the results to prove validity of solutions proposed in the workshop phase. However, since this last phase falls outside the scope of this paper, it has been excluded. Through the application of the IM methodology, a total of 35 identified CSFs were reduced to 23 key to formulate the CSF relationship model using the Interpretive Structural Model (ISM). Based on the model results, the study is concluded by identifying “Product market viability” and “Executive management support” as the two primary success factors that are most significant and have the greatest leverage to influence other factors towards the successful completion of public-funded R&D projects in SA.
|
4 |
Income tax incentives for renewable energy research and development and implementation : a comparison between South Africa and ChinaDe Gouveia, Keshia Natalia January 2013 (has links)
Like many fossil fuel dependant countries, South Africa faces the dual problem of responding to an increasing demand for coal production to satisfy rising energy requirements, while at the same time responding to the call to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. The exploration of renewable energy sources as an alternative to fossil fuels has therefore become an increasingly pressing concern in South Africa.
South Africa has significant renewable energy potential which can simultaneously address both energy needs and the environmental concerns arising from greenhouse gas emissions. A tax incentive regime is a popular governmental policy instrument that has the potential to advance technologies and stimulate markets by encouraging research and development as well as the implementation of renewable energy technologies. It is therefore important to determine how the tax incentives currently available in South Africa for research and development and the implementation of renewable energy technologies, compare with those adopted internationally.
China was identified as a country that offers generous fiscal incentives to encourage research and development and the implementation of technology such as renewable energy technologies. The objective of this study was to determine how the income tax incentives for research and development and the implementation of renewable energy technologies currently available in South Africa compare with the income tax incentives available in China for the same purpose. This was achieved by means of a head-to-head comparison of the impact that the two tax regimes would have in a hypothetical case study / Dissertation (MCom)--University of Pretoria, 2013. / am2014 / Taxation / Unrestricted
|
5 |
A detailed analysis of energy tax incentives in South AfricaHalbert, Andrea Sarah January 2016 (has links)
Coupled with the issue of promoting energy efficiency in South Africa is the need to focus on the source of energy production. The country's excessive burning of coal resources has been linked to the global warming crisis.
To address this energy crisis, taxpayers can be encouraged to play an important role in moving the country towards a position of energy stability by conserving energy or decreasing their energy consumption, or contributing towards the research and development of energy-efficient processes as well as cleaner forms of energy.
This study analyses the energy-related tax incentives that are currently legislated and available to South African taxpayers and discusses the feasibility of taking advantage of these incentives. The study may provide guidance to taxpayers that have decided to invest in renewable energy sources and will discuss some of the advantages and perceived challenges facing the renewable energy industry.
This study also provides a worked example that illustrates a detailed calculation of the energy tax saving incentive set out in section 12L of the Income Tax Act, No. 58 of 1962.
A case study guides taxpayers though the practical process of applying for and calculating their energy-saving tax deduction. The case study may be used as a point of reference for taxpayers planning to implement the section 12L energy efficiency tax incentive for the first time and may highlight complexities and concerns they should consider. / Mini Dissertation (MCom)--University of Pretoria, 2016. / Taxation / MCom / Unrestricted
|
6 |
How Does Board Composition Affect R&D Investments? : Quantitative Study Based on Swedish Listed CompaniesFrancis, Ojok, Samuel, Okema January 2016 (has links)
The purpose for this paper is to determine whether there is any direct connection between board composition and R&D investments of Swedish listed companies. A century ago, Sweden was among the poorest nations in Europe, yet today Sweden is 3rd among world leaders in innovation. Innovation is approximated as a good proxy measurement for R&D investments. R&D has been the primary source for innovation because of today’s nature of economies in which firms are challenged with competitive advantage. R&D investments have become very essential for every organization as well, yet there is no clear relationship between board composition and R&D investments. The researchers sought to confirm whether the effects of board composition are not only to monitor but also to provide resources since R&D spending requires appropriate forms of control systems and proper level of resources in the form of skill, experience and knowledge. The researchers obtained that the Swedish code of corporate governance is the main form of regulation and control mechanism that are mandatory for the boards of listed companies to adapt and comply with. In this study, the researchers integrated agency theory, resource dependence theory, and stakeholder theory and stewardship theory perspectives to explain the effects of board composition on R&D investments. The hypotheses were derived from these mentioned theories, tested from the sample data of 68 companies extracted from listed firms in Stockholm Stock Market. Board tenure, board interlock, independent directors, and ownership of shares, board size, age diversity and gender diversity were used as the influential factors for R&D investments. Additionally, firm size, ROA, firm age and leverage were adopted as moderating variables to test the effect of board membership composition against R&D spending. However, only board interlock came out to be negative and significantly correlated at 5% level with R&D investments and the remaining variables were detected to have negative low correlations with R&D investment, though no significant associations were found. Out of the control variables chosen only ROA obtained a significantly negative low correlation at 1% level. The epistemological and ontological choices for this study were positivism and objectivism with deductive approach. In order to examine if there is a relationship between board composition and R&D investment, the researchers employed multiple regression analysis. The researchers also identified a research gap since they did not find any evidence of a study that examines board composition in relation to R&D investments in Sweden. As indicated by the results of this study, only board interlock has effect on R&D spending. Therefore, there is need for further research on R&D investments by examining other forms of board composition characteristics such as education and professional experience. Both qualitative and quantitative studies are recommendable in this area. The authors concluded that the board characteristics do not directly matter for Swedish corporations to invest annually in R&D activities. This paper provides full support to stakeholders’ theory and stewardship theory while partially agrees with agency theory and resource dependence theory. Key words: Corporate governance, Research and Development (R&D), board tenure, board interlock, independent directors, ownership, board size, age diversity and gender diversity.
|
7 |
Essays on the role of internationalization on the R&D activitiesΓκυπάλη, Αρετή 27 May 2014 (has links)
Firms of European small open peripheral economies face an increasing globalization of markets, a strengthening of global value chains, a well documented knowledge and technological gap and these in conjunction to the current crisis at least in the southern part of Europe. These conditions compose a demanding and complex environment within which firms must cope and survive. In this direction, analyzing first and improving in turn competitiveness and productivity of European firms’ has become a primary policy objective of the EU at the national, regional, sectoral and firm level in an attempt to close the growth gap with the United States (Aghion et al., 2008). In this mission, boosting exporting activities and investments in Innovation, R&D and knowledge intensity is of the outmost importance since they are seen as drivers of productivity, growth and competitiveness (EU, 2012). Especially with respect to Greece’s economic outlook and as it has been documented in several European policy documents and analyses, the country’s innovation performance has been consistently characterized as “moderately following” (IUS, 2013) the EU’s innovation leaders. The same picture is sketched with Greek firms’ export performance as a crucial component of its overall competitiveness (European Competitiveness Report, 2012).
Examining more closely the relationship between firms’ exporting activities and innovation dynamism, the theoretical and empirical evidence suggests that firms which are presenting innovation activities are more likely to export, more likely to export successfully, and more likely to generate growth from exporting than non-innovating firms (Golovko and Valentini, 2011; Love and Roper, 2013). In other words, innovation and export performance are directly linked with the creation of a sustainable competitive advantage and are considered as a primary precondition for economic growth (Piercy et al., 1998; EU, 2012). More specifically, exporting activities are considered as the primary internationalization mode (Johanson and Valhne, 1977; 2009) and firms’ knowledge and learning processes are expected to play a pivotal part in the internationalization process; firms need to be in a position to apprehend and assimilate new knowledge in order to compete and grow in markets in which they have little or no previous experience (Autio et al. 2000).
In this direction, the relationship between the degree of internationalization and the intensity of the production of technological knowledge remains under examination, since the significant heterogeneity in terms of country, industrial distribution, firm size, and other factors has lead to contradictory results (Harris and Li, 2009). In addition, the differential effects of the firms’ environment which in turn can be further specified in various dimensions –such as business culture, organizational characteristics, strategic orientation, national and regional systems of innovation- introduce a significant amount of unobserved heterogeneity in the employed methodological frameworks.
At the same time, the causality direction, too closely related to endogeneity issues, between exporting and R&D activities has not been yet addressed adequately. The relevant literature has documented two theoretical strands, the Product Life Cycle and Endogenous Growth theory, which hypothesize on causality direction between exports and R&D activities. More specifically, the Product life cycle theory argues that innovation eventually leads to exporting (Posner, 1961; Vernon, 1966; Krugman, 1979; Dollar, 1986) and this theoretical strand is strongly interrelated with the Market Selection Hypothesis (MSH; Wagner 2007) which favours the argument that exporters have superior performance characteristics than non-exporters. On the other hand, the Endogenous growth models (Grossman and Helpman, 1989, 1990, 1991a; Segerstrom et al., 1990; Young, 1991; Aghion and Howitt, 1998, ch. 11) argue on the reverse direction of causality. The notion behind this is that exporting firms access to foreign markets provides them with feedback from their suppliers and/or customers, which gives them the opportunity to transform this knowledge into innovation. This theoretical strand has been recorded as opposite to the market selection hypothesis and is named Learning by Exporting Hypothesis (LEH; Clerides et al., 1998; Salomon and Shaver, 2005)
Both the above hypotheses seem plausible and have been empirically but the relevant literature has provided contradictory results. However, it would only make sense to assume that this causality direction may be not so straightforward since causality may run in both directions that is a two-way linkage between a firm’s exporting and innovating activities may exist (Filipescu et al. 2013). The starting point of this PhD thesis lies on the idea that both these activities may influence each other and therefore, is focused on the investigation of the endogeneity between established knowledge creation processes (R&D activities) and internationalization activities as they are depicted in exporting activities. It is worth mentioning that towards the direction of seeking proof for the existence of an endogenous relationship between R&D activities and exports different methodological approaches have been employed. All of them however, examine the existence of endogeneity between the two main firm activities as well as identifying the appropriate set of determinants for each one of the firms’ activities as the relevant literature dictates.
In order to (i) sufficiently address the abovementioned multiple heterogeneity, and (ii) be able to compare them, the present research investigates the interrelationship between R&D and exporting activities on two distinctively different groups of firms. More specifically, two different contextual frameworks are employed, one International and one National. The first group of firms focuses on those firms that are considered to be leaders with respect to R&D investments at a global level. The second group of firms under investigation, concerns the Greek firms which are in turn considered leaders within the national system of innovation they operate but have been consistently characterized as moderately followers within the European context (IUS, 2013).
Information for the investigation of the international context was provided by the UK Department of Business, Innovation and Skills (BIS, 2007; 2008). Yet, regarding the national context, a profound lack of information exists both with respect to exporting activities but also with respect to R&D activities at the firm level, which inevitably led to the conducting of a field research at the National Level targeting the Manufacturing Sector. In this line, and in order for the gathered information to be comparable with other European surveys on Innovation and in particular with Community Innovation Survey (CIS), the design of the questionnaire was primarily based on the CIS standards. In addition to the data provided by the National survey, all the financial and other information, including annual expenditures on R&D, for the period 2001-2010 was provided by the electronic database “i-mentor”. Based on this information, a better approximation of R&D performance has become feasible through the construction of Greek R&D active manufacturing firms’ R&D stock (Kumbhakar et al., 2012). The main argument supporting this transformation is that fluctuations in R&D investment flows are more volatile than the knowledge stock acquired from such investments (Dierickx and Cool, 1989). The third chapter of this PhD thesis is devoted in presenting the specificities of the field research, the adopted methodology for the construction of firms’ knowledge stock, along with primary descriptive results sketching the outlook of Greek R&D manufacturing firms.
The rest of this PhD thesis involves three essays each one of them examining research questions arising from the endogenous relationship between R&D and export activities. / Η ενίσχυση της δυναμικότητας και του ανταγωνιστικού πλεονεκτήματος των επιχειρήσεων με βάση την καινοτομία και την εξωστρέφεια έχουν απασχολήσει τόσο την ακαδημαϊκή έρευνα όσο και την πολιτική. Ειδικότερα η Ευρωπαϊκή Ένωση στήριξε την πολιτική της για την κάλυψη του χάσματος, σε σχέση με τους κύριους ανταγωνιστές της, σε αυτούς τους δυο πυλώνες (Lisbon strategy, ….) τουλάχιστον από τις αρχές του 2000. Αναγνωρίζεται ευρύτατα ότι οι πολιτικές αυτές δεν είχαν τα αναμενόμενα αποτελέσματα όχι γιατί στους δυο παραπάνω πυλώνες αποδόθηκε δυναμική που στην πραγματικότητα δεν είχαν αλλά γιατί οι επιμέρους πολιτικές που σχεδιάσθηκαν και εφαρμόσθηκαν δεν κατάφεραν αφενός να ενισχύσουν κάθε πυλώνα χωριστά και δεν αναγνώρισαν τις μεταξύ τους αλληλεξαρτήσεις.
Έτσι, τα ζητήματα τόσο του τεχνολογικού πλεονεκτήματος όπως αυτό αποτυπώνεται στην καινοτομία όσο και της εξωστρέφειας παραμένουν ιδιαίτερα επίκαιρα ειδικά στο πλαίσιο της οικονομικής κρίσης που είναι κυρίαρχη, αν και ασύμμετρα, στο σύνολο της Ευρωπαϊκής Ένωσης. Ειδικά για την Ελλάδα, την περισσότερο πληττόμενη από την κρίση Ευρωπαϊκή οικονομία, αν και έχει αναγνωρισθεί τόσο η υστέρηση των επιχειρήσεων σε όρους καινοτομίας και εξαγωγικού προσανατολισμού και αν και έχουν υλοποιηθεί μια σειρά από παρεμβάσεις σε αυτή την κατεύθυνση, το χάσμα τόσο ως προς το μέσο Ευρωπαϊκό αλλά και ως προς τον μέσο όρο των χωρών του ΟΟΣΑ παραμένει ιδιαίτερα μεγάλο.
Η παρούσα Διδακτορική Διατριβή εστιάζει σε ζητήματα που προκύπτουν από την αλληλεπίδραση των δραστηριοτήτων παραγωγής γνώσης και καινοτομίας από την μια και των δραστηριοτήτων διεθνοποίησης των επιχειρήσεων από την άλλη. Πιο συγκεκριμένα διερευνώνται θέματα που προκύπτουν από την ενδογένεια των διαδικασιών παραγωγής γνώσης που αποτυπώνονται σε διαδικασίες Έρευνας και Τεχνολογικής Ανάπτυξης (ΕΤΑ) και δραστηριότητες διεθνοποίησης (internationalization) που με τη σειρά τους αποτυπώνονται σε εξαγωγικές δραστηριότητες.
Οι μεθοδολογικές προσεγγίσεις που χρησιμοποιούνται προσαρμόζονται κάθε φορά αφενός στα ιδιαίτερα ερευνητικά ερωτήματα που τίθενται και αφετέρου στην πολλαπλή ετερογένεια που χαρακτηρίζει τις επιχειρήσεις σε μικρή ανοικτή οικονομία, όπως η Ελλάδα, σε σύγκριση με τις ηγέτιδες σε όρους ΕΤΑ επιχειρήσεις διεθνώς. Σε αυτή την κατεύθυνση, διερευνώνται δύο διαφορετικά συστήματα καινοτομίας-διεθνοποίησης, και συγκεκριμένα το Διεθνές και το Εθνικό, που αναφέρονται αντίστοιχα σε δύο διακριτές ομάδες επιχειρήσεων. Η πρώτη ομάδα επιχειρήσεων επικεντρώνεται σε εκείνες που θεωρούνται πρωτοπόροι σε επενδύσεις σε ΕΤΑ σε παγκόσμιο επίπεδο. Η δεύτερη ομάδα επιχειρήσεων που διερευνάται αφορά τις Ελληνικές επιχειρήσεις οι οποίες με τη σειρά τους θεωρούνται πρωτοπόροι εντός του εθνικού συστήματος καινοτομίας στο οποίο δραστηριοποιούνται αλλά ταυτόχρονα έχουν επανειλημμένως χαρακτηριστεί ως «μέτριοι ακόλουθοι» (moderately following) σε όρους καινοτομικής δραστηριότητας εντός της Ευρωπαϊκής Ένωσης (IUS, 2013).
Ενώ η διαθεσιμότητα των πληροφοριών για τις επιχειρήσεις που αναγνωρίζονται σε διεθνές επίπεδο ως πρωτοπόρες σε επενδύσεις ΕΤΑ προέκυψε από ανοικτής πρόσβασης βάσεις δεδομένων, για την ελληνική περίπτωση παρατηρήθηκε παντελής έλλειψη σχετικών πληροφοριών τόσο όσον αφορά τις δραστηριότητες ΕΤΑ όσο και τις εξαγωγικές δραστηριότητες των ελληνικών επιχειρήσεων. Η έλλειψη αυτή οδήγησε στην διενέργεια έρευνας πεδίου σε Πανελλαδικό επίπεδο στον τομέα της Μεταποίησης.
Η παρούσα διδακτορική διατριβή αποτελείται από έξι κεφάλαια. Στο πρώτο κεφάλαιο πραγματοποιείται επισκόπηση της βιβλιογραφίας πάνω στη σχέση των εξαγωγικών δραστηριοτήτων και των δραστηριοτήτων ΕΤΑ τόσο σε θεωρητικό όσο και σε εμπειρικό επίπεδο και τίθεται το γενικό πλαίσιο της ανάλυσης. Σε αυτή την κατεύθυνση, αναδεικνύεται η συμβολή της παρούσας Διατριβής. Το δεύτερο κεφάλαιο αναφέρεται στο διεθνές σύστημα καινοτομίας όπου οι επιχειρήσεις, ανεξαρτήτως χώρας προέλευσης, ανταγωνίζονται σε όρους παραγωγής γνώσης. Πιο συγκεκριμένα, διερευνάται η ύπαρξη ενδογένειας ανάμεσα στην εξαγωγική ένταση από την μια και την ένταση των δραστηριοτήτων ΕΤΑ από την άλλη στη βάση του επιχειρήματος ότι η γνωσιακή βάση (knowledge base) των ηγέτιδων επιχειρήσεων, σε όρους ΕΤΑ, μεγεθύνεται από ροές γνώσης που προκύπτουν τόσο από τις δραστηριότητες ΕΤΑ όσο και από τις εξαγωγικές δραστηριότητες.
Στο τρίτο κεφάλαιο παρουσιάζονται τα βήματα που ακολουθήθηκαν σε σχέση με τον εντοπισμό του πληθυσμού των επιχειρήσεων που καταγράφουν δαπάνες ΕΤΑ στους ετήσιες δημοσιευμένες χρηματοοικονομικές τους καταστάσεις τους, τα κριτήρια που ακολουθήθηκαν για τον «καθαρισμό» των δεδομένων (data cleaning) καθώς και αναλυτική περιγραφή της έρευνας πεδίου. Επιπλέον, παρουσιάζεται η μεθοδολογία που ακολουθήθηκε για την κατασκευή του αποθέματος γνώσης (knowledge stock) των ελληνικών επιχειρήσεων που παρουσιάζουν δραστηριότητες ΕΤΑ καθώς και βασικά περιγραφικά στατιστικά που προέκυψαν από την πληροφορία που συνελέγη από την έρευνα πεδίου.
Στη συνέχεια, το τέταρτο κεφάλαιο της παρούσας διδακτορικής διατριβής τοποθετείται εντός του Ελληνικού Συστήματος και αφορά ελληνικές μεταποιητικές επιχειρήσεις που παρουσιάζουν δαπάνες σε ΕΤΑ και ανήκουν σε κλάδους χαμηλής έντασης τεχνολογίας. Συγκεκριμένα, τα ερευνητικά ερωτήματα επικεντρώνονται τόσο στην διερεύνηση ύπαρξης όσο και εκδήλωσης διαφορικών επιδράσεων στο ανταγωνιστικό πλεονέκτημα (competitive advantage) των επιχειρήσεων αυτών που προκύπτει από την απόφαση τους να (μην) εξάγουν. Το ανταγωνιστικό πλεονέκτημα προσεγγίζεται από την εκτίμηση της τεχνικής αποτελεσματικότητας (technical efficiency) όπου το απόθεμα γνώσης αποτελεί την τρίτη εισροή μαζί με τις εισροές του κεφαλαίου και της εργασίας. Έτσι δημιουργείται θεωρητικό υπόδειγμα στο πλαίσιο του οποίου η τεχνική αποτελεσματικότητα, μέσω της διαδικασίας μετατροπής δεξιοτήτων (competences) σε ικανοτήτων (capabilities), αποτυπώνει το ανταγωνιστικό πλεονέκτημα. Σε αυτή την κατεύθυνση υποστηρίζεται ότι το ανταγωνιστικό πλεονέκτημα που βασίζεται στις δραστηριότητες ΕΤΑ των ελληνικών επιχειρήσεων προσδιορίζει ενδογενώς της απόφαση τους να συμμετέχουν στις ξένες αγορές. Το επιχείρημα αυτό στηρίζεται στο ότι οι επιχειρήσεις που καλούνται να αποφασίζουν εάν θα εξάγουν στην πραγματικότητα προεξοφλούν τα αναμενόμενα οφέλη και τα κόστη από τη συγκεκριμένη δραστηριότητα σε σχέση με τη διατήρηση του ανταγωνιστικού πλεονεκτήματος που κατέχουν. Με άλλα λόγια, διερευνάται αν το επιχειρηματικό μοντέλο που έχει υιοθετηθεί από τις εξεταζόμενες επιχειρήσεις, και μετατρέπει τις δεξιότητες σε ικανότητες, στην ουσία προσδιορίζει και την απόφαση για εξαγωγές.
Το πέμπτο κεφάλαιο της παρούσας Διδακτορικής Διατριβής διερευνά την ύπαρξη ενδογένειας ανάμεσα στις εξαγωγικές δραστηριότητες και τις διαδικασίες παραγωγής γνώσης των ελληνικών μεταποιητικών επιχειρήσεων που παρουσιάζουν δραστηριότητες ΕΤΑ εντός ενός διευρυμένου θεωρητικού πλαισίου όπου συν-θεωρούνται και άλλες στρατηγικές παράμετροι που είναι πιθανό να επηρεάζουν αυτή τη σχέση. Πιο συγκεκριμένα, οι διαδικασίες παραγωγής γνώσης, όπως έχουν αποτυπωθεί στα επιμέρους συστατικά της γνωσιακής βάσης των επιχειρήσεων αλλά και στην στρατηγική διερεύνησης εξωτερικών συνεργασιών για συνεργασίες στις δραστηριότητες ΕΤΑ, συνδέονται με την εξαγωγική και καινοτομική αποδοτικότητα (export and innovation performance). Ένα επιπλέον επίπεδο πολυπλοκότητας προστίθεται όταν ο διττός χαρακτήρας της έντασης των εξωτερικών συνεργασιών σε ΕΤΑ λαμβάνεται υπόψη. Δηλαδή, διερευνάται σε ποιο βαθμό η ένταση των εξωτερικών συνεργασιών για δραστηριότητες ΕΤΑ συνδέεται με την αποδοτικότητα της διεθνοποίησης των ελληνικών επιχειρήσεων καθώς μπορεί να θεωρηθεί ως εναλλακτικός δρόμος διεθνοποίησης τους. Από την άλλη μεριά η διαδικασίες που συγκροτούν το γνωσιακό απόθεμα των επιχειρήσεων μπορεί να συνδέονται και με την καινοτομική τους απόδοση. Τέλος στο έκτο κεφάλαιο συνθέτονται τα συμπεράσματα από το σύνολο της Διατριβής, διατυπώνονται προτάσεις πολιτικής και καταγράφονται αφενός οι ερευνητικοί περιορισμοί αλλά και αφετέρου τα μελλοντικά ερευνητικά σχέδια.
|
8 |
Planning technology maturation by exploration of useful problems in markets : the case of innovative startups / Planification de la maturation d’une technologie par l’exploration des problèmes utiles sur les marchés : le cas des startups innovantesBekhradi, Alexandre 11 December 2018 (has links)
Les startups innovantes orientées technologies mènent de nombreusesexpérimentations pour recueillir suffisamment de preuves de valeur, et réduire ainsiles incertitudes avant le lancement de leurs produits et services sur le marché. Bienque les moyens des startups soient limités, ces expérimentations sont souventaléatoires, itératives et nécessitent un investissement important en termes de tempset de ressources. Des solutions doivent ainsi leur être apportées afin de les aider àmieux planifier la maturation de leur technologie et à mieux identifier les opportunitéssur le marché. C’est dans ce contexte que s’inscrit la présente recherche.Une revue de la littérature est d’abord menée dans les domaines de l'ingénierie de laconception ainsi que du management de la technologie et de l'innovation. Cetteanalyse démontre que les méthodes et outils existants ne permettent pas d’établir desfeuilles de route précises et quantitatives pour mener des expérimentationspertinentes. Une enquête est ensuite réalisée sur les pratiques de 60 startupsinnovantes dans le contexte de la Ville de Paris. Cette recherche révèle que malgrél’utilisation des méthodes d’innovation telles que Lean Startup et BMC (BusinessModel Canvas), les startups n’ont aucun outil pratique pour spécifier et planifier leursexpérimentations, ou pour allouer efficacement leurs ressources.Par conséquent, cette recherche apporte trois contributions. D'abord, l'outil BMC estcombiné avec la quantification des poches de valeur (opportunités) et une séried’indicateurs quantitatifs permettant d’assurer la pertinente de l'offre de valeur.Ensuite, une méthodologie dénommée DUE (Design by Usage-based Experimentation)est proposée afin d’examiner l'ensemble des marchés potentiels et d’identifier lesprincipales propriétés technologiques à améliorer grâce à l’expérimentation. Uneméthodologie quantitative nommée RITHM (Roadmapping Investments in TecHnologyand Market) est par la suite proposée pour optimiser les expérimentations pourqu’elles puissent aboutir à la maturation d'une technologie pour atteindre les marchésles plus profitables. La pertinence de ces méthodologies est évaluée en les appliquantà une startup orientée technologies et par la validation d’experts. Enfin, cette rechercheconclue qu'il est possible d’améliorer la spécification des feuilles de routed’expérimentations dans une startup technologique et de mieux orienter sesinvestissements vers des stratégies R&D plus efficaces et économiques.Cette recherche peut contribuer à soutenir de manière significative la prise de décisionde différents acteurs, comme par exemple, les entrepreneurs, qui doivent justifier desdépenses de R&D dans des dossiers de levée de fonds, ou des investisseurs publicset privés qui cherchent à minimiser les risques d'investissement dans destechnologies innovantes, ou enfin des technology scouts. / Technology-oriented innovative startups must conduct extensive experiments to gather sufficient proofs of value, so that they may reduce uncertainties before the launch of their products and services on the market. Despite their limited resources, the experiments conducted by startups are often random, loop-based and consequently time and resource consuming. Hence, startups need solutions to help them better planning their technology maturation and identifying market opportunities. It is in the context that the current research is carried out.First, a literature review is conducted in the fields of engineering design, technology management and innovation management. This review suggests that the existing methods and tools fail to provide accurate and quantitative roadmaps to conduct relevant experiments. Second, this research surveys the design and testing practices of 60 innovative startups in the context of the City of Paris. This investigation reveals that despite the use of popular innovation methods such as Business Model Canvas (BMC) and Lean Startup, startups have no practical tools for specifying and planning experiments, nor for efficiently using their resources.Therefore, this research makes the following three contributions. First, the BMC tool is combined with quantified value buckets (opportunities) and innovativeness indicators in order to make sure that the value offer is effective and significant. Second, a Design by Usage-based Experimentation (DUE) methodology is proposed to help screening the whole set of potential markets and to identify the main technology properties that need to be improved through experiments. Third, a quantitative methodology called RITHM (Roadmapping Investments in TecHnology and Market) is proposed to optimize the set of experiments, so that they result in the maturation of a technology to reach the most profitable markets. The relevance of the proposed methodologies is assessed through their application to technology-oriented innovative startups and also through expert validation. Finally, this research concludes that it is possible, with more effective and economical R&D strategies, to better define experiment roadmaps and better steer technological startup investment.This research may significantly support the decision-making process of various actors: entrepreneurs, who need to justify R&D expenses in fund-raising applications; public and private investors, who constantly tend to minimize investment risks in innovative technologies; or technology scouts.
|
9 |
Essays in MicroeconomicsRakic, Ruzica 31 July 2017 (has links)
Diese Dissertation besteht aus drei unabhängigen Kapiteln über mikroökonomische Themen. Die ersten beiden Kapitel befassen sich mit Themen der Industriökonomie und Wettbewerbstheorie, wohingegen das dritte Kapitel Fragestellungen von Cheap Talk Spielen untersucht. Kapitel 1 untersucht die Folgen, die sich aus einer partiellen Akquisition zwischen Wettbewerbern ergeben. Kapitel 2 analysiert die Auswirkungen einer Forschungs-und Entwicklungs (FuE)- Kooperation auf die Investitionsanreize in einem Markt, in dem eine Mehrproduktunternehmer mit einem Einzelproduktuntfirma konkurriert. Kapitel 3 untersucht die Funktion der Mediation zur Erleichterung der Kommunikation mit privaten Informationen. / This dissertation consists of three independent chapters in the field of microeconomics. The first two chapters are concerned with topics of industrial organization and competition policy, whereas the third chapter addresses some problems in cheap talk games. Chapter 1 studies anti-competitive issues that arise from partial acquisition between competitors. Chapter 2 analyzes the effects of cooperation on R&D investment incentives in a market where a multi-product firm competes with a single-product firm. The third chapter examines the role of mediation in facilitating communication with private information.
|
10 |
Creativity in consulting engineering: how civil engineers talk about designHayes, Marion January 2005 (has links)
An appropriate civil infrastructure is vital to the wealth and wellbeing of cultures. Appropriateness is increasingly defined in terms of sustainability, aesthetics, innovation and cultural suitability. These expectations pose challenges for engineers to use their creativity, aesthetic appreciation, knowledge and character to predict and respond creatively with their designs. However, a treadmill of cost innovation in construction projects makes improved design challenging. This tends to reinforce the misconception that engineers are dull and uncreative, even though historically they have displayed considerable imagination and ingenuity. This thesis is based on an in-depth study conducted at the Brisbane office of Kellogg Brown & Root P/L (a large consulting engineering firm). A contemporary qualitative approach is used to explore how creativity is manifested in an engineering design context, and how it relates to phenomena such as knowledge, innovation, project culture and organizational environment. In-depth interviews reveal the authentic meaning of design and creativity for engineers and other company staff. The study highlights an important distinction between design-based and cost-driven innovation and unveils multiple influences that can stifle or nurture personal and group creativity.
|
Page generated in 0.0567 seconds