Researchers have increasingly directed attention to the importance of emotions in decision making. Recent theories have focused on the interpersonal effects of emotions--the influence of the decision maker's expressed emotions on observers' decisions and judgments. In the current research, we examine people's expectations of how incidental, discrete emotions affect behavior. We also study how these expectations affect decisions in interactive settings, and contrast them with how emotions actually impact other people's behavior.These ideas were tested in four studies. In Study 1a, participants (N = 58) answered a questionnaire asking their perceptions of how different emotions affect behavior. In Study 1b, participants (N = 203) read a number of hypothetical scenarios in which different interactions between them and another person took place. Studies 2 (N = 98) and 3 (N = 132) were two economic games -- a Stag-Hunt game and a Trust Game -- involving decisions with non-trivial financial consequences.Across these four studies, I found that people do have strong beliefs about how incidental emotions affect behaviors. Because of these beliefs, when told about their counterparts' emotional state, people in interactive settings modify their behavior. The impact of people's beliefs on behavior, however, was more consistent for negative emotions such as anger and fear, than for positive emotions such as happiness and gratitude. These findings also indicate that people are sensitive to the different effects of different emotions: different negative emotions such as guilt and anger have different effects on their expectations. Finally, I found that people's expectations about how their counterparts' emotions affect behavior can be inaccurate in specific settings.

The rapid expansion of computers and digital technology requires citizens to be digitally literate. Teachers must prepare students for a digital world despite the lack of consensus on a definition or its components. This multiple case study explored the digital literacy instruction and interactive decision making of teachers with varied levels of expertise. Each participant completed a survey and the General Decision Making Style Questionnaire prior to a series of interviews and classroom observations. Findings from a qualitative analysis of the data suggest variations in the use of digital literacy components during instruction and that skills are related to one another. Findings also indicate similarities and differences in interactive decision making and teaching expertise behaviors related to instruction. Based on these findings, recommendations to better promote digital literacy are directed toward teachers, administrators, teacher preparation institutions, and future researchers. Current events emphasize the need for increased efforts in turning the key of digital literacy for students.

Fokus i den här uppsatsen ligger på samverkan mellan tre offentliga utvecklingsaktörer iSkåne; Region Skåne, Länsstyrelsen Skåne och kommunerna. En god samverkan dessaaktörer emellan anses generellt vara viktigt, och något av en grundläggande aspekt, för att den hållbara stadsutvecklingen i Skåne ska ledas i rätt riktning. Det teoretiska ramverk som används i uppsatsen målar upp en bild av hur samverkansprocesser kan te sig i verkligheten, samt belyser hur problem och utmaningar kan tacklas. Ramverket består av främst governance och collaborative planning – två teorier som är relevanta för både samverkan och hållbar stadsutveckling. Uppsatsen innehåller därtill en nulägesanalys av hur samverkan mellan de tre aktörerna ser ut idag, och lägger även fokus på vilken typ avsamverkansproblematik som kan uppstå. Analysen är till stor del baserad på intervjuer med personer som är aktiva inom respektive organisationer, och visar på att det råder en viss problematik kring samverkan dessa aktörer emellan. Två fallstudier av Båstads kommun och Skurups kommun har därigenom inkluderats. Det konstateras att utmaningar och problem skiljer sig från aktör till aktör. Det har däremot identifierats ett antal gemensamma nämnare som inkluderar bland annat motstridiga intressen, att aktörer inte involveras tidigt nog i processer samt bristande delaktighet och äganderätt. Denna problematik kan leda till att helhetsarbetet med hållbar stadsutveckling blir en än mer tidskrävande process. Uppsatsen presenterar även en förstudie till ett projekt, vars syfte är att förbättra samverkan mellan Region Skåne, Länsstyrelsen Skåne och kommunerna. Projektplanen föreslår att dessa aktörer tillsammans går ihop och bildar en arena där de i direkt samverkan arbetar fram en samverkansmodell för hållbar stadsutveckling, detta för att lösa en del av den problematik som tidigare har identifierats. / The focus of this thesis is collaboration between three public actors in Scania; Region Skåne,Länsstyrelsen Skåne and the municipalities. It is argued that a well functioning collaboration and partnership between these three actors is crucial for a sustainable urban development to occur in Scania. The theoretical framework used in the thesis creates a picture of how this type of collaboration works in practice; it also helps identify some of the problems and challenges with said collaboration. The framework consists mainly of two theories relevant to both sustainable urban development and the collaboration between actors; governance and collaborative planning. The thesis thereon presents a situation analysis on the subject of how the three actors actually collaborate in the field and what kind of problems and challenges this presents. The analysis is primarily based on interviews with people working within these three organizations, which shows and investigates problems with the process of collaboration between the actors. This includes two case studies of Båstad municipality and Skurup municipality. The identified challenges and problems may differ from actor to actor, but some have been acknowledged as being more general; conflicts of interest, involving actors too late in processes and a lack of participation and ownership. This fact could prove to be problematic and could also ultimately lead to a slower and less efficient sustainable urban development. This thesis will also present a feasibility study proposing a project that aims to enable better collaboration between Region Skåne, Länsstyrelsen Skåne and the municipalities of Scania. The project proposes that the three actors create an arena where they together will develop a collaborative model for sustainable urban development. The fact that the involved actors themselves will develop this model will hopefully solve some of the initial identified challenges regarding collaboration.

OCP est une grande entreprise marocaine spécialisée dans l’extraction de minerai de phosphate, cette entreprise a élargi ses activités vers la production de fertilisants phosphatés selon un processus de transformation chimique. Dans le cadre de notre recherche, nous nous intéressons au pilotage économique d’une chaine logistique hybride (la plateforme chimique Jorf). Cette chaine logistique est constituée d’un ensemble articulé de chaine logistique discrète et chaine logistique continue organisant les processus de transformation du fournisseur jusqu’au client final. Les chaînes logistiques hybrides combinent des processus discrets et continus. Dans un premier temps, nous nous sommes focalisé sur la représentation du fonctionnement physique. Donc, un modèle de simulation qui permet de reproduire ce fonctionnement a été réalisé à partir de la cartographie de processus que nous avons fait. La technique de Modélisation / Simulation mobilisable dans le cadre de la modélisation de ce type de chaîne logistique est la Simulation à Événements Discrets (SED) qui permet de reproduire le fonctionnement opérationnel de la CLH.En travaillant à la commande, ceci implique un contrôle de gestion spécifique avec une définition d’un référentiel dynamique qui va dépendre du modèle de simulation. Ce référentiel est utilisable par le système interactif d’aide à la décision (SIAD) du contrôle de gestion afin d’améliorer la prise de décision. Donc, il faut, ensuite, mesurer l’impact économique, évaluer les alternatives décisionnelles et analyser les écarts. Pour ce faire, il faut s’appuyer sur une comptabilité de gestion fondée sur une seconde modélisation / simulation afin de proposer un modèle de coût. Cette seconde simulation, repose sur une représentation plus fine des processus dans une perspective de reporting financier périodique et doit permettre de mieux apprécier les inducteurs de coûts. Dans ce contexte, nous avons choisi la méthode de valorisation Activity Based Costing (ABC). En outre, dans la cartographie des processus, chaque étape de production impliquant un changement de processus et contribuant à son discrétisation représente un événement déclencheur mettant en évidence un inducteur de coût. Nous avons ainsi traité chaque processus au niveau de la Business Unit (BU) "acide" et au niveau de la BU "engrais" afin de déterminer les inducteurs utilisés pour répartir les dépenses. Notre modèle ABC sert donc à mesurer la création de valeur pour chacun des BUs de la CLH et il est capable de prendre en compte toutes les sorties et entrées de chaque entité de traitement.Par la suite, notre but est d’explorer l’intégration de la notion de coût dans le modèle de simulation. La limite de la simulation à événements discrets se manifeste dans le niveau d'informations fourni sur les coûts. Pour évaluer les coûts de production, et l'influence de la diversité de scénario de production, les coûts variables doivent être inclus. Ceci peut être fourni par la combinaison de la simulation à événements discrets avec la méthode ABC. Donc, nous avons proposé une approche qui sera mise en œuvre dans le contexte de la CLH de l’OCP. Cette approche va prendre en compte le couplage entre ABC et SED avec toutes les règles de traduction pour pouvoir, à partir du système de contrôle de gestion existant qui est associé à des centres de coûts par entité fonctionnelle, passer à des BUs orientées processus industriels. Elle va également nous permettre de structurer les indicateurs de performance du flux physique et financier sous la forme d’un tableau de bord / OCP SA is Morocco’s largest company. It is widely considered as owning some 60% of phosphate world reserves and is engaged in a process of Supply Chain control. Initially specialized in phosphate ore extraction, OCP SA has expanded, few years ago, its activities to include production of phosphate fertilizers using chemical processing. Under our research project, we focus on economic management of OCP’s Hybrid Supply chain (HSC). A HSC comprises multiple interrelated discrete and continuous processes together forming an integrated process from the supplier down to the end customer. In such a system, the production rationale includes both batch and flow models. Each discrete or continuous process seeks to capture part of the value created by the organizational collaboration performed either in internal supply chains made up of business unit or in external ones made up of legally independent entities.At first, we focused on the representation of physical functioning. So a simulation model that allows us to reproduce this functioning has been done from the process mapping we have done. The modeling / Simulation technique mobilized in the modeling framework of this type of supply chain is the Discrete Event Simulation (DES) which allows reproducing the operational functioning of the HSCBy working on the command, this implies a specific management control with a definition of a dynamic repository that will depend on the simulation model. This repository can be used by the interactive decision support system of management control in order to improve decision-making. Therefore, we must measure the economic impact, evaluate the decision-making alternatives and analyze the gaps. To do this, it is necessary to rely on a management accounting based on a second modeling / simulation in order to propose a cost model. This second simulation relies on a finer representation of the processes in a perspective of periodic financial reporting and must allow better appreciate the cost drivers. In this context, we have chosen the Activity Based Costing (ABC) method. In addition, in process mapping, each production step involving a process change and contributing to its discretization represents a triggering event highlighting a cost driver. We have thus processed each process at the level of the "acid" BU and at the level of the "fertilizer" BU to determine the inductors used to allocate the expenses. Our ABC model is therefore used to measure the value creation for each BUs of the HSC and it is able to take into account all the outputs and inputs of each processing entity.Later, our aim is to explore the integration of the notion of cost in the simulation model. The limit of the discrete event simulation is manifested in the level of information provided on costs. To assess production costs, and the influence of the diversity of production scenario, variable costs must be included. This can be provided by the combination of the discrete event simulation with the ABC method. So we have proposed an approach that will be implemented in the context of the OCP HSC. This approach will take into account the coupling between ABC and SED with all the translation rules to can, from the existing management control system that is associated with a functional unit cost centers, go to the BUs oriented industrial processes. It will also enable us to structure the physical and financial flow performance indicators in the form of a scorecard