Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:33:39Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2008-02-20Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:45:36Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 barrosjunior_ap_dr_jabo.pdf: 517386 bytes, checksum: 645a826a9d61527bb271720029dfffe4 (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Com o objetivo avaliar a influência de doses de nitrogênio realizadas para a alface e/ou para a rúcula, em consórcio, sobre as plantas (estado nutricional e crescimento) e sobre o consórcio (produtividade, classificação e qualidade, uso eficiente da área e rentabilidade), foi realizado um experimento no período de setembro à dezembro de 2006, na Unesp, Campus de Jaboticabal-SP. O delineamento experimental foi o de blocos casualizados completos, com quatro repetições, sendo os tratamentos arranjados em esquema fatorial 4 x 4 + 2. Os tratamentos resultaram da combinação de quatro doses de N para a alface (0, 65, 130 e 195 kg/ha de N) e quatro doses de N para a rúcula (0, 65, 130 e 195 kg/ha de N), mais dois tratamentos adicionais, correspondentes às monoculturas de alface e rúcula. As cultivares utilizadas foram Verônica (alface) e Folha Larga (rúcula). Para todas as características avaliadas de plantas de alface a monocultura (testemunha) tiveram melhor desempenho que em consórcios, não ocorrendo diferenças para as características de rúcula. O aumento da dose de N para ambas as culturas, em consórcio, proporcionou incrementos nas características de plantas de alface e rúcula. A máxima produtividade de alface, 23.744,48 kg/ha, foi obtida com 100 kg/ha de N para alface e 195 kg/ha de N para rúcula. A máxima produtividade de rúcula, 14.435,78 kg/ha, foi obtida com a adubação de 195 kg/ha de alface e 180 kg/ha de N para rúcula. A maximização do índice de eficiência de uso da área (1,86) foi obtido na dose 127 kg/ha N para a alface e 195 xv kg/ha N para rúcula. O maior lucro operacional, R$ 29.026,11/ha, foi obtido na combinação de doses de 122 kg/ha N para alface e 195 kg/ha N para rúcula. / In order to evaluate the influence how nitrogen rates used for lettuce and/or rocket, under intercropping, affect the plants (nutrition and growth conditions), and the intercropping (yielding, grading, land equivalent ratio and profitability), an experiment was carried out at the campus of Unesp in Jaboticabal-SP, from September to December 2006. The experiment was conducted in a randomized complete block design, with four replications, treatments being arranged in a 4 x 4 + 2 factorial design. The treatments were the result of a combination of four N rates for lettuce (0, 65, 130 and 195 kg/ha of N), and four N rates for rocket (0, 65, 130 and 195 kg/ha of N), plus two additional treatments, which corresponded to lettuce and rocket under single cropping. Veronica (lettuce) and Folha Larga (rocket) were the cultivars used. For all the plant characteristics of lettuce that were studied, the single cropping (witness) had better performance than in intercropping, whereas no differences were observed for the rocket characteristics. An increase in the N rate for both cultures under intercropping showed gains in the plant characteristics of lettuce and rocket. Maximum lettuce yield, 23,744.48 kg/ha, was achieved with the application of 100 kg N ha for lettuce, and 195 kg N ha for rocket. Maximum rocket yield, 14,435.78 kg/ha, was achieved with the application of 195 kg N ha for lettuce, and 180 kg N ha for rocket. The land equivalent ratio was maximized (1.86) by using 127 kg N ha for lettuce and 195 kg N ha for rocket. The highest xvii operating profit, R$ 29,026.11/ha, resulted from the combination of 122 kg N ha for lettuce and 195 kg N ha for rocket.

Resumo: Com o objetivo avaliar a influência de doses de nitrogênio realizadas para a alface e/ou para a rúcula, em consórcio, sobre as plantas (estado nutricional e crescimento) e sobre o consórcio (produtividade, classificação e qualidade, uso eficiente da área e rentabilidade), foi realizado um experimento no período de setembro à dezembro de 2006, na Unesp, Campus de Jaboticabal-SP. O delineamento experimental foi o de blocos casualizados completos, com quatro repetições, sendo os tratamentos arranjados em esquema fatorial 4 x 4 + 2. Os tratamentos resultaram da combinação de quatro doses de N para a alface (0, 65, 130 e 195 kg/ha de N) e quatro doses de N para a rúcula (0, 65, 130 e 195 kg/ha de N), mais dois tratamentos adicionais, correspondentes às monoculturas de alface e rúcula. As cultivares utilizadas foram Verônica (alface) e Folha Larga (rúcula). Para todas as características avaliadas de plantas de alface a monocultura (testemunha) tiveram melhor desempenho que em consórcios, não ocorrendo diferenças para as características de rúcula. O aumento da dose de N para ambas as culturas, em consórcio, proporcionou incrementos nas características de plantas de alface e rúcula. A máxima produtividade de alface, 23.744,48 kg/ha, foi obtida com 100 kg/ha de N para alface e 195 kg/ha de N para rúcula. A máxima produtividade de rúcula, 14.435,78 kg/ha, foi obtida com a adubação de 195 kg/ha de alface e 180 kg/ha de N para rúcula. A maximização do índice de eficiência de uso da área (1,86) foi obtido na dose 127 kg/ha N para a alface e 195 xv kg/ha N para rúcula. O maior lucro operacional, R$ 29.026,11/ha, foi obtido na combinação de doses de 122 kg/ha N para alface e 195 kg/ha N para rúcula. / Abstract: In order to evaluate the influence how nitrogen rates used for lettuce and/or rocket, under intercropping, affect the plants (nutrition and growth conditions), and the intercropping (yielding, grading, land equivalent ratio and profitability), an experiment was carried out at the campus of Unesp in Jaboticabal-SP, from September to December 2006. The experiment was conducted in a randomized complete block design, with four replications, treatments being arranged in a 4 x 4 + 2 factorial design. The treatments were the result of a combination of four N rates for lettuce (0, 65, 130 and 195 kg/ha of N), and four N rates for rocket (0, 65, 130 and 195 kg/ha of N), plus two additional treatments, which corresponded to lettuce and rocket under single cropping. Veronica (lettuce) and Folha Larga (rocket) were the cultivars used. For all the plant characteristics of lettuce that were studied, the single cropping (witness) had better performance than in intercropping, whereas no differences were observed for the rocket characteristics. An increase in the N rate for both cultures under intercropping showed gains in the plant characteristics of lettuce and rocket. Maximum lettuce yield, 23,744.48 kg/ha, was achieved with the application of 100 kg N ha for lettuce, and 195 kg N ha for rocket. Maximum rocket yield, 14,435.78 kg/ha, was achieved with the application of 195 kg N ha for lettuce, and 180 kg N ha for rocket. The land equivalent ratio was maximized (1.86) by using 127 kg N ha for lettuce and 195 kg N ha for rocket. The highest xvii operating profit, R$ 29,026.11/ha, resulted from the combination of 122 kg N ha for lettuce and 195 kg N ha for rocket. / Orientador: Arthur Bernardes Cecílio Filho / Coorientador: Renato de Mello Prado / Coorientador: José Carlos Barbosa / Banca: Francisco Bezerra Neto / Banca: Leilson Costa Grangeiro / Banca: Domingos Fornasieri Filho / Banca: José Ricardo Mantovani / Doutor

CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeiÃoamento de NÃvel Superior / A mamoneira (Ricinus communis) Ã tolerante a seca e cultivada para produÃÃo de Ãleo para uso industrial. Na regiÃo Nordeste os pequenos produtores cultivam a mamona consorciada algodÃo, feijÃo caupi, gergelim, girassol, milho, sorgo ou amendoim. Dois experimentos de campo foram conduzidos nos anos agrÃcolas 2008, 2009 e 2010, na Fazenda Experimental Lavoura Seca, QuixadÃ, CearÃ, com o objetivo de avaliar o comportamento da mamona e girasssol cultivados em dois padrÃes de consorciaÃÃo. No experimento I avaliou-se o consorcio mamona (Ma) x girassol (Gi) com 1Ma:1Gi; 1Ma:2Gi; 1Ma:3Gi; 2Ma:2Gi; 2Ma:3Gi fileiras, acrescidos da mamona e girassol em monocultivo. No experimento II, avaliou-se o consorcio mamona x girassol com antecipaÃÃo do plantio da mamona em 0, 7, 14 ou 21 dias antes do plantio do girassol. Para cada experimento adotou-se o delineamento de blocos ao acaso com 4 repetiÃÃes. Avaliou-se a produtividade de grÃos, seus componentes e o uso eficiente da terra para a mamona e girassol consorciados e em monocultivo. A produtividade da mamona e girassol no monocultivo foi significativamente superior nos dois sistemas de consÃrcio. A antecipaÃÃo do plantio da mamona 14 e 21 dias em comparaÃÃo ao girassol mostraram vantagens em relaÃÃo as demais datas de plantio. No experimentos I e II verificou-se que a mamona foi dominante sobre ao girassol. PrecipitaÃÃes pluviais inferiores a demanda hÃdrica das culturas da mamona e girassol, proporcionaram reduÃÃo no uso eficiente de terra (UET). / Castor bean (Ricinus communis L.) is an oil seed crop drought tolerant with its oil having several uses in industry. In the Northeast of Brazil it is commonly cultivated by small farmers intercropped with cotton, cowpea, sesamum, sunflower, sorghum or peanuts. Two field experiments were carried during 2008, 2009 and 2010, at â Fazenda Experiental Lavoura Secaâ, Quixada, Ceara, with the objective to evaluate the behavior of castor bean and sunflower under two intercropping arrangements. In experiment I, its was evaluated the intercropping castor bean (CB) x sunflower (SF) with 1CB:1SF; 1CB:2SF; 1CB:3SF; 2SB:2SF; 2CB:3SF rows, added of sole crop of castor bean and sunflower. In the experiment II, was evaluated with the early planting of castor bean in 0, 7, 14 or 21 days in relations to sunflower the intercropping systems. In both experiments it was used a randomized complete block design with 4 replications. In this study it was determined the yield, yield components and land equivalent ratio (LER) for castor bean and sunflower grown in intercropping and sole crop. The grain yield of castor bean and sunflower was significantly higher in sole crop than intercropping in both experiments. Between the intercropping systems the highest yields were observed when early planting of castor bean was of 14 or 21 days before sunflower. In experiments I and II, showed that the castor bean was the dominant crop in relation to sunflower. Rainfall lower the water requirements of castor bean and sunflower crops, showed a reduction in LER.

Thesis (MSc. Agriculture (Agronomy)) -- University of Limpopo, 2019 / The traditional practice of farmers in Limpopo Province is to mixed and broadcast crops at planting without definite row arrangement. This practice hinders farm input application and results in low crop yields. Strip intercropping, where crops are planted with definite row arrangement, has the advantage of reducing inter-species competition, optimise plant population and increasing crop yield. This study aimed at improving cowpea-maize cropping systems using strip intercropping. The experiment was conducted at University of Limpopo farm and Ga-Thaba village. Five cowpea varieties (Glenda (check)), IT86K-499-35, IT82E-16, IT86D -1010, TVu-13464 and maize (PAN 6479) were evaluated using randomised complete block design with three replications. Data collected were days to flowering, days to maturity, plant height, canopy width, peduncle length, pod length, number of pods/plant, 100 seed weight, grain yield, fodder weight and land equivalent ratio was also determined. Data were analysed using the Statistix 9.0. The results revealed that in both locations TVu 13464 flowered early (50 days) respectively. At University of Limpopo farm TVu 13464, IT82E-16 and IT86D-1010 matured early (89, 88 and 91 days). At University of Limpopo farm, IT82E-16 had high cowpea grain yield (2230 kg/ha) under monocropping and also produced high grain yield of 1373 kg/ha during 2016/17 season. At Ga-Thaba, IT86D-1010 produced high cowpea grain yield of 1085 kg/ha under monocropping and during 2015/16 (660 kg/ha) while IT86K-499-35 also produced high grain yield of 915 kg/ha during 2016/17. The varieties showed yield stability depending on different locations. At University of Limpopo farm, strip intercropping achieved high maize grain yield of 3961 kg/ha during 2016/17. At Ga-Thaba, strip intercropping produced high maize grain yield 747 and 1024 kg/ha during 2015/16 and 2016/17, respectively. Monocropping produced low maize grain yield during 2015/16 with a mean of 425 kg/ha and mixed intercropping had mean of 499 kg/ha during 2016/17. The calculated LER for two crops over two seasons under strip intercropping ranged from 1.25 and 2.14, whereas under mixed intercropping, it ranged between 0.73 and 1.05 over two seasons at University of Limpopo farm. TVu 13464, IT82E-16 and IT86D-1010 are promising varieties for strip intercropping in low rainfall areas because of their early maturity and high grain yield. The calculated LER for two crops over two seasons xx under strip intercropping ranged from 1.62 and 2.98, whereas under mixed intercropping, it ranged between 0.76 and 1.67 in both seasons at Ga-Thaba. / National Research Foundation (NRF) and Water Research Commission (WRC)

Les associations d'espèces sont définies comme la culture simultanée d'au moins deux espèces sur la même parcelle pendant une période significative de leur croissance. Ce système permettrait d'améliorer l'utilisation des ressources du milieu (eau, azote, lumière…) et ainsi d'augmenter le rendement et la qualité des grains par rapport aux cultures monospécifiques. L'objectif de notre travail était d'analyser le fonctionnement et d'évaluer la performance des associations blé dur - pois d'hiver et blé dur - féverole d'hiver pour aider à la conception d'itinéraires techniques adaptés à différents objectifs de production. Pour cela nous avons testé, au cours de trois années d'expérimentations, différentes combinaisons de variétés de blé dur, disponibilités en azote, structures de couverts et densités de plantes. Nos résultats ont confirmé l'intérêt de ces systèmes pour améliorer le rendement et la teneur en protéines du blé dur comparativement aux cultures monospécifiques mais également pour la réduction des ravageurs, maladies et de l'enherbement dans certaines conditions. Ces systèmes sont ainsi particulièrement bien adaptés aux situations à faible disponibilité en azote en raison de la complémentarité entre céréale et légumineuse pour l'utilisation de l'azote (minéral du sol et fixation symbiotique) mais aussi pour la captation de l'énergie lumineuse. In fine, ce travail a permis de proposer des prototypes d'itinéraires techniques d'associations adaptés à différents objectifs de production, grâce notamment à l'analyse dynamique des compétitions et complémentarités entre espèces au sein du couvert et en particulier de l'élaboration du rendement du blé dur en association. / Intercropping is the simultaneous growing of two or more species in the same field for a significant period. Such systems are known to use available resources (water, light, nitrogen…) more efficiently than their corresponding sole crops and consequently to increase yield and grain protein concentration particularly in low N input systems. The aim of our work was to analyse the functioning of durum wheat - winter pea and durum wheat - winter faba bean intercrops. A 3-year field experiment was carried out with different fertilizer-N levels, wheat cultivars and plant densities. The intercrop efficiency was studied in order to further design low inputs cropping systems for specific objectives. Our results confirm that intercropping is more suited to low-N-input systems because it takes advantage of complementary N sources (soil mineral N and N2 fixation) and light use between species of the intercrop. Thus, intercrops were more efficient than sole crops for yield, they increased durum wheat grain protein concentration and in certain cases reduced weeds, pests and diseases. Finally, our work indicates that intercrops can be optimized for specific objectives by the choice of crop species, cultivars, N fertilization and plant densities in order to maximize resource capture and minimize competition. Indeed, intercrop efficiency is determined by the complementary resource use between the two species as well as the relative strength of the intra- and interspecific dynamic competitive interactions.

Des mesures sur parcelles agroforestières (mélanges d'arbres et de cultures) expérimentales mettent en évidence des productivités exceptionnelles, avec des gains de plus de 30% par rapport à l'assolement de cultures pures. Nous avons mis au point et utilisé un modèle numérique dynamique en 3-D (Hi-sAFe) pour (1) tester si l'intégration spatio-temporelle du partage des ressources (lumière, eau, azote) entre espèces suffit à expliquer cette productivité et (2) évaluer l'impact de différents choix de conception ou de gestion sur cette productivité, à partir d'une compréhension des processus impliqués. Nous avons développé une méthode originale d'analyse des données simulées pour identifier et hiérarchiser les processus déterminant le rendement. Le modèle a été paramétré et calibré sur un système noyer hybride / blé dur situé sur le domaine de Restinclières (Hérault, France). Après une analyse détaillée du fonctionnement de ce système, nous avons exploré par expérimentation virtuelle sa réponse à des choix de conception : (1) traits phénologiques des espèces associées, et (2) densité et disposition des arbres sur la parcelle. Par la richesse de son comportement, Hi-sAFe permet un regard nouveau sur le fonctionnement des systèmes agroforestiers. Il éclaire la complexité du système réel. Nos résultats permettent de proposer une interprétation déterministe du rendement de chaque espèce et de la productivité totale de l'association (Land Equivalent Ratio). L'analyse des expérimentations virtuelles permet de proposer des pistes concrètes pour l'optimisation des systèmes agroforestiers.