Orientador: Edson Lazarini / Banca: Luiz Malcolm Mano de Mello / Banca: Matheus Gustavo da Silva / Resumo: Com a expansão das áreas sob sistemas consorciados com milho e forrageiras na região dos Cerrados, principalmente em cultivo de segunda safra várias pesquisas têm sido desenvolvidas, porém ainda faltam informações quanto ao cultivar de milho que melhor se adapte ao sistema nestas condições edafoclimáticas, bem como qual recomendação de adubação é a mais adequada para as culturas envolvidas no consórcio. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o consórcio entre cultivares de milho e espécies de braquiária em cultivo de safrinha, submetidos a duas recomendações de adubação visando produtividade de grãos e palhada para a implantação do sistema plantio direto. O experimento foi realizado entre os meses de março e outubro de 2010, na Fazenda experimental da UNESP, Campus de Ilha Solteira, SP, localizada no município de Selvíria, MS, (20°22'S, 51°22'W e altitude de 335 m). O delineamento experimental utilizado foi em blocos ao acaso, em esquema fatorial 2x3x2, com quatro repetições. Os tratamentos foram constituídos por dois cultivares de milho (híbrido e variedade); três consórcios: milho + Brachiaria decumbens, milho + Brachiaria ruziziensis e monocultivo de milho; e duas recomendações de adubação: "normal" baseada na recomendação para a cultura do milho, e "extra" baseada no somatório das recomendações das culturas do consórcio. Foram avaliadas as seguintes variáveis na cultura do milho: altura de plantas; altura de inserção de espiga; população de plantas; comprimento e diâmetro espigas; número de fileiras de grãos por espiga; massa de cem grãos; produtividade de grãos; teor foliar, na planta e acúmulo de nutrientes; matéria seca. Nas braquiárias avaliou-se: teor e acúmulo de nutrientes da parte aérea; população de plantas; matéria seca; e para ambas culturas, matéria... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: With the expansion of areas under intercropping systems with corn and Brachiaria in the Cerrado region, especially in off-season cultivation, many studies have been developed, but still little information regarding the growing of corn best suited to system in these climatic conditions, as well as which fertilizer recommendation is most appropriate for the cultures involved in the intercropping. The objective of this study was evaluate intercropping corn cultivars and Brachiaria species in cultivation in off-season, subject to two fertilizer recommendations in order to yield and straw for the implantation of no-tillage system. The experiment was conducted between march and october of 2010, at the UNESP Experimental Farm, at Ilha Solteira, located in Selvíria, MS, (20°22'S, 51°22'W and altitude of 335 m). The experimental design was randomized complete blocks, as a factorial scheme 2x3x2, with four replications. The treatments consisted of two cultivars (hybrid and variety), three intercropping: corn + Brachiaria decumbens, corn + Brachiaria ruziziensis, and corn without intercropping; two fertilizer recommendations: "normal" based on the recommendation for the corn crop, and "extra" based on the sum of the recommendations of the cultures of intercropping. The following variables in corn were evaluated: plant height, ear insertion height, plant population, ear length and diameter, number of kernel rows per ear, hundred grains weight, grain yield, leaf content, content and accumulation of plant nutrients; shoot dry matter. The Brachiaria were evaluated: content and accumulation of the aerial part, plant population, shoot dry matter and total shoot dry matter both cultures. The extra fertilizer promote increments Brachiaria in shoot dry matter, corn shoot dry matter, total shoot dry matter and grain yield variety. Intercropping... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:29:41Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2012-03-02Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T18:39:33Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 coletti_aj_me_ilha.pdf: 277204 bytes, checksum: 6e3fb914b87bb8904997dbaf95e3b491 (MD5) / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / Com a expansão das áreas sob sistemas consorciados com milho e forrageiras na região dos Cerrados, principalmente em cultivo de segunda safra várias pesquisas têm sido desenvolvidas, porém ainda faltam informações quanto ao cultivar de milho que melhor se adapte ao sistema nestas condições edafoclimáticas, bem como qual recomendação de adubação é a mais adequada para as culturas envolvidas no consórcio. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o consórcio entre cultivares de milho e espécies de braquiária em cultivo de safrinha, submetidos a duas recomendações de adubação visando produtividade de grãos e palhada para a implantação do sistema plantio direto. O experimento foi realizado entre os meses de março e outubro de 2010, na Fazenda experimental da UNESP, Campus de Ilha Solteira, SP, localizada no município de Selvíria, MS, (20°22’S, 51°22’W e altitude de 335 m). O delineamento experimental utilizado foi em blocos ao acaso, em esquema fatorial 2x3x2, com quatro repetições. Os tratamentos foram constituídos por dois cultivares de milho (híbrido e variedade); três consórcios: milho + Brachiaria decumbens, milho + Brachiaria ruziziensis e monocultivo de milho; e duas recomendações de adubação: “normal” baseada na recomendação para a cultura do milho, e “extra” baseada no somatório das recomendações das culturas do consórcio. Foram avaliadas as seguintes variáveis na cultura do milho: altura de plantas; altura de inserção de espiga; população de plantas; comprimento e diâmetro espigas; número de fileiras de grãos por espiga; massa de cem grãos; produtividade de grãos; teor foliar, na planta e acúmulo de nutrientes; matéria seca. Nas braquiárias avaliou-se: teor e acúmulo de nutrientes da parte aérea; população de plantas; matéria seca; e para ambas culturas, matéria... / With the expansion of areas under intercropping systems with corn and Brachiaria in the Cerrado region, especially in off-season cultivation, many studies have been developed, but still little information regarding the growing of corn best suited to system in these climatic conditions, as well as which fertilizer recommendation is most appropriate for the cultures involved in the intercropping. The objective of this study was evaluate intercropping corn cultivars and Brachiaria species in cultivation in off-season, subject to two fertilizer recommendations in order to yield and straw for the implantation of no-tillage system. The experiment was conducted between march and october of 2010, at the UNESP Experimental Farm, at Ilha Solteira, located in Selvíria, MS, (20°22'S, 51°22'W and altitude of 335 m). The experimental design was randomized complete blocks, as a factorial scheme 2x3x2, with four replications. The treatments consisted of two cultivars (hybrid and variety), three intercropping: corn + Brachiaria decumbens, corn + Brachiaria ruziziensis, and corn without intercropping; two fertilizer recommendations: normal based on the recommendation for the corn crop, and extra based on the sum of the recommendations of the cultures of intercropping. The following variables in corn were evaluated: plant height, ear insertion height, plant population, ear length and diameter, number of kernel rows per ear, hundred grains weight, grain yield, leaf content, content and accumulation of plant nutrients; shoot dry matter. The Brachiaria were evaluated: content and accumulation of the aerial part, plant population, shoot dry matter and total shoot dry matter both cultures. The extra fertilizer promote increments Brachiaria in shoot dry matter, corn shoot dry matter, total shoot dry matter and grain yield variety. Intercropping... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

The potential of agroforestry to alleviate problems related to scarcities of arable land, water, food and fuel wood is subject to understanding system functioning and implementing and managing an efficiently designed system. The objectives of this study were to understand interactions and productivity of a hedgerow intercropping system with reference to water and radiation use, and analyse system design and management scenarios in order to enhance returns. Field trials monitoring soil water, solar radiation and plant productivity were conducted during 2006-2008 at Ukulinga Research Farm (KwaZulu Natal, South Africa) using a Jatropha-Kikuyu (Pennisetum clandestinum) hedgerow intercropping system as case study. In order to extrapolate results, a process-based hedgerow intercropping model was developed by building intercropping and tree growth into the SWB-2D model. Data collected from the field trials were used to parameterise and evaluate the model, which was used to analyse hedgerow orientation and spacing to determine income scenarios of virtual system and to help develop design criteria. Allometric relationships of Jatropha using basal stem diameter and crown width as predictor variables were found to be very reliable. Stem diameter was linearly related with wood and branch proportions and inversely proportional to foliage. Neither below-ground (BG) interspecies competition nor tree spacing had any significant effects on allometry. Allometric equations were proven valid for accurate, non-destructive and rapid predictions of tree growth under various growing and non-destructive canopy management conditions. When interspecies competition was present, none of the tree spacing/arrangement options tested resulted in consistently highest tree relative growth rates (RGR). Treatments had no effect on tree RGR when high water availability and kikuyu dormancy coincided. The single-row treatment (SR) produced the shortest trees, but generally had the highest stem RGR during low rainfall periods. The standard-spacing treatment (SS) had the highest RGR during the spring and summer seasons. Jatropha-only treatment (JO) trees were the tallest and biggest. Treatments affected post-pruning tree height increase, even when rainfall was high. Length of tree-crop interface (TCI) generally decreased tree yield, especially as trees matured toward their maximum-yield age (4-5 years). SR trees showed slow response to pruning due to a high TCI. They, however, exhibited compensatory growth during May to August, when competition for water with grass was low. BG competition reduced tree nut yield more than tree biomass. Tree spacing/arrangements had no effect on tree harvest index. Soil water varied among treatments and was asymmetrically distributed across tree hedgerows. System ET was generally the highest in SR and lowest in the double-row treatment (DR). Differences were mainly due to transpiration. Treatments affected tree root distribution, which was inferred using correlations between tree RGR and soil water deficit (SWD). In JO and SR, fine tree roots were asymmetrically distributed. Their distribution in DR was essentially symmetrical. Strong vegetative RGR-SWD correlations during the 2007/08 season indicated that tree growth was mainly water-limited. Though DR and SR had comparable tree RGRs, DR produced less grass than SR. This implied DR had more intensive BG competition than SR. Interspecific competition was severe due to a lack of temporal complementarity between Jatropha and kikuyu and a shallow soil profile (0.6 m). Tree water uptake predominantly came from the 0.2 – 0.6 depth, which had about 8.6% of the total root biomass in the profile. There was no clear relationship between intercrop growth and root distribution. Radiation use efficiency of kikuyu decreased towards tree hedgerows possibly due to preceding interaction of the irradiance with tree canopy reducing photosynthetically active radiation. The effect of radiation distribution on tree-crop (T-C) interactions was mainly to magnify effects of water. Finally, tree spacing/arrangement could be manipulated to optimise radiation and soil water distribution and intercrop growth. Predictions of solar radiation distribution, profile water content and tree water use were quite accurate. In general, intercrop productivity simulations were acceptable. Intercrop growth was overestimated when rainfall was high and underestimated when rainfall was low. During model calibration, tree woody biomass, leaf area index, crown width and nut yield were predicted adequately, while leaf dry mass was overestimated. During model validation, woody biomass and crown width were simulated reasonably well. However, foliage biomass, leaf area index and nut yield were overestimated. Overall, adequacy of the model for simulating tree productivity was established. Using scenario modelling, model capabilities to facilitate design/planning and management of hedgerow intercropping systems and interpretation of model outputs were demonstrated. The model can be used to determine the T-C trade-off that yields maximum income. By selecting best-case row orientation and spacing scenarios using the model, and keeping in mind values of tree and intercrop yields, system returns can be maximised. Tree crown growth can also be predicted in order to decide on the extent and timing of pruning. The present model is applicable to any potential tree-intercrop combination. It should be linked to a nutrient simulator of SWB, its component, and appraised further by considering shade-intolerant and shade-loving crop species, along with evergreen and deciduous tree species. This provides model users with numerous T-C combinations to choose from. Various tree spacing/arrangement options can also be explored using the model in order to realise the full potential and implications of the experimental findings of this study and others. / Thesis (PhD)--University of Pretoria, 2012. / gm2014 / Plant Production and Soil Science / unrestricted

Intercropping is an important cultural practice commonly used in pest management. It is based on the principle that the reduction of insect pest populations in the crop may occur due to the increase of agro-ecosystem diversity. The study was carried out aiming to assess the impact of colored fiber cotton-cowpea intercropping on both Aphis gossypii Glover, 1877 and Aphis craccivora Koch, 1854 (Hemiptera: Aphididae) aphid populations and their predators, especially Cycloneda sanguinea (Linnaeus, 1763) (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae). The study also aimed to evaluate the biomass production and the dispersion behavior of the aphids and their predators in this context. Experiments were carried out in laboratory, greenhouse and field conditions. Amino acids were extracted from cotton and cowpea plants. Under greenhouse conditions two wingless aphid species (A. gossypii and A. craccivora) and one predator species (C. sanguinea) were used to evaluate the dispersion, crop preference as well as predator progeny establishment. The influence of abiotic factors (temperature and relative humidity) in aphid dynamics was also analyzed. In field conditions the occurrence of arthropods found in sole or cotton and cowpea intercropped was evaluated. Mathematical models were developed to evaluate the aphid dynamics over time and statistical models were used to compare productivity in plants, dispersion, progeny and reproductive success of predator. Computational simulations were performed to compare the insect occurrence and to evaluate the best cropping system to pest reduction, natural enemy increase and plant productivity. Amino acid asparagine (ASP) was the most detected in the samples. Positive correlations were found between aphids and temperature. Negative correlations were found between aphids and relative humidity. Mathematical models described the dynamics behavior of aphids in arrangements studied. In all cropping systems an asymptotic growth was observed, with population peak and decrease in aphid population. Under greenhouse conditions, the sole cropping exhibited higher number of aphids than intercropping systems. The natural enemy dispersion was similar in both cropping system. However, the progeny abundance and cotton productivity were higher in treatment t1 (intercropping designed with cotton plants : cowpea plants in a row, started and ended with cotton plants). Simulations based in field experiments and literature showed that some cropping arrangements provided temporal dynamics stable in arthropods. However, Toxomerus watsoni (Curran, 1930) (Diptera: Syrphidae) exhibited temporal dynamics unstable and less abundance in arrangements of sole organic cotton or cotton-cowpea intercropping t1 that received insecticide for sucking pest control. Computational simulations confirmed that biomass production was higher in some cotton-cowpea intercropped than in sole cropping systems. / Consórcios são importantes práticas culturais comumente utilizadas no manejo de pragas. Baseiam-se no princípio de que a redução de populações de insetos-praga nos cultivos pode ocorrer devido ao aumento na diversidade do agroecossistema. O estudo foi conduzido objetivando avaliar o impacto que o consórcio entre algodão com fibra colorida e o caupi pode causar nas populações dos pulgões Aphis gossypii Glover, 1877, Aphis craccivora Koch, 1854 (Hemiptera: Aphididae) e seus predadores, especialmente Cycloneda sanguinea (Linnaeus, 1763) (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae). Objetivou-se também avaliar a produção de biomassa e comportamentos de dispersão dos pulgões e seus inimigos naturais nos cultivos. Experimentos foram conduzidos em condições laboratoriais, casa de vegetação e campo. Realizaram-se extrações de aminoácidos oriundos de plantas de algodão e feijão. Em casa de vegetação, ápteros de duas espécies de pulgões (A. gossypii e A. craccivora) e um predador (C. sanguinea) foram utilizados para avaliar a dispersão, preferência pelo hospedeiro bem como o estabelecimento da progênie do predador. A influência de fatores abióticos (temperatura e umidade relativa) na dinâmica dos pulgões também foi analisada. Em condições de campo, avaliou-se a ocorrência de artrópodes encontrados no algodoeiro e caupi solteiros e consorciados. Modelos matemáticos foram desenvolvidos para avaliar a dinâmica de pulgões ao longo do tempo e modelos estatísticos foram utilizados para comparar produtividade em plantas, dispersão, progênie e sucesso reprodutivo do predador. Simulações computacionais foram utilizadas para comparar a ocorrência de insetos e avaliar o melhor sistema de consórcio que reduza a população de pragas, aumentando a população de inimigos naturais e produtividade do cultivo. O aminoácido asparagina (ASP) foi predominante na maioria das amostras. Correlações positivas foram encontradas entre pulgões e temperatura. Correlações negativas foram encontradas entre pulgões e umidade relativa. Modelos matemáticos descreveram o comportamento dinâmico dos pulgões nos arranjos estudados. Em todos os esquemas de cultivos foi observado um crescimento assintótico, com picos populacionais e decréscimos na população dos pulgões. Em casa de vegetação, os cultivos solteiros propiciaram números de pulgões maiores do que os arranjos de cultivos consorciados. A dispersão do inimigo natural foi similar nos sistemas de cultivos solteiros e consorciados. Entretanto, a abundancia de sua progênie e produtividade de algodão foi maior no tratamento t1 (Consórcio delineado com plantas de algodão : plantas de feijão, cada linha iniciou e terminou com plantas de algodão). Simulações baseadas nos experimentos em condições de campo e literatura demonstram que alguns sistemas de cultivos propiciaram dinâmica temporal estável nos artrópodes estudados. Porém, Toxomerus watsoni (Curran, 1930) (Diptera: Syrphidae) apresentou dinâmica temporal instável e menor abundância nos arranjos de algodão solteiro orgânico ou no consórcio de algodão e feijão t1, que recebeu inseticida para controle das pragas sugadoras. Simulações computacionais confirmaram que a produção de biomassa foi maior em alguns consórcios de algodão com caupi do que em cultivos solteiros.

Thesis (M.Sc. (Agriculture (Crop Science)) -- University of Limpopo, 2004. / Canon Collins Educational Trust of Southern Africa (CCETSA), and the National Research Foundation (NRF)

CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeiÃoamento de NÃvel Superior / A mamoneira (Ricinus communis) Ã tolerante a seca e cultivada para produÃÃo de Ãleo para uso industrial. Na regiÃo Nordeste os pequenos produtores cultivam a mamona consorciada algodÃo, feijÃo caupi, gergelim, girassol, milho, sorgo ou amendoim. Dois experimentos de campo foram conduzidos nos anos agrÃcolas 2008, 2009 e 2010, na Fazenda Experimental Lavoura Seca, QuixadÃ, CearÃ, com o objetivo de avaliar o comportamento da mamona e girasssol cultivados em dois padrÃes de consorciaÃÃo. No experimento I avaliou-se o consorcio mamona (Ma) x girassol (Gi) com 1Ma:1Gi; 1Ma:2Gi; 1Ma:3Gi; 2Ma:2Gi; 2Ma:3Gi fileiras, acrescidos da mamona e girassol em monocultivo. No experimento II, avaliou-se o consorcio mamona x girassol com antecipaÃÃo do plantio da mamona em 0, 7, 14 ou 21 dias antes do plantio do girassol. Para cada experimento adotou-se o delineamento de blocos ao acaso com 4 repetiÃÃes. Avaliou-se a produtividade de grÃos, seus componentes e o uso eficiente da terra para a mamona e girassol consorciados e em monocultivo. A produtividade da mamona e girassol no monocultivo foi significativamente superior nos dois sistemas de consÃrcio. A antecipaÃÃo do plantio da mamona 14 e 21 dias em comparaÃÃo ao girassol mostraram vantagens em relaÃÃo as demais datas de plantio. No experimentos I e II verificou-se que a mamona foi dominante sobre ao girassol. PrecipitaÃÃes pluviais inferiores a demanda hÃdrica das culturas da mamona e girassol, proporcionaram reduÃÃo no uso eficiente de terra (UET). / Castor bean (Ricinus communis L.) is an oil seed crop drought tolerant with its oil having several uses in industry. In the Northeast of Brazil it is commonly cultivated by small farmers intercropped with cotton, cowpea, sesamum, sunflower, sorghum or peanuts. Two field experiments were carried during 2008, 2009 and 2010, at â Fazenda Experiental Lavoura Secaâ, Quixada, Ceara, with the objective to evaluate the behavior of castor bean and sunflower under two intercropping arrangements. In experiment I, its was evaluated the intercropping castor bean (CB) x sunflower (SF) with 1CB:1SF; 1CB:2SF; 1CB:3SF; 2SB:2SF; 2CB:3SF rows, added of sole crop of castor bean and sunflower. In the experiment II, was evaluated with the early planting of castor bean in 0, 7, 14 or 21 days in relations to sunflower the intercropping systems. In both experiments it was used a randomized complete block design with 4 replications. In this study it was determined the yield, yield components and land equivalent ratio (LER) for castor bean and sunflower grown in intercropping and sole crop. The grain yield of castor bean and sunflower was significantly higher in sole crop than intercropping in both experiments. Between the intercropping systems the highest yields were observed when early planting of castor bean was of 14 or 21 days before sunflower. In experiments I and II, showed that the castor bean was the dominant crop in relation to sunflower. Rainfall lower the water requirements of castor bean and sunflower crops, showed a reduction in LER.