Stress-freezing photoelastic experiments are conducted using two different sets of photoelastic materials to investigate stress intensity behavior near to and coincident with bimaterial interfaces. Homogeneous, bonded homogeneous, and bonded bimaterial single edge-cracked tension specimens are utilized throughout the investigation for comparative purposes. The first series of tests involves machined cracks obliquely inclined to the direction of far field tensile loading. Mixed-mode stress intensity factors are observed and quantified using a simplified analytical algorithm which makes use of experimentally measured data. In this series of tests, the bimaterial specimens consist of a photoelastic material bonded to the same material containing a moderate quantity of aluminum powder (for elastic stiffening purposes). Moderate yet similar increases in stress intensity factors are observed in bonded homogeneous and bonded bimaterial specimens, suggesting the presence of bondline residual stresses (rather than elastic modulus mismatch) as the primary contributing factor. The second series of tests involves the bonding of mutually translucent photoelastic materials whose elastic module differ by a ratio of approximately four to one. Cracks are placed both near and coincident to the bimaterial interfaces. Mode-mixity and increases in stress intensity are found only in bimaterial specimens whose cracks are placed close to the bondline. Using the materials from the first series of tests it is shown that the increases in these near-bondline experiments are due to thermal mismatch properties (incurred during the stress freezing cycles) rather than mechanical mismatch properties. / Master of Science

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:24:09Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2009-10-27Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:31:09Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 thomaz_dap_me_bauru.pdf: 4396945 bytes, checksum: bc7aa023a12bcf3e2f968380bc87dea8 (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Este estudo trata das questões relacionadas ao design de interface, usabilidade e técnicas de avaliação de interfaces web. A abordagem teórica inicia-se com o questionamento sobre a popularização dos computadores pessoais e a difusão da internet e seus novos processos communicacionais que fizeram emergir apontamentos sobre a forma de interação entre o ser humano e os sistemas comunicacionais. Também aborda os aspectos de design de interface, ao entender que este corresponde ao primeiro contado do indivíduo com a informação apresentada no site e, por essa razão, ressaltam-se as questões relacionadas à apresentação da informação visual. Para completar a relação entre tecnologia e ser humano, são apresentados dados sobre Interação Humano-Computador (HC), usabilidade e ergonomia cognitiva, e métodos de avaliação de interface, assim como também algumas definições e classificações sobre o jornal impresso e o digital. Deste modo, o estudo apresenta um análise ergonômica e de usabilidade sobre a leitura dos jornais eletrônicos a partir da comparação com os jornais impressos. Como método, adotou-se uma avaliação de percepção do usuário, a partir de um questionário impresso aplicado a um grupo de 41 sujeitos. De modo geral, os resultados indicam que nos jornais analisados há a necessidade de um maior cuidado com os aspectos da representação visual. Neste sentido, entende-se que a pesquisa colaborou com os estudos da área, pois enfatiza a necessidade de se incluir os usuários no desenvolvimento de interfaces web, assim como também em utilizar com maior critério a muldisciplinariedade do suporte e fazer com as áreas de design, usabilidade, ergonomia, tecnologia e comunicação trabalhem em congruência. / The study deals with issues related to interface design, usability and technical evaluation of web interfaces. The theorical approach starts with the questioning of the popularity growth of personal computers and the spread of the Internet with its new communication processes that have emerge notes about the form of interaction between humans and communicational systems. Also covers aspects of interface design, understanding that this is the first contact of the individual with the information presented on the site and, for that reason, issues related to the presentation of visual information are emphasized. To complete the relation between technology and the human being, it presents data about Human-Computer Interaction (HCI), usability and cognitive ergonomics, and methods for interface evaluation, as well as some definitions and classifications on the paper and digital form of the news. Thus, the study presents an ergonomic and usability analysis on the reading of eletronic journal from the comparison with the printed newspaper. As a method, it was adopted an evaluation of the user perception, from a printed questionnaire applied to a group of 41 subjects. Overall, the results indicate that on the analyzed newspaper there is a need for greater care concerning the aspects of visual representation. In this sense, the study helped with the studies in the area, as it emphasizes the need to include users in development process of web interfaces, as well as to use with more discretion the support's multidisciplinarity and make the areas of design, usability, ergonomics, technology and communication to work in congruence.

Orientador: Luis Carlos Paschoarelli / Banca: Nelyse Apparecida Melro Salzedas / Banca: José Carlos Plácido da Silva / Resumo: Este estudo trata das questões relacionadas ao design de interface, usabilidade e técnicas de avaliação de interfaces web. A abordagem teórica inicia-se com o questionamento sobre a popularização dos computadores pessoais e a difusão da internet e seus "novos" processos communicacionais que fizeram emergir apontamentos sobre a forma de interação entre o ser humano e os sistemas comunicacionais. Também aborda os aspectos de design de interface, ao entender que este corresponde ao primeiro contado do indivíduo com a informação apresentada no site e, por essa razão, ressaltam-se as questões relacionadas à apresentação da informação visual. Para completar a relação entre tecnologia e ser humano, são apresentados dados sobre Interação Humano-Computador (HC), usabilidade e ergonomia cognitiva, e métodos de avaliação de interface, assim como também algumas definições e classificações sobre o jornal impresso e o digital. Deste modo, o estudo apresenta um análise ergonômica e de usabilidade sobre a leitura dos jornais eletrônicos a partir da comparação com os jornais impressos. Como método, adotou-se uma avaliação de percepção do usuário, a partir de um questionário impresso aplicado a um grupo de 41 sujeitos. De modo geral, os resultados indicam que nos jornais analisados há a necessidade de um maior cuidado com os aspectos da representação visual. Neste sentido, entende-se que a pesquisa colaborou com os estudos da área, pois enfatiza a necessidade de se incluir os usuários no desenvolvimento de interfaces web, assim como também em utilizar com maior critério a muldisciplinariedade do suporte e fazer com as áreas de design, usabilidade, ergonomia, tecnologia e comunicação trabalhem em congruência. / Abstract: The study deals with issues related to interface design, usability and technical evaluation of web interfaces. The theorical approach starts with the questioning of the popularity growth of personal computers and the spread of the Internet with its "new" communication processes that have emerge notes about the form of interaction between humans and communicational systems. Also covers aspects of interface design, understanding that this is the first contact of the individual with the information presented on the site and, for that reason, issues related to the presentation of visual information are emphasized. To complete the relation between technology and the human being, it presents data about Human-Computer Interaction (HCI), usability and cognitive ergonomics, and methods for interface evaluation, as well as some definitions and classifications on the paper and digital form of the news. Thus, the study presents an ergonomic and usability analysis on the reading of eletronic journal from the comparison with the printed newspaper. As a method, it was adopted an evaluation of the user perception, from a printed questionnaire applied to a group of 41 subjects. Overall, the results indicate that on the analyzed newspaper there is a need for greater care concerning the aspects of visual representation. In this sense, the study helped with the studies in the area, as it emphasizes the need to include users in development process of web interfaces, as well as to use with more discretion the support's multidisciplinarity and make the areas of design, usability, ergonomics, technology and communication to work in congruence. / Mestre

Sign language has largely been dismissed in gesture interface research on grounds of being a natural language. This essay argues that this has been premature. We begin with an overview of relevant literature in the fields of both gesture interface design and sign language, followed by a discussion of other graphical and text-based user interfaces in the context of language - effectively a short essay on language and metaphors in interface design, going into more detail why I believe dismissing sign languages based on their linguistic nature is a mistake. This is further explored in an example user interface that was designed by taking an insight from sign language as a starting point to replace the desktop metaphor and combining it with the discussed text-based interfaces to extend the WIMP paradigm. This experimental design was used as a way to pose questions to users about potential uses of gesture interfaces.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T18:15:42Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Arquitetura_de_Interface.pdf: 3791962 bytes, checksum: 00b8e61d18e36c906889f1d1dfd43a85 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006-08-04 / Two important facts are observed in the communicational processes in the last two decades. The first one is the mass use of the computers on a global scale digital support and the second one is the connection between them the net. Both facts were accompanied by significant changes in the interface between man and machine. The wide spread of the computer had its beginning connected with the adoption of the graphic interface rather than the command-line interface and also the assimilation of the mouse. The growth of the net internet also was influenced by an interface change, when Mosaic appeared in 1993. The early internet, basically formed by textual information starts to work in a multimedia way, with sound and image along with the text. This project intends to analyze the unfolding of these two facts, by means of reading and analysis of some aspects of the digital culture and net culture, as well as to raise concepts and characteristics pertinent to these contexts for the development of new interfaces that can represent a new step or progress in an interaction form. More than ten years have passed and the signs of these changes are more and more evident and intricate in our social and cultural daily life. The discussion about the needs for new interfaces is already significant as Steven Johnson, Richard Grusin, Jay David Bolter, Lev Manovich, Giselle Beiguelman and Peter Weibel put it. This work is based greatly, besides the authors above, in the points of view of Alexander Galloway and Howard Rheingold. The relevance of this study is more evident as the digital interfaces are more and more present in so many social layers and activities, but now they have their capacity questioned. Today s graphic interface still has some of their characteristics attributed in the 70 s, and developed to work basically with a quantity of information restricted to one computer. At the same time it accesses and manipulates a much bigger quantity of information, come from and distributed to billions of computers / Dois importantes acontecimentos são observados nos processos comunicacionais das duas últimas décadas. O primeiro é o uso massificado dos computadores em escala mundial suporte digital e o segundo é a conexão entre eles a rede. Ambos os fatos foram acompanhados de significativas mudanças na interface entre o homem e a máquina. A difusão do computador teve início, em grande parte, pela adoção de uma interface gráfica em detrimento da linha de comando e pela incorporação do mouse. O crescimento da rede internet deu-se, também em grande parte, através de uma mudança de interface, com o surgimento do Mosaic em 1993. Antes basicamente constituída de informação textual, a internet passa a trabalhar de forma multimídia, com textos, sons e imagens. Este trabalho tem como objetivo analisar desdobramentos destes dois importantes acontecimentos, por meio da leitura e análise de alguns aspectos da cultura digital e da cultura de rede, e levantar características e conceitos pertinentes a estes contextos para o desenvolvimento de novas interfaces que possam representar um novo salto ou progresso na forma de interação. Mais de dez anos se passaram e os sinais destas mudanças são cada vez maiores e cada vez mais imbricados com o cotidiano social e cultural. A discussão sobre a necessidade de novas interfaces já é significativa, como colocam Steven Johnson, Richard Grusin, Jay David Bolter, Lev Manovich, Giselle Beiguelman e Peter Weibel. O trabalho está fundamentado em grande parte, além dos autores acima citados, nos pontos de vista de Alexander Galloway e Howard Rheingold. A relevância deste estudo se dá na medida em que as interfaces digitais encontram-se cada vez mais presentes em diversas camadas e atividades sociais, mas que, hoje, tem sua capacidade colocada em questionamento. Com características atribuídas na década de 1970, e desenvolvidas para, a priori, trabalhar com uma quantidade de informação restrita a apenas um computador, a interface gráfica, atualmente, acessa e manipula uma quantidade de informação muito maior, distribuída e provinda de bilhões de computadores

International Telemetering Conference Proceedings / October 20-23, 2003 / Riviera Hotel and Convention Center, Las Vegas, Nevada / Wireless interfaces are becoming ubiquitous in terrestrial applications ranging from local area networking in business and commercial environments to large scale factory automation and process control. The pressure to develop these wireless interfacing techniques has come from the need to reduce cabling, reduce installation costs, and make it easier to extend network infrastructures. Concerns about electromagnetic compatibility, safety, reliability, and security have lead to the development of techniques and protocols that enable such wireless interfaces to be operated in electromagnetically harsh environments, without generating unacceptable interference, and providing reliable, dependable and secure data communications. On the face of it, the use of wireless interfaces onboard spacecraft looks like a good way of reducing the spacecraft harness mass and bulk. However, recent work by the European Space Agency has shown that, while harness reduction will undoubtedly be one benefit of using wireless interfaces, they offer many other benefits that will be more significant in the near future. Amongst these are significant advantages during integration and testing, the ability to retrofit and upgrade facilities, and cable replacement in moving structures such as robotic arms. In this paper we briefly survey the benefits of wireless interface technologies for spacecraft onboard use, and identify the challenges involved in adapting them for flight use. We then look at the considerations that should be taken into account in establishing the financial case for developing wireless interface technologies for flight applications.

International Telemetering Conference Proceedings / October 26-29, 1992 / Town and Country Hotel and Convention Center, San Diego, California / The design and development of user interfaces for telemetry data processing systems is undergoing a period of rapid change. The migration to graphics workstations is raising expectations and redefining requirements for user interfaces in the nineties. User interfaces which present data in crude tabular form on alphanumeric terminals are on a path to extinction. Modem telemetry user interfaces are hosted on graphics workstations rich with power and software tools. This paper summarizes the evolution of user interfaces for telemetry systems developed by Computer Sciences Corporation, highlighting key enhancements and use of third-party software. The benefits of prototyping and the trend toward programmable interface behavior are explored.

This thesis investigates whether there are differences in language comprehension and language production between highly advanced/near-native adult learners of a second language (late L2ers) and native speakers (L1ers), and if so, how they should be characterised. In previous literature (Sorace & Filiaci 2006, Sorace 2011 inter alia), nonconvergence of the near-native grammar with the native grammar has been identified as most likely to occur at the interface between syntax and another cognitive domain. This thesis focuses on grammatical and ungrammatical representations at the syntax-lexicon interface between very advanced/near-native Dutch learners of English and native speakers of English. We tested differences in syntactic knowledge representations and real-time processing through eight experiments. By syntactic knowledge representations we mean the explicit knowledge of grammar (specifically word order dependence on lexical-semantics) that a language user exhibits in their language comprehension and production, and by realtime processing we mean the language user’s ability to access implicit and explicit knowledge of grammar under time and/or memory constraints in their language comprehension and production. To test for systematic differences at the syntax-lexicon interface we examined linguistic structures in English that differ minimally in word order from Dutch depending on the presence or absence of certain lexical items and their characteristics; these were possessive structures with animate and inanimate possessors and possessums in either a prenominal or postnominal construction, preposed adverbials of location (locative inversions) followed by either unergative or unaccusative verbs, and preposed adverbials of manner containing a negative polarity item (negative inversions) or positive polarity item followed by either V2 or V3 word order. We used Magnitude Estimation Tasks and Speeded Grammaticality Judgement Tasks to test comprehension, and Syntactic Priming (with/without extra memory load) and Speeded Sentence Completion Tasks to test production. We found evidence for differences in comprehension and production between very advanced, near-native Dutch L2ers and native speakers of English, and that these differences appear to be associated with processing rather than with competence. Dutch L2ers differed from English L1ers with respect to preferences in word order of possessive structures and after preposed adverbials of manner. However, these groups did not differ in production and comprehension with respect to transitivity in locative inversions. We conclude that even among highly advanced to near-native late learners of a second language there may be non-convergence of the L2 grammar. Such non-convergence need not coincide with the L1 grammar but may rather be a result of over-applying linguistic L2 knowledge. Thus, very advanced to near-native L2ers still have access to limited (meta)linguistic resources that under time and memory constraints may result in ungrammatical language comprehension and/or production at the syntax-lexicon interface. In sum, in explaining interface phenomena, the results of this study provide evidence for a processing account over a representational account, i.e. Dutch L2ers showed they possess grammatical knowledge of the specific L2 linguistic structures in comprehension and production, but over-applied this knowledge in exceptional cases under time and/or memory pressure. We suggest that current bilingual production models focus more on working memory by including a separate memory component to such models and conducting empirical research to test its influence on L2 production and comprehension.

The main goal of this study consists of the development of new asphalt mixes, based on industrial waste materials as replacement of natural aggregates. To achieve this purpose, a new characterisation of these pavements was proposed so to verify that the new mix has good mechanical performance without any detrimental impact to the environment. This characterisation was divided in three distinct steps: • a physical and chemical characterisation of the different constituents of asphalt concrete, as well the natural materials as the industrial waste considered as potentially secondary aggregates, • a study of the bitumen-aggregate interface by means of two techniques: a qualitative method (scanning electron microscope) and a quantitative one (nanoindentation) • an evaluation of the mechanical performance of mixes containing industrial waste, before and after recycling, by means of four standard road-engineering tests. The numerous results allowed to put in evidence the possibility to reuse some industrial waste materials in asphalt concrete. In addition, this characterisation containing both chemical and mechanical aspects, at the microscopic and macroscopic scales, would permit the transposition of this study to the whole of asphalt concrete./ Le principal objectif de ce travail consiste en le développement de nouveaux mélanges bitumineux utilisant des déchets industriels en tant que remplacement des matériaux naturels. Pour ce faire, une nouvelle caractérisation de ces revêtements a été proposée afin de vérifier que le nouveau revêtement obtenu présente de bonnes performances mécaniques tout en évitant un impact environnemental néfaste. Cette caractérisation a été scindée en trois étapes distinctes : • une caractérisation physique et chimique des différents constituants de l’enrobé bitumineux, à savoir les granulats naturels mais également les déchets industriels, candidats en tant que matériaux secondaires, • une étude de l’interface bitume-granulat et ce, au moyen de deux techniques : une méthode qualitative (microscope électronique à balayage)et une méthode quantitative (nanoindentation), • une évaluation des performances mécaniques des mélanges comportant des déchets industriels avant et après recyclage et ce, au moyen de quatre tests usuels de l’ingénierie routière. Les nombreux résultats obtenus ont permis de mettre en évidence la possibilité de valoriser certains déchets industriels dans les enrobés bitumineux. De plus, la mise en place d’une caractérisation comportant des aspects chimiques et mécaniques, à la fois à l’échelle microscopique et macroscopique, permettra la transposition de cette étude à l’ensemble des enrobés bitumineux.

Ce manuscrit aborde le problème de l'atomisation de films liquides à travers diverses expériences portant sur leur formation, déstabilisation et fragmentation. Une première partie identifie et décrit deux mécanismes de désintégration à l'œuvre lors de la rétractation d'un film de savon. Lorsque le film se détache sur une frontière, le bord de Plateau est entrainé et son accélération explique la déstabilisation. Lorsque le perçage a lieu au centre, le battement du film résulte de l'interaction avec l'atmosphère au repos, ce qui conduit à sa fragmentation. Une seconde étude explique le plissement singulier de certaines cloches liquides par un ressaut hydraulique à interfaces libres assurant la transition d'un écoulement supercritique vis-à-vis des ondes capillaires à un écoulement subcritique. La courbure marquée associée à cette transition conduit à une accélération centripète du liquide susceptible de déstabiliser la cloche en aval. La formation des embruns par l'intermédiaire de l'éclatement des bulles de surface est abordée dans une troisième partie. La géométrie des bulles, le mécanisme de drainage de leurs films et les événements de perçage sont étudiés afin de rendre compte de l'épaisseur de la bulle au début de l'éclatement. La dynamique ultérieure de fragmentation est détaillée conduisant à une caractérisation du spray produit. Une dernière partie étudie l'atomisation dite effervescente sur une expérience modèle : une nappe liquide plane ensemencée en fines bulles d'air favorisant la nucléation de trous. Sur la base de mesures des taux de nucléation et croissance des trous, un modèle statistique du réseau de ligaments liquides formés par la réunion des bourrelets ceinturant les trous permet un description du spray issu de la fragmentation du réseau. / This thesis tackles the problem of liquid films atomization through various experimental configurations dealing with their formation, destabilization and fragmentation. In a first part, two mechanisms of receding soap film disintegration are identified and described. When the film is released from a border, the acceleration sustained by the Plateau border explains the destabilization. When puncture occurs in the center, the film flapping is promoted by the interaction with the surrounding atmosphere which leads to its fragmentation. In a second study, the singular folding of liquid bells is explained by an original free surfaces hydraulic jump insuring transition from a subcritical to a supercritical flow with respect to capillary waves. The strong curvatures associated with this transition, also implying strong centripetal acceleration of the flowing liquid, may induce the downstream sheet destabilization. The question of marine aerosols formation via surface bubble bursting is investigated in a third part. Bubbles geometry, their film drainage mechanism and puncture events are studied in order to account for the film thickness at the onset of bursting. The subsequent bursting dynamics is detailed to characterize the spray production. In a last part, effervescent atomization is studied on a model experimental set up: a flat liquid sheet seeded with small air bubbles acting as heterogeneous hole nuclei. On the basis of holes nucleation and growth measurements, a statistical model of the liquid ligament red resulting from the holes rims combination offers a description of the spray generated by the red fragmentation.