Mono is an open-source implementation of the software development platform .NET. An important application area is the realization of web services. Following some simple examples of web services and appropriate clients a more sophisticated example "crane control" is presented. / Mono ist eine Open-Source-Implementierung der Software-Entwicklungsplattform .NET. Ein wesentliches Anwendungsgebiet ist die Realisierung von Web-Services. Nach einfachen Beispielen für Web-Services und dazugehörigen Klienten wird ein anspruchsvolleres Beispiel "Kranfernsteuerung" vorgestellt.

This study explores how bilingualism impacts lexical selection within spontaneous spoken language production. The particular analysis focuses on the choice between synonymous verbs in English. The main hypothesis predicts that, as a result of crosslinguistic influence, bilingual speakers of French and English will opt for the English synonym which has structural correspondence to the French translation equivalent more often than monolingual speakers, who do not experience an influence from French. Structural correspondence exists in two distinct ways: in the form of cognates (e.g., applaudir/applaud vs. clap) and in terms of the number of free morphemes used to convey the same semantic information (e.g., lever/raise vs. put up). The language production data was generated by participants viewing video scenes and describing the action as it progressed. The frequency with which the different verbs were used was then compared across the different participant groups: monolingual English speakers and bilingual speakers of both French and English. The bilingual group was also subdivided based on language dominance. A range of different analyses were conducted. A framework is established for interpreting the data. Bilingualism can have one of three main effects on the speech of bilinguals relative to monolinguals: (a) an expanding effect, in which bilinguals use a wider range of lexical forms than monolinguals, (b) a limiting effect, in which bilinguals use a more limited range of lexical items than bilinguals, and (c) a modifying effect, in which the range of lexical items is basically the same between bilinguals and monolinguals but varies in terms of the frequency with which those lexical forms are used (a type of CLI labeled covert). These effects interact with certain speaker variables such as which language is the speakers dominant language. The stage(s) within the language production process at which CLI impacts ultimate lexicalization is also explored. Current models of language production which focus on lexical selection are discussed. The results of this study are most compatible with specific notions such as lexical access being target-language non-specific (see Costa, 2004, for example) and the Weaker Links Hypothesis (e.g., Gollan and Silverberg, 2001; Gollan, Montoya, & Werner, 2002).

No description available.

Perkutane transluminale Angioplastie komplexer infrapoplitealer Gefässläsionen bei kritischer chronischer Extremitätenischämie: Restenoserate und klinische Ergebnisse

Les cellules lymphoïdes innées de groupe 3 (ILC3) contribuent activement à l’homéostasie intestinale par leur production d’Interleukin-22 (IL-22). Ces ILC3 regroupent 2 sous-populations majeures, les LTi (« Lymphoid Tissue inducer »), caractérisées par l’expression du récepteur au chimiokine CCR6, et les ILC3 exprimant le facteur de transcription (FT) T-bet, qui comprennent une population positive pour le marqueur de surface NKp46, récepteur originalement utilisé pour identifier les ILC de groupe 1 (ILC1). Les ILC1 jouent un rôle prépondérant dans la réponse aux pathogènes intracellulaires et anti-tumorale. Jusqu’à présent, trois populations majeures composent les ILC1 : les lymphocytes cytotoxiques Natural Killer (NK ou ILC1b), qui dépendent largement du FT Eomes et expriment l’intégrine CD49b ; les ILC1 hépatiques et intestinaux, qui dépendent du FT T-bet et expriment CD49a (ILC1a) ; et une population CD49a+ et DX5+ indépendante du FT Nfil3 localisée dans les glandes salivaires ou l’utérus (ILC1ab). Mes travaux visent à comprendre la biologie des ILC exprimant NKp46, ainsi que les facteurs impliqués dans leur développement, leur maturation et leur fonction. La majeure partie de ma thèse se concentre sur les NKp46+ ILC3. Premièrement, nous démontrons un rôle majeur pour le récepteur aux chimiokine CXCR6 dans la localisation des NKp46+ ILC3 dans les villi de la lamina propria intestinale (Satoh-Takayama et al. 2014). Deuxièmement, j’ai mis en évidence que NKp46+ ILC3 pouvait perdre l’expression de NKp46 (Verrier et al. 2016). Déclenchée par le TGFβ, cette perte d’expression est associée à une plus forte capacité à produire de l’IL-22, mais aussi à l’acquisition de marqueurs identifiant les LTi (CCR6, MHC-II), démontrant ainsi la plasticité des NKp46+ ILC3. Enfin, en collaboration avec le groupe de Rachel Golub, nous avons confirmé le rôle présumé de la molécule Notch dans cette plasticité (Chea et al. 2016). Dans ce manuscrit, je discuterai du développement et de l’hétérogénéité des ILC3, ILC1a, ILC1b et ILC1ab. L’ensemble de mes résultats soutient une vision dynamique de la biologie des ILC reflétant l’adaptation de ces cellules effectrices face à leur environnement. En caractérisant les différents acteurs impliqués dans ce processus dynamique, mes travaux pourront servir au développement de thérapies visant à contrôler l’équilibre entre ces différentes populations dans divers pathologies comme le cancer, les infections virales, ou encore les maladies intestinales / Group 3 Innate Lymphoid cells (ILC3) actively maintain mucosal homeostasis through the production of Interleukin-22 (IL-22). ILC3 encompass 2 major populations, LTi (« Lymphoid Tissue inducer »), characterized by the expression of the chemokine receptor CCR6, and ILC3 that express the transcription factor T-bet, which include a population expressing the surface marker NKp46, a receptor originally used to identify group 1 ILC (ILC1). ILC1 plays a major role in the defense against intracellular pathogens and anti-tumoral responses. Three major ILC1 populations have been identified: the cytotoxic lymphocytes « Natural Killer » (NK or ILC1b), which largely rely for on the transcription factor Eomes their generation and express the integrin CD49b; hepatic and intestinal ILC1 that depends on the T-bet transcription factor and express CD49a (ILC1a); and a population that expresses CD49a and CD49b (ILC1ab) and populates the salivary gland and the uterus, which is independent of the transcription factor Nfil3. My work aimed to understand the biology of NKp46 expressing ILC, as well as factor involved in their development, maturation and function. The major part of my work focuses on NKp46+ ILC3. First, we demonstrate a major role for the chemokine receptor CXCR6 in their localisation in the lamina propria villi (Satoh-Takayama et al. 2014). Second, I showed that NKp46+ ILC3 could lose NKp46 expression (Verrier et al. 2016). Induced by TGFβ, this loss of expression was associated with higher IL-22 production and by the acquisition of markers identifying LTi (CCR6, MHC-II), demonstrating NKp46+ ILC3 plasticity. Finally, in collaboration with Rachel Golub’s group, we confirmed a putative role for Notch-signaling in this plasticity (Chea et al. 2016). In this manuscript, I will discuss the development and the heterogeneity of ILC3, ILC1a, ILC1b and ILC1ab. All the results I generated support a dynamic vision of ILC biology, which reflects how they adapt in response to environmental cues. By characterizing the different actors involved in this dynamic process, my work could be used to design therapies aiming at controlling the equilibrium between these different populations in diverse pathologies such as cancer, viral infection, or intestinal diseases

Denna studie är gjord med syftet att undersöka hur ett grafiskt användargränssnitt (GUI) håller måtten baserat på effektivitet jämfört med ett kommandoradsgränssnitt (CLI). Är det så att det generellt går snabbare att jobba i ett kommandoradsgränssnitt eller beror det på vilka uppgifter som skall utföras?Vi har baserat denna studie på en generell uppfattning hos CLI-expertanvändare att ett CLI är betydligt effektivare och snabbare att jobba i än ett GUI. Vi undersöker därför i denna studie expertanvändares tillvägagångssätt i deras arbete framför datorn. Detta i form av ett utförandetest mätt på hastighet och svar från en enkätundersökning som komplement till användartestets resultat.Det resultat vi får fram visar att val av gränssnitt i huvudsak är beroende på användningsområde och uppgifternas storlek, vilket enkätsvaren bekräftar. Ju mer uppgifterna ökar i storlek och omfång desto effektivare blir CLI i jämförelse med GUI. Användartestet visar att GUI i genomsnitt inte håller samma nivå som CLI när det gäller effektivitet. Vi analyserar dessutom vilka faktorer som påverkar gränssnittens effektivitet.Nyckelord: Expertanvändare, gränssnitt, CLI, GUI, effektivitet, operativsystem. / This paper has been made in order to examine how well a graphical user interface (GUI) measures compared to a command line interface (CLI). Is it true that a CLI generally is faster to work in or does it depend on the tasks to be performed?We have based this study on a general perception among CLI-expert users that a CLI is much more efficient and faster to work in than a GUI. Therefore, in this study we investigate expert users’ performance when they work with computers. We do this with thru performance test measured on the speed and from a survey response to complement the result of the usability test.The result we obtain show that the choice of interface is mainly dependent on the tasks and data size, which is confirmed by the survey replies. The more the data increases in size and scale, the more efficient CLI gets in comparison with the GUI. The user tests shows that the GUI, on average, don’t succeed to keep the same level of efficiency as CLI. We will also analyze the factors that affect the interfaces efficiency.Keywords: Expert users, interfaces, CLI, GUI, efficiency, operation system.

Resumé Denna studie är gjord med syftet att undersöka hur ett grafiskt användargränssnitt (GUI) håller måtten baserat på effektivitet jämfört med ett kommandoradsgränssnitt (CLI). Är det så att det generellt går snabbare att jobba i ett kommandoradsgränssnitt eller beror det på vilka uppgifter som skall utföras? Vi har baserat denna studie på en generell uppfattning hos CLI-expertanvändare att ett CLI är betydligt effektivare och snabbare att jobba i än ett GUI. Vi undersöker därför i denna studie expertanvändares tillvägagångssätt i deras arbete framför datorn. Detta i form av ett utförandetest mätt på hastighet och svar från en enkätundersökning som komplement till användartestets resultat. Det resultat vi får fram visar att val av gränssnitt i huvudsak är beroende på användningsområde och uppgifternas storlek, vilket enkätsvaren bekräftar. Ju mer uppgifterna ökar i storlek och omfång desto effektivare blir CLI i jämförelse med GUI. Användartestet visar att GUI i genomsnitt inte håller samma nivå som CLI när det gäller effektivitet. Vi analyserar dessutom vilka faktorer som påverkar gränssnittens effektivitet. Nyckelord: Expertanvändare, gränssnitt, CLI, GUI, effektivitet, operativsystem. / This paper has been made in order to examine how well a graphical user interface (GUI) measures compared to a command line interface (CLI). Is it true that a CLI generally is faster to work in or does it depend on the tasks to be performed? We have based this study on a general perception among CLI-expert users that a CLI is much more efficient and faster to work in than a GUI. Therefore, in this study we investigate expert users’ performance when they work with computers. We do this with thru performance test measured on the speed and from a survey response to complement the result of the usability test. The result we obtain show that the choice of interface is mainly dependent on the tasks and data size, which is confirmed by the survey replies. The more the data increases in size and scale, the more efficient CLI gets in comparison with the GUI. The user tests shows that the GUI, on average, don’t succeed to keep the same level of efficiency as CLI. We will also analyze the factors that affect the interfaces efficiency. Keywords: Expert users, interfaces, CLI, GUI, efficiency, operation system.

Denna rapport dokumenterar arbetet med att utreda hur C# och Pitch RTI fungerar tillsammans, och vilka prestandaeffekter som resulterar av denna koppling. Motiveringen kommer från att kunder till företaget Pitch har efterfrågat stöd för C# som programmeringsspråk när de använder Pitch RTI. Metoden gick ut på att successivt lära sig använda de tekniker som finns tillgängliga, för att sedan implementera lösningar på hur kopplingen ska ske. Resultaten visar hur övergången går till och prestandan som uppnåddes med hjälp av indexnotation. Tekniken IKVM hade högre prestandaindex och gick snabbare att komma igång med jämfört med tekniken C++/CLI. Men C++/CLI passar bättre ur ett distributionsperspektiv. Slutsatsen blev att Pitch som företag med hjälp av denna rapport är bättre förberett på framtida utredningar och implementationer som skulle använda de utvärderade teknikerna.

This essay investigates how mother tongue teachers in Sweden view cross-linguistic influence in the Spanish classroom. It focuses on three areas: the student groups’ linguistic profiles; the evaluation of described/presumed strengths and challenges within Spanish phonology, lexicon and morphosyntax; and perspectives on effective contrastive classroom practices. Six semi-structured interviews were conducted with teachers of Arabic, English, and Somali, which were analyzed phenomenographically. The results showed that the students are generally multilingual in their mother tongue, Swedish, and English, with proficiency varying according to birthplace. Whereas English was considered the main support for English-speaking students, Somali and Arabic students were deemed particularly facilitated by their mother tongue in morphosyntax and Swedish/English in lexicon, while phonology was mixed. Finally, there was consensus that Spanish classroom practices should include comparisons to mother tongues, Swedish, and English, by teachers and/or students. Having some mother tongue knowledge was thus deemed beneficial, albeit not essential, for Spanish teaching. / La presente tesina explora las perspectivas de profesores de lenguas maternas en Suecia hacia la influencia cros-lingüística en la enseñanza de español. Se enfoca en tres áreas: el perfil lingüístico de los estudiantes; la evaluación de fortalezas y desafíos descritos/ presumidos en la fonología, el lexicón y la morfosintaxis español; y las percepciones de buenas prácticas didácticas contrastivas. Se realizaron seis entrevistas con profesores del árabe, el inglés y el somalí, cuales se analizaron fenomenograficamente. Los resultados revelaron un multilingüismo estudiantil general de la lengua materna, el sueco y el inglés, con niveles variando según el país de crianza. Mientras el inglés se consideró el mejor apoyo para los estudiantes ingleses en todas áreas, los estudiantes somalíes y árabes se consideraron más facilitados por la lengua materna en asuntos morfosintácticos y el sueco/inglés en léxico, mientras la fonología resultó mezclada.  Finalmente, se concordó que la enseñanza de español debe incluir comparaciones hacia las lenguas maternas igual que el sueco y el inglés, por estudiantes o/y estudiantes. Consecuentemente, tener conocimientos básicos de lenguas maternas se consideró beneficial, si bien no imprescindible, para enseñar español.

abstract: This thesis examines perceptions of climate change in literature through the lens of the environmental humanities, an interdisciplinary field that brings history, ecocriticism, and anthropology together to consider the environmental past, present and future. The project began in Iceland, during the Svartárkot Culture-Nature Program called “Human Ecology and Culture at Lake Mývatn 1700-2000: Dimensions of Environmental and Cultural Change”. Over the course of 10 days, director of the program, Viðar Hreinsson, an acclaimed literary and Icelandic Saga scholar, brought in researchers from different fields of study in Iceland to give students a holistically academic approach to their own environmental research. In this thesis, texts under consideration include the Icelandic Sagas, My Antonia by Willa Cather, Tropic of Orange by Karen Tei Yamashita, and The Water Knife by Paolo Bacigalupi. The thesis is supported by secondary works written by environmental humanists, including Andrew Ross, Steve Hartman, Ignacio Sanchez Cohen, and Joni Adamson, who specialize in archeological research on heritage sites in Iceland and/or study global weather patterns, prairie ecologies in the American Midwest, the history of water in the Southwest, and climate fiction. Chapter One, focusing on the Icelandic Sagas and My Antonia, argues that literature from different centuries, different cultures, and different parts of the world offers evidence that humans have been driving environmental degradation at the regional and planetary scales since at least the 1500s, especially as they have engaged in aggressive forms of settlement and colonization. Chapter Two, focused on Tropic of Orange, this argues that global environmental change leads to extreme weather and drought that is increasing climate migration from the Global South to the Global North. Chapter Three, focused on The Water Knife, argues that climate fiction gives readers the opportunity to think about and better prepare for a viable and sustainable future rather than wait for inevitable apocalypse. By exploring literature that depicts and represents climate change through time, environmental humanists have innovated new methods of analysis for teaching and thinking about what humans must understand about their impacts on ecosystems so that we can better prepare for the future. / Dissertation/Thesis / Masters Thesis English 2019