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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
1

The relationship between CSR and the interest bearing cost of debt : An analysis of Nordic countries

Wahlström, Jonas, Carlsson, Oscar January 2020 (has links)
Corporate social responsibility (CSR), or perhaps the lack of it, is widely debated today. Regulations and international discussions surrounding the topic is taking up a larger room in the public domain with the Paris Climate Accords being a pinnacle where a number of countries decided to agree to quite ambitious climate goals. For companies, there could be incentives to early adapt to these accords to be better suited for the future. But even during present time, it could be beneficial to as early as possible readjust into a more sustainable direction. The Nordic countries are ranked among the top in the world when it comes to sustainability. Can this however, lead to a reduction in costs for Nordic companies that invest into CSR?   The purpose of this study is to examine if there is a link between socially responsible companies and the cost of interest bearing debt. This was done by conducting a number of regression models, both linear and non-linear. The data used have a time frame of 10 years and span between 2009 to 2018 with a total number of 106 firm’s and 796 firm-year observations. CSR scores were collected using Thomson Reuters and the results show that there is a statistically significant negative relationship between CSR and the cost of interest bearing debt. The effects CSR have on the cost of interest bearing debt are somewhat inconsequential and the conclusion is made that CSR can be a major determinant for interest bearing debt, but it is related to the size of the debt portfolio. Further, the results of this research could be viewed as a component in a more comprehensive model.
2

Kapitalstruktur hos svenska fastighetsbolag : En undersökning av vilka faktorer som påverkar val och möjligheter av skuldfinansiering för svenska fastighetsbolag / Swedish Real Estate Companies' Capital Structure : An Investigation of the Factors that Influence the Choice and Possibilities of Debt financing for Swedish Real Estate Companies

Bivrin, Julia, Edlund, Viktor January 2021 (has links)
Kapitalstrukturen hos svenska fastighetsbolag har sedan finanskrisen år 2007–2008 förändrats avsevärt. Framför allt genom en ökad mängd marknadsfinansiering i form av obligations- och certifikatslån men även genom hybridkapital såsom D- och preferensaktier. Det har skapat nya vägar och strategier för fastighetsbolag att genom sin kapitalstruktur påverka utvecklingen på bolaget. Bolagen har genom de nya finansieringsalternativen nått ut till nya typer av investerare som tidigare inte var aktiva på den svenska fastighetsmarknaden. Det finns dock andra aktörer än fastighetsbolagen själva som påverkar hur deras kapitalstruktur ser ut. Investerare, kreditvärderingsinstitut, finansinspektionen och banker är några av de aktörer som är med och influerar fastighetsbolagen. Studiens syfte är att undersöka svenska fastighetsbolags kapitalstruktur och huruvida kapitalstrukturen påverkas av bolagens fastighetsbestånd. Studien undersöker även hur finansieringstrender och marknadsföreteelser påverkar fastighetsbolags tillgång på kapital. Målsättningen med studien är att dra slutsatser om hur fastighetsbolags fastighetsbestånd, finansieringstrender samt företeelser på marknaden influerar deras kapitalstruktur. Studien är indelad i två delar och inleds med en kvantitativ del som utgångspunkt där skillnader i fastighetsbolags räntebärande skulder undersöks genom deras genomsnittliga direktavkastningskrav använt vid värdering. Den andra delen består av en kvalitativ intervjustudie med semistrukturerade intervjuer med finanschefer/CFO:s på fastighetsbolag, fastighetsanalytiker på bank samt en kreditvärderingsanalytiker på ett kreditvärderingsinstitut. Studien visar att fastighetsbolagens fastighetsbestånd påverkar tillgången och priset på finansiering. Det är däremot svårt att avgöra till hur stor del fastighetsbeståndet påverkar. Det går inte att säga att fastighetsbeståndets risk, mätt i direktavkastningskrav, påverkar fastighetsbolagens räntebärande skuldstruktur. Utifrån intervjustudien kan slutsatser dras att fastighetsbolagens kapitalstruktur påverkas av många parametrar. Fastighetsbolagen kan till största del själva bestämma hur de vill utforma sin kapitalstruktur. De är sällan begränsade att använda sig av något av finansieringsinstrumenten, dock finns det väsentliga prisskillnader beroende på bolagets storlek, renommé, kreditbetyg, ägarstruktur, tillväxttakt och fastighetsbeståndets ekonomiska status. / The capital structure of Swedish real estate companies has changed considerably since the financial crisis in 2007-2008. The change has primarily been through an increased amount of market financing in the form of bonds and certificates of deposit, but also through hybrid capital. It has created new ways and strategies for real estate companies to influence the development of the company through its capital structure. Through the new financingalternatives, the companies have reached out to new types of investors who were not previously active in the Swedish real estate market. However, there are other actors than the real estate companies themselves who influence what their capital structure looks like. Investors, credit rating agencies, the Swedish Financial Supervisory Authority and banks are some of the actors involved in influencing real estate companies. The purpose of the study is to examine the capital structure of Swedish real estate companies and whether the capital structure is affected by the companies' property portfolio. The study also examines how financing trends and market phenomena affect real estate companies' access to capital. The aim of the study is to draw conclusions about how real estate companies' property portfolio, financing trends and phenomena in the market influence their capital structure. The study is divided into two parts and begins with a quantitative part where differences in real estate companies' interest-bearing debts are examined through their average yield used in valuations. The second part consists of a qualitative interview study with semi-structured interviews with CFOs at real estate companies, real estate analysts at banks and a credit rating analyst at a credit rating agency. The study presents that real estate companies' property portfolio affects the supply and price of financing. Although, it is difficult to determine to what extent the property portfolio affects the capital structure. It is not possible to say that the risk of the property portfolio, measured in average valuation yield, affects the real estate companies' interest-bearing debt structure. Based on the interview study, conclusions can be drawn that the real estate companies' capital structure is affected by many parameters. The real estate companies can for the most part decide for themselves how they want to design their capital structure. They are rarely limited to using any of the different financial instruments, however, there are significant price differences depending on the company's size, reputation, credit rating, ownership structure, growth rate and the financial status of the property portfolio.
3

Eliminating Cash; cash-free corporate liquidity : A study on the plausibility and efficiency of financial lean

Charpentier, Viktor January 2019 (has links)
This paper addresses the problem of a failing net debt approach; deposited funds rarely compensate the cost of debt. Venturing into operational credit facilities, the study evaluates the efficiency and feasibility of transitioning into fully cash-free liquidity management. The study takes a holistic approach and evaluates the research questions from the perspective of management through case studies on four smaller Swedish industrial firms. The study finds that there is substantial potential to free up capital; return on equity could have been boosted by an annual 5-10 percent including substantial one-off distributions. The study also concludes that Agency reasons are strong reasons for why firms are carrying material cash reserves. Through qualitative interviews, the study identifies several additional, but not less important, obstacles in the way of a full out cash-free transition. Most significantly, the financial system is not offering fully committed long term operational credit facilities and operating across different jurisdictions complicates the consolidation of liquidity. The study concludes that the matter would not have vast negative implications on real business activities, although further research would be required in regard to an extended debt overhang problem. / Uppsatsen kretsar kring den fallerande logiken med begreppet nettoskuld; tillgodohavanden på bank genererar sällan upp för kostnaden relaterad till motsvarande skuld. Med utgångspunkt i operationella kreditstrukturer utvärderas möjliga effektivitetsvinster och genomförbarheten av en fullständig övergång till kassa-fri likviditetshantering. Studien har ett holistiskt angreppssätt och utvärderar frågeställningarna från ett management-perspektiv genom fallstudier på fyra mindre svenska industriella bolag. Studien finner betydande möjligheter att frigöra kapital; årliga avkastningen på eget kapital hade kunnat öka med 5–10 procent och betydande engångsutdelningar hade varit möjliga. Studien finner vidare att agentteorin är en stark anledning till att bolag bär betydande kassapositioner. Genom kvalitativa intervjuer identifierar studien ytterligare, men ej desto mindre betydande, hinder för en kassa-fri övergång. Mest betydelsefullt, är att nuvarande finansiella system inte erbjuder för syftet fullgoda kreditstrukturer, samt det faktum att företag med verksamhet över olika jurisdiktioner upplever juridiska svårigheter med att konsolidera likviditet. Studien drar slutsatsen att en övergång inte skulle medföra betydande negativa konsekvenser för den operativa affärsverksamheten, men identifierar samtidigt att ytterligare studier skulle vara nödvändiga framförallt kring hur finansiella incitament kopplade till agent-teorins ’debt overhang’ skulle förändras vill en övergång till en fullt garanterad operationell kreditstruktur.

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