京都大学 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(工学) / 甲第23899号 / 工博第4986号 / 新制||工||1778(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院工学研究科材料工学専攻 / (主査)教授 田中 功, 教授 中村 裕之, 教授 奥田 浩司 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Philosophy (Engineering) / Kyoto University / DFAM

Nuclear fuel performance is highly affected by the behaviour of fission gases, particularly at elevated burnups, where large amounts of gas are produced and can potentially be released. The importance of fission gas release was the motivation for large efforts, both experimentally and theoretically, in order to increase our understanding of the different steps of the process, and to continuously improve our models. Extensions to higher burnups, together with the growing interest in novel types of fuels such as inert matrix fuels envisaged for the transmutation of minor actinides, make that one is still looking for a permanently better modelling, based on a physical understanding and description of all stages of the release mechanism. Computer simulations are nowadays envisaged in order to provide a better description and understanding of atomic-scale processes such as diffusion, but even in order to gain insight on specific processes that are inaccessible by experimental means, such as the fuel behaviour during thermal spikes. In the present work simulation techniques based on empirical potentials have been used, focusing in a first stage on pure uranium dioxide. The behaviour of point defects was at the core of this part, but also the estimation of elastic and melting properties. Then, in a second stage, the study has been extended to the behaviour of helium and xenon. For helium, the diffusion in different domains of stoichiometry was considered. The simulations enabled to determine the diffusion coefficient and the migration mechanism, using both molecular dynamics and static calculation techniques. Xenon behaviour has been investigated with the additional intention to model the behaviour of small intragranular bubbles, particularly their interaction with thermal spikes accompanying the recoil of fission fragments. For that purpose, a simplified description of these events has been proposed, which opens perspectives for further work. / Les performances du combustible nucléaire sont fortement affectées par le comportement des gaz de fission, et ce particulièrement lorsqu’un taux d’épuisement élevé est atteint, puisque d’importantes quantités de gaz sont alors produites et peuvent potentiellement être relâchées. Les enjeux, entre autre économiques, liés au relâchement de gaz de fission ont donné lieu à d’importants efforts, tant sur le plan expérimental que théorique, afin d’accroître notre compréhension des différentes étapes du processus, et d’améliorer sans cesse les mod`eles. Les extensions à des taux d’épuisements encore plus élevés ainsi que l’intérêt croissant pour de nouveaux types de combustible tels que les matrices inertes, envisages en vue de la transmutation des actinides mineures, font qu’à l’heure actuelle, le besoin permanent d’une meilleure modélisation, basée sur une compréhension et une description physique des différentes étapes du processus de relâchement de gaz de fission, est toujours de mise. Les simulations par ordinateur ont ainsi été considérée comme un nouvel angle de recherche sur les processus élémentaires se produisant à l’échelle atomique, à la fois afin d’obtenir une meilleure compréhension de processus tels que la diffusion atomique ; mais aussi afin d’avoir accès à certains processus qui ne sont pas observables par des voies expérimentales, tels que la le comportement du combustible lors de pointes thermiques. Dans ce travail, deux techniques, basées sur l’utilisation de potentiels interatomiques empiriques, ont permis d’étudier le dioxyde d’uranium, dans un premier temps en l’absence d’impuretés. Cette partie était principalement centrée sur le comportement des défauts ponctuels, mais a aussi concerné différentes propriétés élastiques, ainsi que le processus de fusion du composé. Ensuite l’étude a été étendue aux comportements de l’hélium de du xénon. Pour ce qui a trait à l’hélium, la diffusion dans différents domaines de stoechiométrie a été considérée. Les simulations ont permis de déterminer le coefficient de diffusion ainsi que le mécanisme de migration lui-même. Quant au xénon, outre les propriétés de diffusion, l’intention fut de se diriger vers la modélisation des petites bulles intragranulaires, et plus précisément vers leur interaction avec les pointes thermiques, créées lors du recul des fragments de fission. Une description simplifiée de ce processus a été proposée, qui offre de nouvelles perspectives dans ce domaine.

The thermodynamics of three-dimensional, single-component elastic crystalline solids was developed by Slattery and Lagoudas (2005). Considering the in¯nitesimal deformations, the stress can be expressed as a function of the lattice vectors and density in the reference configuration and ¹(I;mn), which is defined as the derivative of specific Helmoholtz free energy with respect to the I(mn). Using the Cauchy - Born rule to connect the interatomic potential energy and the specific Helmholtz free energy, it is possible to calculate the elastic properties of both nano-scale materials such as carbon nanotubes and macro-scale materials such as diamond and silicon. In this study, we used Terso® (1988a) - Brenner (1990b) Potential, Terso® (1988b) potential and Finnis and Sinclair (1984) potential for carbon, silicon, and vanadium systems respectively. Using the interatomic potentials to describe the specific Helmholtz free energy, the elastic properties of graphite, diamond, silicon and vanadium were calculated. This method was also extended to the calculation of Young's modulus of single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs), which are composed of a two dimensional array of carbon atoms. For SWCNT, we get good agreement with the available experimental data. For diamond and silicon, C11 and C12 were consistent with both the superelastic model and the experimental data. The difference of C44 between the calculation and experimental data was due to accuracy of the potential functions.

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(工学) / 甲第20369号 / 工博第4306号 / 新制||工||1667(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院工学研究科材料工学専攻 / (主査)教授 田中 功, 教授 酒井 明, 教授 中村 裕之 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Philosophy (Engineering) / Kyoto University / DFAM

Structure-property relationships of two crystal structures were investigated using computational methodologies in two different length scales:electronic and atomistic length scales. Electronic structure calculations were performed using density functional theory (DFT) with generalized gradient approximation (GGA), GGA+U (U is “on-site” electronelectron repulsion) and hybrid functional forms. Atomistic calculations were performed utilizing the semi-empirical interatomic formulation, Modified Embedded Atom Method (MEAM). Classical molecular dynamics simulations were performed on the atomistic length scale in order to investigate thermal properties. In the first study, structural, elastic and thermal properties of cementite (Fe3C) were investigated using a Modified Embedded Atom Method (MEAM) potential for iron-carbon (Fe-C) alloys. Previously developed Fe and C single element potentials were used to develop a Fe-C alloy MEAM potential, using a statistically-based optimization scheme to reproduce structural and elastic properties of cementite, the interstitial energies of C in bcc Fe as well as heat of formation of Fe-C alloys in L12 and B1 structures. The stability of cementite at high temperatures was investigated by molecular dynamics simulations. The nine single crystal elastic constants for cementite were obtained by computing total energies for strained cells. Polycrystalline elastic moduli for cementite were calculated from the single crystal elastic constants of cementite. The formation energies of (001), (010), and (100) surfaces of cementite were also calculated. The melting temperature and the variation of both the specific heat and volume with respect to temperature were investigated by performing a two-phase (solid/liquid) molecular dynamics simulation of cementite. The predictions of the potential are in good agreement with first-principles calculations and experiments. In the second study the site occupancy and magnetic properties of Zn-Sn substituted M-type Sr-hexaferrite (SrFe12-x(Zn0.5Sn0.5)xO19 with x = 1) were investigated using firstprinciples total-energy calculations. We find that in the ground-state configuration Zn-Sn ions preferentially occupy 4f1 and 4f2 sites unlike the model previously suggested by Ghasemi et al. where Zn-Sn ions occupy 2b and 4f2 sites. Our model predicts a rapid increase in saturation magnetic moment (Ms) as well as decrease in magnetic anisotropy compared to the pure M-type Sr-hexaferrite, which is consistent with experimental observations.

High temperature hydrogen attack (HTHA) is a damage mechanism that only affects carbon steel and low alloy material. Most of the data regarding HTHA are experimental-driven. Even though this approach has been successful, there are still much more things that the oil and gas industry does not understand about HTHA. The regions that were considered safe (below the Nelson curves) have experienced catastrophic failure. Our research consists of performing Molecular Dynamics (MD) and the Nudge Elastic Band (NEB) calculation of HTHA to better understand the atomistic behavior of this damage mechanism.

No description available.

Le système zirconium-hydrogène est très étudié dans le cadre de la sûreté nucléaire car la précipitation d'hydrures entraîne la fragilisation des gainages, à base d'alliage de zirconium. Il s'agit de la première barrière de confinement des produits radioactifs : son intégrité doit être maintenue tout au long de la vie des assemblages combustible, en centrale y compris en cas d'accident et post-centrale (transport et entreposage). De nombreuses incertitudes demeurent quant aux cinétiques de précipitation des hydrures et à l'impact des contraintes sur leur précipitation. La modélisation à l'échelle atomique de ce système permettrait d'apporter des clarifications sur les mécanismes en jeu. Les méthodes traditionnelles de modélisation atomistique sont basées sur des approches thermostatistiques, dont la précision et la fiabilité dépendent du potentiel interatomique qui les alimente. Or il n'existe pas de potentiel rendant possible une étude rigoureuse du système Zr-H. Cette thèse a permis de développer cet outil manquant en utilisant l'approximation des liaisons fortes. Au-delà de ce nouveau potentiel, ce travail donne un guide détaillé des nombreuses étapes d'une dérivation de tels potentiels avec la prise en compte de l'hybridation spd, ajustés ici sur des calculs DFT. Ce guide est établi tant pour un métal de transition pur que dans la perspective d'un couplage métal-covalent (carbures, nitrures et siliciures métalliques). / The zirconium-hydrogen system is of nuclear safety interest, as the hydride precipitation leads to the cladding embrittlement, which is made of zirconium-based alloys. The cladding is the first safety barrier confining the radioactive products: its integrity shall be kept during the entire fuel-assemblies life, in reactor, including accidental situation, and post-operation (transport and storage). Many uncertainties remain regarding the hydrides precipitation kinectics and the local stress impact on their precipitation. The atomic scale modeling of this system would bring clarifications on the relevant mechanisms. The usual atomistic modeling methods are based on thermostatistic approaches, whose precision and reliability depend on the interatomic potential used. However, there was no potential allowing a rigorous study of the Zr-H system. The present work has indeed addressed this issue: a new tight-binding potential for zirconium hydrides modeling is now available. Moreover, this thesis provides a detailed manual for deriving such potentials accounting for spd hybridization, and fitted here on DFT results. This guidebook has be written in light of modeling a pure transition metal followed by a metal-covalent coupling (metallic carbides, nitrides and silicides).

The present work was initiated to investigate the stability, structural and thermodynamic properties of transition metal carbides, nitrides and carbo-nitrides by atomistic simulations and experimentations. The interatomic pair potentials of Cr-Cr, Mn-Mn, Fe-Fe, C-C, Cr-C, Mn-C, Fe-C, Cr-Fe, Cr-N and Mn-N were inverted by the lattice inversion method and ab initio cohesive energies, and then employed to investigate the properties of Cr-, Mn- and Fe-carbides by atomistic simulations in this work. For the binary M7C3 carbide, the structural properties of M7C3 (M = Cr, Mn, Fe) were investigated by atomistic simulations. The results show that the stable structure for these compounds is hexagonal structure with P63mc space group. The cohesive energy of M7C3 calculated in this work indicates that the stability of carbides decreases with the increasing in metal atomic number. Further, the vibrational entropy of Cr7C3 was calculated at different temperatures and compared with the entropy obtained by experimentations. The comparison demonstrates that the main contribution to the entropy is made by the vibrational entropy. For the binary τ-carbides, the structural properties of Cr23C6 and Mn23C6, as well as the vibrational entropy of Cr23C6 were computed. Further, the site preference of ternary element Fe among 4a, 8c, 32f and 48h symmetry sites in Cr23-xFexC6 was studied. It has been seen that Fe atoms would firstly occupy 4a sites and then 8c sites. The lattice constant and stability of Cr23-xFexC6 were also computed with different Fe content. In order to understand the relative stability of the transition metal carbides and nitrides, the standard formation Gibbs energies of carbides and nitrides for Cr, Mn and Fe were compared. The order of carbon and nitrogen affinities for Cr, Mn and Fe was further clarified by the comparison of the interatomic pair potentials among Cr-C, Mn-C, Fe-C, Cr-N and Mn-N. It was found that Cr-N interaction was very strong in comparison with other binary interactions above and consequently, nitrogen addition would lead to a strong decrease in the thermodynamic activity of chromium in Cr-containing alloys. This was confirmed by the investigations of thermodynamic activities of Cr in the Fe-Cr-N and Fe-Cr-C-N alloys. The activities were measured in the temperature range 973-1173 K by solid-state galvanic cell method involving CaF2 solid electrolyte under the purified N2 gas. In addition, the analysis of nitrogen content and phase relationships in the Fe-Cr-N and Fe-Cr-C-N alloys equilibrated at 1173 K were carried out by inert-gas fusion thermal conductivity method, X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy technique. The experimental results show that the solubility of nitrogen in the alloys decreases with the decreasing chromium content, as well as the increasing temperature. The addition of nitrogen to the alloys was found to have a strong negative impact on the Cr activity in Fe-Cr-N and Fe-Cr-C-N systems. / QC 20100929

Ce travail a pour but d’améliorer la description structurale du verre de TeO2 pur et d’étudier en profondeur la structure de la phase désordonnée δ-TeO2 au moyen de la dynamique moléculaire (DM). Nous avons établi des potentiels interatomiques (IAP), simples mais non triviaux, prenant en compte la polarisabilité des atomes de tellure et d’oxygène à l'aide du modèle cœur-coquille. Nous avons démontré le rôle important de la paire libre électronique de l'atome de Te dans la formation d'unités asymétriques TeOx. Les IAPs précis reproduisent 17 structures cristallines à base de TeO2 et sont appropriés pour les simulations par DM des systèmes désordonnés. Les simulations des structures de la phase vitreuse pure et de δ-TeO2 ont été effectuées par DM. Il a été démontré que le verre de TeO2 est principalement constitué d'unités structurales TeO3 et TeO4, et un grand nombre d'atomes d’oxygène non-pontant (NBO) est observé. La coordinence des atomes de tellure est plus faible dans le verre que dans les structures cristallines pures.Dans la phase δ-TeO2, les atomes de tellure forment un réseau cristallin (CFC) bien défini et les atomes d'oxygène présentent un grand désordre de position. Cette phase est caractérisée par une population d’unités structurales, une coordinence des atomes de tellure et une proportion d'atomes d’oxygène non pontant typique du verre. Par conséquent, la structure δ-TeO2 est plus proche de celle du verre que des structures d'autres polymorphes cristallines de TeO2 pures. / This work aims to improve the structural description of the pure TeO2 glass and to give a deep insight into the structure of the disordered δ-TeO2 phase by means of molecular dynamics (MD) simulations.We derived simple but nontrivial interatomic potentials (IAPs), which take into account the polarisability of tellurium and oxygen atoms using the core-shell model. We demonstrated the important role of the electronic lone pair of the tellurium atoms in the formation of asymmetrical TeOx units. The accurate IAPs is able to reproduce 17 crystalline TeO2-based structures and are appropriate for MD simulations of disordered systems.The MD simulations of the pure glass and δ-TeO2 phase structures were carried out. It was demonstrated that the TeO2-glass consists of mainly TeO3 and TeO4 structural units and a large number of non-bridging oxygen (NBO) atoms is observed. The coordination number of the tellurium atoms in the glass is less than in the pure crystalline structures.In the δ-TeO2 phase, the tellurium atoms form a well-defined crystalline (FCC) lattice and the oxygen atoms exhibit a large positional disorder. This phase has a structural units distribution and a tellurium coordination number and a proportion of NBO atoms similar to those of the glass. Hence, the structure of δ-TeO2 is closer to that of glass than to the structures of other pure TeO2 crystalline polymorphs.