This master thesis deals with one of the current trends in cinema - the so-called climate change film. Film as a popular medium is able to influence public debate and this paper's main objective is to explain how environmental issues can be portrayed in film and how such films shape the climate change debate. In the first, theoretical part of this thesis, the aim is to briefly introduce the history and context of climate change debate from the 1970s to the present day based on sources primarily from interdisciplinary cultural and environmental studies. It also explains how environmental problems started to arise in different art spheres, above all in American cinema from 1995 to the present. The second part analyzes four American feature films of different genres: The Day After Tomorrow (2004) directed by Roland Emmerich's, The Road (2009) directed by John Hillcoat, Before the Flood (2016) directed by Fisher Stevens and Darren Aronofsky's mother! (2017). The final chapter summarizes the findings, explains the currently prevalent apocalyptic narrative and discusses why such approach is not effective and how filmmakers need to transform climate change stories into positive narratives that inspire change and hope.

My aim with this study is to investigate the teaching strategies applied in teaching English to students with another mother tongue than Swedish. According to Second Language Acquisition (SLA) theory, factors such as age, language competence and mother tongue influence can affect language acquisition. SLA theory also states that multilinguals tend to select one of their languages as their primary source of information and this language is the language that most resembles the target language; Swedish and English are both Germanic languages and therefore share language closeness. Results showed that regardless of age and mother tongue, equal numbers of students chose to source Swedish only or both Swedish and their mother tongue when translating texts from English; only 3 chose to source their mother tongue only. There is to date little research that directly connects teaching approaches with SLA, particularly when dealing with multilingualism. I believe a potential area for research could be to investigate the possibility of developing teaching strategies that can potentially harness prior language knowledge. My investigation also showed that English is taught to native and non-native Swedish speakers alike through the medium of the Swedish language; that is to say the course books consist of English text with vocabulary translations and grammatical exercises from Swedish to English. A suggestion would be to reduce the use of the English to Swedish translation methods, particularly for students with a limited knowledge of Swedish, and incorporate into lessons more communicative teaching methods using authentic materials and real situations.

The thesis is dealing with implementation of IMPRODEMO image processing application. Author has used existing image processing libraries and has implemented complex application with modern user interface. In order to develop the application, he used framework WPF, method for developing application using tests called Test Driven Development, design pattern MVVM and MEF tool for easy integrating of extensions. Chapter two deals with these technologies and methodologies and describes them. Third chapter describes design of application and presents class diagrams. Fourth chapter describes test driven development and particular pitfalls that emerged from using this methodology. Fifth chapter presents the mean of integrating code written in C++ language into .NET framework and into C# language. At the end, whole work is summarized, resuls are defined and possibilities of resuming and extending the work are proposed.

Programming PLC systems is limited by the provided libraries. In contrary, hardware-near programming needs bigger efforts in e. g. initializing the hardware. This work others a foundation to combine advantages of both development sides. Therefore, Portable.NET from the DotGNU project has been used, which is an implementation of CLI, better known as “.NET”. The target system is the PLCcore-5484 microcontroller board, developed by SYS TEC electronic GmbH. Built upon the porting, two variants to use interrupt routines withing the Portabe.NET runtime environment have been analyzed. Finally, the reaction times to occuring interrupt events have been examined and compared.:Contents List of Tables iv List of Figures v Listings vi 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Objective 1 1.2 Structure 2 2 State of the Art 3 2.1 .NET Framework 3 2.1.1 Common Language Runtime 4 2.1.2 Common Type System 6 2.1.3 Common Language Specification 6 2.1.4 Common Intermediate Language 7 2.1.5 Metadata 8 2.1.6 .NET Class Library 8 2.2 DotGNU 9 2.2.1 Hans-Boehm Garbage Collector 10 2.2.2 Foreign Function Interface 11 2.2.3 Interpreter 11 2.2.4 Unrolled Assembler Code 12 2.2.5 JIT Support 13 2.2.6 Debugging 14 2.2.7 X11 Support 16 2.2.8 Embedded Engine 16 2.3 Mono 17 2.4 Rotor 27 2.5 Coldfire vs. m68k 17 2.5.1 Exclusive Instructions 18 2.5.2 Floating Point Size 18 2.5.3 Other Differences 19 2.5.4 ABI Changes 19 3 Implementation 20 3.1 Incompatible m68k Code 20 3.2 Incompatible Alignments 21 3.3 Broken Toolchain 24 3.4 Unrolling Assembler Code 24 3.4.1 Setup of the Unroller 25 3.4.2 Unroller Implementation 26 3.4.3 m68k Specifics 27 3.4.4 Macro Counting 28 3.4.5 Extended Testsuite 29 3.4.6 Floating Point Remainder 34 3.4.7 Big Endianess 34 3.4.8 NOP is not just no Operation 36 3.4.9 Caches 36 3.5 C# Debugging 37 3.6 Interrupt Access in C# 38 3.6.1 Kernel Module 39 3.6.2 C# Application 40 3.7 Results 42 4 Performance 43 4.1 Portable.NET Benchmark 43 4.2 Benchmark Results 44 4.3 Interrupt Response Time 46 5 Final Remarks and Further Work 53 5.1 Conclusion 53 5.2 Improvements 53 5.2.1 Increasing Engine Performance 53 5.2.2 Tweaking IRQ Handling 54 5.2.3 Porting JIT to MCF5484 55 5.2.4 Miscellaneous 55 6 Acronyms 56 Bibliography 58 A Contents of the enclosed CD 61 / Die Programmierung für SPS-Systeme ist durch die gegebenen Bibliotheken beschränkt, während hardwarenahe Programmierung einen größeren Aufwand durch z.B. Initialisierungen hat. Diese Arbeit bietet eine Grundlage, um die Vorteile beider Entwicklungsseiten zu kombinieren. Dafür wurde Portable.NET des DotGNU-Projekts, eine Implementierung des CLI, bekannter unter dem Namen “.NET”, benutzt. Das Zielsystem ist das PLCcore-5484 Mikrocontrollerboard der SYS TEC electronic GmbH. Aufbauend auf der Portierung wurden zwei Varianten zur Einbindung von Interrupt-Routinen in die Portable.NET Laufzeitumgebung untersucht. Abschließend wurden die Reaktionszeiten zu eintretenden Interrupts analysiert und verglichen.:Contents List of Tables iv List of Figures v Listings vi 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Objective 1 1.2 Structure 2 2 State of the Art 3 2.1 .NET Framework 3 2.1.1 Common Language Runtime 4 2.1.2 Common Type System 6 2.1.3 Common Language Specification 6 2.1.4 Common Intermediate Language 7 2.1.5 Metadata 8 2.1.6 .NET Class Library 8 2.2 DotGNU 9 2.2.1 Hans-Boehm Garbage Collector 10 2.2.2 Foreign Function Interface 11 2.2.3 Interpreter 11 2.2.4 Unrolled Assembler Code 12 2.2.5 JIT Support 13 2.2.6 Debugging 14 2.2.7 X11 Support 16 2.2.8 Embedded Engine 16 2.3 Mono 17 2.4 Rotor 27 2.5 Coldfire vs. m68k 17 2.5.1 Exclusive Instructions 18 2.5.2 Floating Point Size 18 2.5.3 Other Differences 19 2.5.4 ABI Changes 19 3 Implementation 20 3.1 Incompatible m68k Code 20 3.2 Incompatible Alignments 21 3.3 Broken Toolchain 24 3.4 Unrolling Assembler Code 24 3.4.1 Setup of the Unroller 25 3.4.2 Unroller Implementation 26 3.4.3 m68k Specifics 27 3.4.4 Macro Counting 28 3.4.5 Extended Testsuite 29 3.4.6 Floating Point Remainder 34 3.4.7 Big Endianess 34 3.4.8 NOP is not just no Operation 36 3.4.9 Caches 36 3.5 C# Debugging 37 3.6 Interrupt Access in C# 38 3.6.1 Kernel Module 39 3.6.2 C# Application 40 3.7 Results 42 4 Performance 43 4.1 Portable.NET Benchmark 43 4.2 Benchmark Results 44 4.3 Interrupt Response Time 46 5 Final Remarks and Further Work 53 5.1 Conclusion 53 5.2 Improvements 53 5.2.1 Increasing Engine Performance 53 5.2.2 Tweaking IRQ Handling 54 5.2.3 Porting JIT to MCF5484 55 5.2.4 Miscellaneous 55 6 Acronyms 56 Bibliography 58 A Contents of the enclosed CD 61

Microsoft Research / Although runtime systems and the dynamic compilation model have revolutionized the process of application development and deployment, the associated performance overheads continue to be a cause for concern and much research. In the first part of this thesis, we describe the design and implementation of an adaptive recompilation framework for Rotor, a shared source implementation of the Common Language Infrastructure (CLI) that can increase program performance through intelligent recompilation decisions and optimizations based on the program's past behavior. Our extensions to Rotor include a low overhead runtime-stack based sampling profiler that identifies program hotspots. A recompilation controller oversees the recompilation process and generates recompilation requests. At the first-level of a multi-level optimizing compiler, code in the intermediate language is converted to an internal intermediate representation and optimized using a set of simple transformations. The compiler uses a fast yet effective linear scan algorithm for register allocation. Hot methods can be instrumented in order to collect basic-block, edge and call-graph profile information. Profile-guided optimizations driven by online profile information are used to further optimize heavily executed methods at the second level of recompilation. An evaluation of the framework using a set of test programs shows that performance can improve by a maximum of 42.3% and by 9% on average. Our results also show that the overheads of collecting accurate profile information through instrumentation to an extent outweigh the benefits of profile-guided optimizations in our implementation, suggesting the need for implementing techniques that can reduce such overheads. A flexible and extensible framework design implies that additional profiling and optimization techniques can be easily incorporated to further improve performance. As previously stated, fine-grained and accurate profile information must be available at low cost for advanced profile-guided optimizations to be effective in online environments. In this second part of this thesis, we propose a generic framework that makes it possible for instrumentation based profilers to collect profile data efficiently, a task that has traditionally been associated with high overheads. The essence of the scheme is to make the underlying hardware aware of instrumentation using a special set of profile instructions and tuned microarchitecture. This not only allows the hardware to provide the runtime with mechanisms to control the profiling activity, but also makes it possible for the hardware itself to optimize the process of profiling in a manner transparent to the runtime. We propose selective instruction dispatch as one possible controlling mechanism that can be used by the runtime to manage the execution of profile instructions and keep profiling overheads under check. We propose profile flag prediction, a hardware optimization that complements the selective dispatch mechanism by not fetching profile instructions when the runtime has turned profiling off. The framework is light-weight and flexible. It eliminates the need for expensive book-keeping, recompilation or code duplication. Our simulations with benchmarks from the SPEC CPU2000 suite show that overheads for call-graph and basic block profiling can be reduced by 72.7% and 52.4% respectively with a negligible loss in accuracy.

Este estudio presenta los resultados de una investigación que examina el tipo de influencia interlingüística (IIL) presente en la producción oral de la L3 español de estudiantes universitarios brasileños que tienen la L2 inglés. El estudio se basa en dos preguntas de investigación: la primera pregunta (PI 1) trata el tema de la activación de las lenguas previas (L1 vs. L2). La segunda pregunta (PI 2) aborda el efecto de los factores externos al aprendiz (proficiencia en la lengua meta, proficiencia percibida, experiencia con el aprendizaje de lenguas extranjeras y estancia en un país hispanohablante) en la cantidad y el tipo de IIL. Las muestras de producción oral se han elicitado a través de una narrativa. Los datos obtenidos se analizaron tanto cualitativa como cuantitativamente. Los resultados sugieren que la lengua fuente de IIL fue la lengua tipológicamente más cercana, la L1 portugués. Asimismo, la cantidad de IIL disminuye a medida que aumenta el nivel de proficiencia. De la misma forma, los participantes con experiencia previa con el aprendizaje de lenguas extranjeras y con estancia(s) en un país hispanohablante, muestran menos IIL que participantes sin estas experiencias. Con respecto al tipo de IIL, se observó la tendencia general de una disminución en la cantidad de IIL de la forma mientras que la IIL del significado se manifiesta en mayor medida conforme aumenta la proficiencia en la L3 español. / This paper reports the findings of a study that examined the type of cross-linguistic influence (CLI) present in the oral speech production of Brazilian university students of L3 Spanish with L2 English. The study was guided by two research questions: the first asked which background language (L1 vs. L2) would be activated as source of CLI. The second addressed the effect of the proficiency factor and self-perceived proficiency as well as learner external factors such as prior foreign language learning experience and stays abroad in a Spanish speaking country on the amount and type of CLI. The speech production samples were elicited by means of a picture story telling task. The data obtained were analyzed qualitatively and quantitatively. The results suggest that the amount of CLI decreases with increasing proficiency. At the same time, learners with prior foreign language experience and / or with stays in Spanish.speaking countries tend to transfer less than learners without these experiences. With respect to the type of CLI, the overall trend shows a decrease of form-based CLI as the proficiency level in the target language increases. Regarding the meaning-based CLI, the results suggest an increase in occurrence as proficiency increases.

The purpose of this thesis is to examine the filmography of Korean filmmaker Bong Joon-ho [Pong Chun-ho], and to provide a limited textual analysis of each film divided across two categories: the “explicitly ecological” and “implicitly ecological”. The intent is to, by viewing all of Bong’s films leading up to his critical and commercial success Parasite, argue that Parasite is as much an environmental film as it is critical of neoliberalism and globalization, both of which are common readings of not only Parasite, but all of Bong’s work.The findings are that while Parasite avoids overt and exaggerated displays of eco-destruction visible in his Sci-fi films, the film still displays a conscious environmental awareness. The rainstorm featured in the second act of the film can be viewed not only through a local lens as an example of the dichotomy between wealthy and poor families in South Korea as it pertains to environmental crises, but as a microcosm of how climate change stands to impact the financially disenfranchised across the globe as climate shifts continue to grow. / Syftet med denna uppsats är att undersöka den koreanska regissören Bong Joon-hos filmografi och genom en begränsad analys av varje enstaka film, uppdelade i kategorierna ”explicit ekologiska” och ”implicit ekologiska” filmer. Avsikten är att genom en genomgång av alla Bongs filmer upp till publik och kritikersuccén Parasit argumentera för att Parasit är lika mycket en ekologisk film som den är en kritik av globalisering och neoliberalism, uppfattningar som förekommer ofta när det Bongs filmer diskuteras.Slutsatsen är att även om Parasit undviker lika storskaliga och överdrivna exempel av ekologisk förstörelse som i hans science-fictionfilmer så visar filmen fortfarande upp en ekologisk medvetenhet. Regnstormen som förekommer i filmens andra akt kan ses inte bara som ett exempel på skillnaden på hur rika och fattiga familjer i Sydkorea hanterar ekologiska kriser, men kan även tolkas som ett mikrokosm av hur klimatförändringar kommer påverka de finansiellt utsatta världen över allteftersom de förvärras.

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<p dir="ltr">Upon acquiring or learning another language, cross-linguistic influence (CLI) is an inevitable phenomenon with which a bilingual speaker lives. One key aspect of CLI is its bidirectionality, flowing between both the first (L1) and second languages (L2) mutually affecting each other. However, investigations of L1 CLI on L2 have dominated previous bilingual studies, and despite the increasing amount of research on L2 CLI on L1, the phonetic and phonological domains remain relatively underexplored. The primary goal of the present study is to expand our understanding of the underlying mechanisms governing L2 CLI on L1 phonetics and phonology.</p><p dir="ltr">The present study investigates L2 CLI on L1 phonetics and phonology by examining both the speech perception and production of L1 sound categories among two different groups of bilinguals, Korean heritage speakers (HSs, <i>n</i> = 30) and long-term immigrants (LTIs, <i>n</i> = 27) group participants in the US, in comparison to L1(Korean)-immersed (L1-i) native speakers residing in South Korea (<i>n</i> = 30). Participants completed a series of three experimental tasks: (1) a three-alternative forced-choice (3AFC) identification task, (2) an AX discrimination task, and (3) a controlled reading paradigm task.</p><p dir="ltr">Experiment 1 (3AFC task) was conducted to investigate the extent and direction of L2 CLI in perceptual cue weighting to L1 speech categories. In this task, participants listened to a Korean word in each trial, potentially differing in the word-initial stop, and decided which word they heard from a real-word Korean minimal triplet /pul/ ‘fire,’ /p^hul/ ‘grass,’ and /p^*ul/ ‘horn.’ Specifically, the word-initial stop consisted of an eight-by-eight orthogonal voice onset time (VOT)–onset f0 continuum, created through a speech resynthesis technique. Based on the similarities and differences in the use of the two acoustic parameters between Korean (either onset f0 or VOT is a primary cue) and English stops (VOT is the primary cue), bilingual participants were expected to exhibit different cue-weighting patterns, as compared to L1-i speakers. The results from the mixed-effects logistic regression model analyses indicated that while HSs were less sensitive to the Korean primary cue, onset f0, compared to L1-i speakers—suggesting assimilation to L2 in the perceptual domain—LTIs exhibited greater sensitivity to this cue, indicating dissimilation from L2. It was also found that bilingual participants’ Korean dominance significantly influenced their cue weighting in the perception of Korean stops.</p><p dir="ltr">Experiment 2 (AX discrimination task) was administered to assess participants’ perceptual accuracy for L1 stop categories and the potential impact of L1 cue weighting, as estimated in Experiment 1, on their discrimination performance. Notably, the VOT in the stop stimuli used in the AX task were resynthesized to have a consistent VOT of 70 ms across all stimuli. This setup created a condition where participants had no choice but to rely solely on the onset f0 cue—the primary cue to the Korean lenis-aspirated stop contrast, rendering VOT, the primary cue for the voicing contrast in English stops, uninformative. The results from mixed-effects logistic regression models showed that HSs were significantly less accurate in discriminating their L1 stop categories without the VOT cue, while LTIs outperformed the L1-i speakers. That is, the LTI group, the most balanced group in terms of language dominance, had the highest accuracy in discriminating L1 contrasts among the participant groups. Furthermore, individual sensitivity to the onset f0 cue was found to be positively correlated with discrimination performance.</p><p dir="ltr">Experiment 3 (Controlled reading paradigm) aimed to examine L2 CLI on the implementation of acoustic parameters for L1 Korean stops, as well as the potential impact of proficiency and dominance on these parameters. Participants read aloud a list of minimal triplet stimuli differing in the word-initial stop within a carrier phrase. A machine-learning-based audio signal detection system was used to analyze the acoustic parameters, and Bayesian mixed-effects linear regression models, along with quadratic polynomial regression models, were implemented for statistical analysis of the processed data. The results of the production task mirrored the perception task (Experiment 1): HSs demonstrated assimilation to L2 via onset f0, while LTIs showed dissimilation, as compared to L1-i speakers. The analysis also revealed that the degree of bilingual balance in dominance and proficiency significantly influenced the implementation of onset f0, with more balanced bilinguals exhibiting greater category contrasts than less balanced bilinguals, regardless of whether they were Korean-dominant or English-dominant.</p><p dir="ltr">The findings from these experiments provide concrete evidence of L2 CLI in L1 phonetics and phonology. Importantly, the results demonstrate that not only the timing of L2 acquisition and the quantity and quality of L2 input but also the quality and quantity of L1 acquisition and bilingual balance contribute to the direction and the degree of L2 CLI in L1 speech. These findings align with the predictions of the revised Speech Learning Model (SLM-r, Flege & Bohn, 2021) and expand its scope of application to include both HSs and LTIs. In particular, the evidence of category assimilation and dissimilation lends support to the bidirectional CLI hypothesis proposed by SLM-r. To conclude, the present dissertation expands our understanding of the nature of L2 CLI in L1 phonetics and phonology in bilingual speakers.</p>

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