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Pour les revêtements obtenus par projection thermique, c'est-à-dire entrant dans la catégorie des revêtements épais, l’adhérence sur le support et les contraintes résiduelles sont les paramètres principaux déterminant leur performance en service. Bien que de nombreuses méthodes aient été essayées pour évaluer l'adhérence, il n'existe pas de test satisfaisant toutes les exigences tant techniques que théoriques nécessaires pour représenter valablement l’adhérence d’un revêtement. L’idée essentielle est de comparer plusieurs méthodes d’essais capables d’aboutir à une ténacité d’interface ou une énergie de fissuration interfaciale représentatives de l’adhérence de revêtements préparés dans des conditions d’élaboration les plus variées possibles. En dehors de l’essai normalisé EN582, l’indentation interfaciale, l’essai de cisaillement et l’indentation Rockwell-C associée à une modélisation par éléments finis ont été utilisés. Les contraintes résiduelles ont été estimées par l’essai de courbure, le perçage incrémental et par une méthode indirecte à partir des résultats de l’indentation interfaciale. Pour les revêtements métalliques, on observe une corrélation quasi-linéaire entre les ténacités d’interface obtenues par indentation interfaciale et par cisaillement. Ce résultat, très nouveau, est très important, car le fait que les deux essais donnent des résultats parfaitement cohérents et fiables, montre leur pertinence pour évaluer l'adhérence. Enfin, le traitement de recuit, en permettant l’établissement d’un nouvel état de contraintes à l’intérieur du revêtement et du substrat, a permis de quantifier l’influence des contraintes résiduelles sur l’adhérence. / For thermal sprayed coatings that are characterized by thick coatings, the adhesion to the substrate and residual stresses are the main parameters determining their performance in service. Although many methods have been tried to assess adhesion, there is no test, nowadays, that satisfies all requirements, both technical and theoretical, necessary to properly represent the adhesion of a coating on its substrate. The essential idea here is to compare several test methods capable of delivering an interface toughness or interfacial fracture energy representative of the adhesion of coatings. Various conditions of spraying as well as different materials and substrates were used. Apart from the EN582 standard test, indentation interfacial, in-plane shear and C-Rockwell indentation associated with a finite element modeling were used. The residual stresses were estimated using the curvature bending, the incremental hole drilling and the indirect method based on the results of the interfacial indentation. We show that the methods of interfacial indentation and in-plane tensile tests provide the best prospects in terms of consistency and reliability of the physical quantities obtained. For example, for metallic coatings, a quasi-linear correlation was found between the results of the interface indentation and the in-plane tensile tests. This result is very important since both tests provide fully consistent and reliable results, thus demonstrating their relevance to assess adhesion. Finally, the annealing process, allowing the establishment of a new state of residual stress within the coating and substrate, was used to analyze the influence of residual stresses on adhesion.

To promote both quality and economy in the production of applications and their interactive interfaces, it is desirable to delay their mutual binding. The later the binding, the more separable the interface from its application. An ideally separated interface can factor tasks from a range of applications, can provide a level of independence from hardware I/O devices, and can be responsive to end-user requirements. Current interface systems base their separation on two different abstractions. In linguistic architectures, for example User Interface Management Systems in the Seeheim model, the dialogue or syntax of interaction is abstracted in a separate notation. In agent architectures like Toolkits, interactive devices, at various levels of complexity, are abstracted into a class or call hierarchy. This Thesis identifies an essential feature of the popular notion of direct manipulation: directness requires that the same object be used both for output and input. In practice this compromises the separation of both dialogue and devices. In addition, dialogue cannot usefully be abstracted from its application functionality, while device abstraction reduces the designer's expressive control by binding presentation style to application semantics. This Thesis proposes an alternative separation, based on the abstraction of the medium of interaction, together with a dedicated user agent which allows direct manipulation of the medium. This interactive medium is called the surface. The Thesis proposes two new models for the surface, the first of which has been implemented as Presenter, the second of which is an ideal design permitting document quality interfaces. The major contribution of the Thesis is a precise specification of an architecture (UMA), whereby a separated surface can preserve directness without binding in application semantics, and at the same time an application can express its semantics on the surface without needing to manage all the details of interaction. Thus UMA partitions interaction into Surface Interaction, and deep interaction. Surface Interaction factors a large portion of the task of maintaining a highly manipulable interface, and brings the roles of user and application designer closer.