No Brasil, os medicamentos genéricos e similares devem ser submetidos a ensaios de biodisponibilidade relativa/ bioequivalência para comprovação de sua intercambiabilidade com o medicamento referência. Nestes ensaios, o medicamento genérico, ou similar, é comparado com o medicamento referência em um estudo cruzado, mas não é comparado com outros genéricos ou similares do mercado. Desta forma, podemos afirmar que todo medicamento genérico ou similar é intercambiável com o medicamento de referência, mas não temos informações sobre a intercambiabilidade de um genérico com outro genérico ou com um similar. Entretanto, é comum que os pacientes substituam não apenas medicamento de referência pelo genérico ou similar correspondente, mas também um genérico por outro genérico, ou um genérico por um similar. Assim sendo, a questão que se coloca é se essas substituições entre genéricos e entre genérico e similar, podem gerar problemas de eficácia e/ou segurança para os pacientes. Para tentar responder essa questão foi proposta uma análise estatística, a meta-análise, onde seria possível avaliar a biodisponibilidade relativa/ bioequivalência entre genéricos, entre similares ou genérico e similar a partir dos resultados dos ensaios em que estes medicamentos foram comparados ao referência. Assim, o objetivo do estudo proposto foi aplicar técnicas estatísticas de meta-análise na avaliação da intercambiabilidade entre diferentes medicamentos similares de um mesmo medicamento referência. Amoxicilina foi escolhida como fármaco modelo para este estudo. Foram realizados três estudos de bioidisponibilidade relativa do tipo quantitativo direto, com delineamento aleatório, cruzado e aberto para comparar os produtos (T1, T2, T3) a três diferentes lotes do produto de referência (R1, R2, R3). Os resultados destes ensaios revelaram que os três produtos foram bioequivalentes e intercambiáveis ao produto de referência. A meta-análise foi então aplicada para avaliar a intercambiabilidade entre os produtos T1 (amoxicilina IQUEGO), T2 (Hiconcil ®) e T3 (amoxicilina FUNED) utilizando os parâmetros farmacocinéticos Cmax e ASC0-t obtidos dos estudos clínicos 1, 2 e 3, independentes. Os resultados obtidos na meta-análise demonstraram que os produtos testes T1, T2 e T3 apresentam valores de extensão de absorção semelhantes, pois, na comparação entre a ASC0-t dos três produtos observa-se que os intervalos de confiança 90% encontram-se dentro dos limites de 80 - 125% para todas as comparações (T1xT2, T2xT3 e T1xT3). Porém, na avaliação do parâmetro farmacocinético Cmax, observou-se diferença de velocidade de absorção na comparação entre os produtos T2 e T3, com intervalo de confiança 90% fora dos limites estabelecidos e, conseqüentemente, rejeição da possibilidade de intercambiabilidade entre estes dois produtos. Conclui-se que a meta-análise de ensaios de biodisponibilidade relativa/ bioequivalência é uma ferramenta valiosa no aperfeiçoamento da política de medicamentos no Brasil. / In Brazil, generic and similar pharmaceutical products must be submitted to bioequivalence assays for evidence of interchangeability with the reference product. In these assays, the generic, or similar product, is compared to the reference one, but it is not compared to other generic or similar product in the market. In such a way, we can affirm that every generic or similar product is interchangeable with the reference product, but we don´t have any information on the interchangeability between generic and similar products. Usually, patients will not only substitute reference products for the generic or similar correspondent, but also a generic for another generic, or a generic for a similar. Thus, the question for discussion is if substitutions between generics or between generic and similar can guarantee effectiveness and security to patients. In order to try to answer this question a meta-analysis procedure was proposed to evaluate the relative bioavailability between generics, similars or generic and similar products from the results of the assays where these medicines had been compared with the reference product. The objective of this study was to apply the meta-analysis procedure to the results of three bioequivalence studies to evaluate the interchangeability between different similar products of the same reference product. Amoxicillin was chosen as the model drug for this study. Three bioequivalence assays, with a quantitative, randon, crossover and open design were conducted to compare three tests products (T1, T2, T3) to three lots of the reference products (R1, R2, R3). Results from these assays showed that all three test products were bioequivalent and interchangeable to the reference product. Meta-analysis was then applied to evaluate the interchangeability between products T1 (amoxicilina IQUEGO), T2 (Hiconcil®) and T3 (amoxicilina FUNED) using pharmacokinetic parameter Cmax, and AUC0-t, from the independent assays. Results demonstrated that test products T1, T2 and T3 present similar values of extension of absorption and 90% confidence intervals for AUC0-t were included in the 80 - 125% limits for all comparison (T1xT2, T2xT3 and T1xT3). However, for the pharmacokinetic parameter Cmax, a difference between products T2 and T3, with 90% confidence intervals outside the established limits and rejection of the possibility of interchangeability between these two products. It was concluded that meta-analysis procedures of bioequivalence assays is a valuable tool to improve brazilian health policy.

This diploma thesis deals with the design of a gear crusher for crushing aggregates. The crusher, which has interchangeable tips, is designed so that even the crushing elements can be easily replaced. This piece of work is divided into a survey of the basic types of crushers, the design of the proposed crusher, basic control calculations and strength analysis performed by a computer program.

Diploma thesis deals with the concept of interchangeable straight spindle head type VA1-C, used for automatic clamping in 80 kW spindle head from production of TOS Kuřim. Thesis contains survey of interchangeable heads, analysis of the spindle housing, strenght analysis of the spindle with the safety calculations in critical sec-tions and analysis of the clamping mechanism together with the calculation of the camping force, which holds the tools in the spindle. Analysis of the camping mechanisms contains calculation of the contact stress between balls and housings. All results are shown in the graphs. In the last part of the thesis are described the construction elements using the model of the interchangeable head. Enclosed is the assembly drawing of the spindle head, bill of material, detail drawing of the spindle and also 3D model of the interchangeable spindle head.

This thesis deals with designing of C axis for interchangeable heads for milling machining centres with horizontal spindle centre of the slide type. Itâs divided into three parts, whereas the first part contains theoretical introduction to the problematic. The second part deals with systematic analysis of the topic and choosing the right variant for elaboration. The last part forms construction design of the chosen variant, which contains notes on the solution proce-dure, calculations and visualization in form of 3D models.

YouTube is an online video sharing platform where users can distribute and consume video and other types of content. The rapid technological advancement along with the proliferation och technological gadgets has led to the phenomenon of viral videos where videos and content garner hundreds of thousands if not million of views in a short span of time. This thesis looked at the reason for these viral content, more specifically as it pertains to videos on YouTube. This was done by building a predictor model using two different approaches and extracting important features that causes video popularity. The thesis further observed how the subsequent features impact video popularity via partial dependency plots. The knn model outperformed logistic regression model. The thesis showed, among other things that YouTube channel and title were the most important features followed by comment count, age and video category. Much research have been done pertaining to popularity prediction, but less on deriving important features and evaluating their impact on popularity. Further research has to be conduced on feature influence, which is paramount to comprehend the causes for content going viral. / YouTube är en online-plattform där användare kan distribuera och konsumera video och andra typer av innehåll. Den snabba tekniska utvecklingen tillsammans med spridningen av mobila plattformar har lett till fenomenet virala videor där videor får hundratusentals, om inte miljontals, visningar på kort tid. I arbetet undersöktes orsaken till virala videor på YouTube. Det gjordes genom att bygga två modeller för att förutspå videopopularitet och därefter analysera viktiga egenskaper som orsakar denna. Resultaten visade att Knn- modellen ger bättre resultat än logistisk regression. Arbetet visade bland annat att YouTube-kanalen och titeln var de viktigaste egenskaperna som driver popularitet, följt av antal kommentarer på en video, videons ålder och videons kategori. Vidare forskning är dock nödvändig inom detta område. Mycket forskning har gjorts för att förutsäga populariteten hos videor, men mindre fokus har lagts på att analysera deras viktiga egenskaper och utvärdera deras inverkan på populariteten.