Thesis (M.Sc.) - University of Queensland, 2004. / Includes bibliography.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Texas at Austin, 2007. / Vita. Includes bibliographical references.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:30:51Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2008-02-26Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T18:47:44Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 marcal_lap_dr_ilha.pdf: 3255431 bytes, checksum: 7faadf9c1d2cab597239196934558007 (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Nesta tese, cinco novas técnicas de demodulação de fase óptica são propostas, as quais constituem versões melhoradas do método espectral J1...J4 clássico. As técnicas são adequadas para uso com sistemas interferométricos de dois feixes, homódinos, operando em malha aberta e sob excitação senoidal. As novas técnicas, aqui denominadas de métodos J1/J3A, J1...J3, Jm/Jm+2 e J0...J3, para medição do índice de modulação de fase, e, um novo método de medição da fase quase-estática, são de fácil implementação, não sendo afetadas pelo desvanecimento de sinal detectado, instabilidade da fonte óptica e visibilidade das franjas de interferência, possibilitando medições em tempo real. Os novos métodos espectrais foram avaliados com ruído branco, 1/f2 e fase quase-estática aleatória, usando o Matlab. Além disso, simulações dinâmicas realizadas no Simulink evidenciaram as vantagens dos novos métodos, que também foram testados em dois experimentos distintos: o primeiro foi direcionado à medições de tensões elétricas senoidais, usando um sensor óptico de tensão (SOT), baseado numa célula Pockels de cristal de niobato de lítio; o segundo, foi dedicado à medições de amplitudes de deslocamentos nanométricos de um atuador piezoelétrico flextensional (APF), usando-se um interferômetro de Michelson. Por ser um sistema que pode ser modelado analiticamente, o SOT serviu para validar os novos métodos espectrais. A caracterização de APF’s usando os novos métodos ópticos é a aplicação relevante desta tese. Medições de deslocamentos no APF, desde a faixa subnanométrica até a micrométrica, realizadas usando-se os métodos J0...J3 e Jm/Jm+2, permitiram analisar sua linearidade e resposta em freqüência, as quais foram comparadas com os resultados obtidos com um analisador de impedâncias vetorial. Ambos os resultados experimentais,... / In this work, five novel optical phase demodulation techniques are proposed, which overcome some of the limitations of the J1…J4 classical method. These improved techniques are applied with two beams, homodyne, open loop and sinusoidal phase modulation interferometer systems. These new techniques, named in this work as “J1/J3A, J1...J3, Jm/Jm+2 and J0...J3 methods,” which are applied to phase modulation index measurements, and “the novel method for quasi-static phase measurements,” are of simple implementation, and are unaffected by signal fading, laser source instabilities or changes in fringe visibility. In addition they allow real time measurements. The new methods were evaluated with white noise, 1/f2 noise and random fading, using Matlab/Simulink, making evident their advantages in relation to the classical methods. These methods were also tested in two experiments: the first one, corresponds to an optical voltage sensor (OVS), based on lithium niobate Pockels cell; the second one, refers to the measurement of nanometric displacement amplitudes of a piezoelectric flextensional actuator (PFA), by using a Michelson interferometer. Because the OVS has an analytic response, it was suitable to validate the new spectral methods. The characterization of the PFA by using the new optical methods is the main application of this thesis. PFA displacements, from sub-nanometer up to micrometer range were detected by applying the J0…J3 and Jm/Jm+2 methods. By measuring the PFA displacements, the linearity and frequency response of the PFA were evaluated. To confirm the observed frequencies of resonance an impedance analyzer was used to measure the magnitude and phase of the PFA admittance. Results obtained for the OVS and PFA systems, with the new methods and those produced by the J1...J4, J1...J6-neg, J1...J6-pos and J0...J2 classic methods, ...(Complete abstract, click electronic access below)

En géophysique, les réseaux denses améliorent la caractérisation spatiale et fréquentielle des différents types d’ondes dans le milieu. Bien entendu, l’acquisition en surface est sujette aux ondes de surface qui sont très fortes. Les ondes de surface ont un fort impact sur les données géophysiques acquises au niveau du sol. Elles peuvent être considérées comme du bruit et être sujettes à la suppression puisqu’elles cachent l’information de sous-surface. Cependant, elles peuvent être utiles pour l’imagerie de proche surface si elles sont convenablement récupérées.Dans tous les cas, leur caractérisation est cruciale en géophysique d’exploration active et passive. Dans la surveillance microsismique passive, le bruit de surface ambiant est composé d’ondes de surface. L’objectif principal de la surveillance passive est de minimiser l’impact des ondes de surface sur les données microsismiques. Le fort bruit de surface diminue la sensibilité etl’efficacité des méthodes de détection et de localisation. De plus, les méthodes actuelles de localisation et de détection nécessitent généralement la connaissance d’informations telles qu’un un modèle de vitesse ou un modèle d’événement. Dans la sismique active, de fortes ondes de surface sont générés par des sources actives. Les stratégies actuelles de traitement sont généralement basées sur une sélection manuelle des ondes de surface afin de choisir lesquelles garder. Il s’agit là d’une tâche complexe, coûteuse et sujette à interprétation. Cependant, cette tâche est nécessaire pour l’imagerie de proche-surface et de sous-surface. Les ondes de surface peuvent être particulièrement difficiles à récupérer dans des acquisitions clairsemées.Nous proposons d’appliquer les techniques d’interférométrie et de formation de voies (telles que le Matched Field Processing) dans le contexte des réseaux denses. Une densité de traces importante ouvre de nouvelles possibilités dans les traitements géophysiques, qu’ils soient actifs ou passifs. Nous montrons que le bruit ambiant peut être utilisé dans le traitement microsismique pour extraire des informations importantes sur les propriétés du milieu. De plus, nous développons une approche de débruitage qui permet de supprimer les sources de bruit à la surface et détecter les événements microsismiques. Nous proposons également une méthode automatique de détection et de localisation qui se base sur une quantité minimale d’information préalable qui permet de récupérer la distribution des hétérogénéités du réservoir, dans le voisinage du puits. En ce qui concerne la sismique active, nous proposons une approche interférométrique et automatique de caractérisation des ondes de surface. Nous récupérons les noyaux de sensibilité de phase des ondes de surface entre deux points quelconques de l’acquisition. Ces noyaux de sensibilité sont par conséquent utilisés pour obtenir les courbes de dispersion multimodales. Ces courbes de dispersion permettent la séparation des différents modes des ondes de surface, et fournissent l’information de proche surface suite à une simple inversion.Le réseau dense permet l’amélioration des méthodes présentées ci-dessus: elle permet des applications alternatives et innovantes dans le traitement du signal géophysique. / In geophysics, spatially dense arrays enhance the spatial and frequential characterization of the various waves propagating in the medium. Of course, surface array is subject to strong surface waves. Surface waves highly impact the processing of geophysical data acquired at ground level. They can be considered as noise and subject to suppression as they mask sub-surface information.However, they can be useful for near-surface imaging if they are well retrieved. In any case, their characterization is crucial in active and passive exploration geophysics. In passive microseismic monitoring, ambient surface noise consists of surface waves. The main goal of passive monitoring is to minimize the impact of surface waves on the actual microseismic data. The strong ambient surface noise lowers the sensitivity and the efficiency ofdetection and location methods. Moreover, current location and detection methods usually require strong a priori information (e.g., a velocity model or a template).Active sources generate strong surface waves. In active seismic, current processing strategies often consist in manually picking surface wave arrivals in order to use or remove them. This is often a complex, time consuming, and an ambiguous task. However, it is needed for near- and sub-surface imaging. Surface waves can be particularly difficult to retrieve in sparse arrays. We propose to apply the techniques of interferometry and beamforming (Matched Field Processing in particular) in the context of dense arrays. High trace density opens new possibilities in geophysical processing in both passive and active surveys. We show that the ambient noise can be explored in the case of microseismic monitoring to extract important information about the medium properties. Moreover, we develop a denoising approach to remove the noise sources at the surface and detect the microseismic event. Furthermore, we propose an automatic detection and location method with a minimum a priori information to retrieve the distribution of heterogeneities in the reservoir, in the well vicinity.In active survey, we propose an interferometric, automatic approach to characterize the surface waves. We retrieve phase-sensitivity kernels of surface waves between any two points of the acquisition. These kernels are consequently used to obtain multi-mode dispersion curves. These dispersion curves make it possible to separate different modes of surface waves and provide near-surface information if inverted.The above presented methodologies benefit from spatially dense arrays.Dense arrays of sources or receivers enable alternative, innovative applications in geophysical processing.

Bacterial motility, and in particular repulsion or attraction towards specific chemicals, has been a subject of investigation for over 100 years, resulting in detailed understanding of bacterial chemotaxis and the corresponding sensory network in many bacterial species including Escherichia coli. E. Coli swims by rotating a bundle of flagellar filaments, each powered by an individual rotary motor located in the cell membrane. When all motors rotate counter-clockwise (CCW), a stable bundle forms and propels the cell forward. When one or more motors switch to clock-wise (CW) rotation, their respective filaments fall out of the bundle, leading to the cell changing orientation. Upon switching back to CCW, the bundle reforms and propels the cell in a new direction. Chemotaxis is performed by the bacterium through prolonging runs by suppressing CW rotation when moving towards nutrients and facilitating reorientation by increasing CW bias when close to a source of a harmful substance. Chemicals are sensed through interaction with membrane bound chemosensors. These proteins can interact with a very specific set of chemicals and the concentrations they are able to sense are in the range between 10-⁶ and 10-² M. However, experiments have shown that the osmotic pressure exerted by large (> 10-¹ M) concentrations of solutes, which have no specificity for binding to chemosensors (e.g. sucrose), is able to send a signal down the chemotactic network. Additionally, clearing of bacterial density away from sources of high osmolarity has been previously observed in experiments with agar plates. This behaviour has been termed osmotaxis. The aim of this doctoral thesis work is to understand how different environmental cues influence the tactic response and ultimately, combine at the network output to direct bacterial swimming. As tactic responses to chemical stimuli have been extensively studied, I focus purely on the response to non-specific osmotic stimuli, using sucrose to elevate osmolarity. I monitor the chemotactic network output, the rotation of a single bacterial flagellar motor, using Back Focal Plane Interferometry over a variety of osmotic conditions. Additionally, in collaboration with Vincent Martinez, I studied the effect of elevated osmolality on swimming speed of large (104) bacterial populations, using differential dynamic microscopy (DDM). I have found that sudden increases in media osmolarity lead to changes of both motor speed and motor clockwise bias, which is the fraction of time it spends rotating clockwise. Changes in CW Bias proceed in two phases. Initially, after elevating the osmolarity, CW Bias drops to zero, indicating that the motor is exclusively in the ‘cell run’ mode. This phase lasts from 2-5 minutes depending on the magnitude of the change in solute concentration. What follows then is a distinct second phase where the CW Bias is elevated with respect to the initial levels and this phase lasts longer than 15-20 minutes. In comparison, for defined chemical stimuli, the motor output resets after several seconds, a behaviour termed perfect adaptation. For changes of 100 mOsm/kg and 200 mOsm/kg in magnitude the motors speed up, often by as much as a factor of two, before experiencing a gradual slow down. Despite the slow down, motors still rotate faster 15-20 minutes after the change in osmolarity, than they did before. For changes of 400 mOsm/Kg in magnitude the motors decrease sharply in speed, coming to a near halt, recovering after 5 minutes and eventually, on average, speeding up. DDM studies of free swimming bacteria have shown that elevated osmolality leads to higher swimming speeds, in agreement with single motor data. Using theoretical models of bacterial swimming from the literature, it is discussed how this motor output, although different to what is expected for chemotaxis, is able to drive bacteria away from regions of space with high osmolalities. Additionally, I have started extending the work done with sucrose, to another solute often used to elevate osmolality, sodium chloride. While sucrose is outer membrane impermeable, NaCl can cross the outer membrane into the periplasmic space. Another layer of complexity is that NaCl has some specificty for the chemoreceptors. The preliminary results are shown and qualitatively agree with those obtain with sucrose.

No description available.

Le phénomène d’interférométrie par réinjection optique, ou effet self-mixing dans un laser permet de concevoir des capteurs non-invasifs, auto-alignés, ne nécessitant que peu d’éléments optiques et simples à implémenter. Ce type de capteur permet de mesurer avec la précision propre à l’interférométrie laser le déplacement, la vitesse ou la position de cibles dite coopératives (cibles réfléchissantes ou fortement diffusantes). Dans cette étude, ce type de capteurs est appliqué à la mesure de profil d’écoulement des fluides dans des microcanaux. Le faible coût et la polyvalence des capteurs à réinjection optique sont d’un grand intérêt dans l’industrie biomédicale et chimique, ainsi que pour la recherche en mécanique des fluides. Dans un premier temps, et en se basant sur les études réalisées dans des macro-canaux, nous avons proposé un modèle d’interferométrie par réinjection optique dans une diode laser lorsque la cible est constitué de particules en mouvement, en suspension dans un liquide. A partir de ce modèle, nous avons étudié expérimentalement l’impact du volume de mesure ainsi que du type de particules (taille et concentration) sur le signal mesuré. Nous avons ensuite proposé des méthodes de traitement du signal permettant de calculer le calcul du débit du fluide, ainsi que sous certaines conditions identifiées, la vitesse locale en tout point d’un microcanal. Ces études préliminaires nous ont permis de reconstruire le profil d’écoulement de différents liquides dans des canaux de 320µm de diamètre. Enfin, nous avons comparé les performances du capteur développé dans cette thèse avec un capteur basé sur la technique du Dual-Slit, technique déjà validée pour la microfluidique, en mesurant le profil d’écoulement dans un canal à section rectangulaire de 100x20µm. / The phenomenon of optical feedback interferometry (OFI) or self-mixing effect in a laser is used to design non-invasive and self-aligned sensors, requiring only few optical elements and simple to implement. This type of sensor is used to measure the displacement, velocity or position of cooperative targets (reflective or strongly scattering targets). In this study, this phenomenom is applied to the measurement of fluid flow profile in microchannels. The low cost and versatility of optical feedback sensors are of great interest in biomedical and chemical industry as well as research in fluid mechanics. Based on studies in macro-channels, we proposed first a theoretical model of OFI in a laser diode when the target consists of moving particles suspended in a liquid. Based on this model, we then studied experimentally the impact of the sensor’s sensing volume and the type of particles (size and concentration) on the OFI signal. We then proposed signal processing methods for calculating the fluid flow rate, as well as the local velocity at any point in a microchannel. These preliminary studies allowed us to reconstruct the flow profile of different liquids flowing in a circular channel of 320μm diameter. Finally, we compared the performance of the sensor developed in this thesis with a sensor based on the Dual-Slit technique, which has been already validated for microchannels, by measuring the flow profile in a rectangular shaped channel (100x20µm).

Orientador: Prof. Dr. Marcos Roberto da Rocha Gesualdi / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Federal do ABC, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Física, 2017. / Sistemas de instrumentação cientíca vem sendo poderosas ferramentas para viabiliza- ção e comprovação de modelos em física teórica, bem como, para geração de produtos tecnológicos. Nesse sentido, as técnicas de Interferometria e Microscopia Holográca se mostram como poderosos métodos ópticos para observação de fenômenos perturbativos, na análise da fase de frentes de onda ópticas, em ensaios não destrutivos de análise de superfícies e aferição de sistemas ópticos. Particularmente, as técnicas holográcas em tempo real se apresentam favoráveis em relação às técnicas convencionais de análise de superfícies e frentes de onda, pois permitem a análise, visualização e monitoramento in situ dos sistemas estudados com precisão e conabilidade. Por outro lado, as técnicas de Holograa Computacional e Fotorrefrativa, nas quais cristais fotorrefrativos são usados como meio de registro holográco, tem se mostrado promissoras para geração de feixes ópticos especiais. Desta forma, o objetivo deste trabalho foi estudar e aplicar os métodos da Interferometria e Microscopia Holográca (Digital e Fotorrefrativa) para análise de intensidade e fase em feixes ópticos especiais (não-difrativos) e superfícies tridimensionais micro-estruturadas. Desenvolvemos para esses ns, um arranjo de Interferometria Hologr áca Digital e Fotorrefrativa para geração e análise de feixes ópticos e um sistema de Microscopia Holográca Digital e Fotorrefrativa para análise micro-estruturas (retículos e células sanguíneas). Os resultados obtidos estão de acordo com o previsto teoricamente, permitindo excelente perspectiva de aplicações desses sistemas na análise e caracterização de feixes ópticos e superfícies micro e nano-estruturadas. / Scientic instrumentation systems are powerful tools for feasibility and verication of models in theoretical physics, as well as for the generation of technological products. In this sense, Holographic Interferometry and Holographic Microscopy are shown as powerful optical methods for observing perturbative phenomena, in the analysis of the phase of wavefronts, non-destructive testing for surface analysis and optical systems admeasurement. Notably, real-time Holographic techniques are favorable compared to conventional surface analysis techniques, since they allow the analysis, visualization and in situ monitoring of the studied systems with precision and reliability. On the other hand, Computational and Photorefractive Holographic techniques, in which photorefractive materials are used as holographic recording media, are promising techniques for special optical beams generation. Thus, the objective of this research project was to study and apply the methods of Holographic Interferometry and Holographic Microscopy (Digital and Photorefractive) for the analysis of intensity and phase of special optical beams (non-diractive) and micro-structured three-dimensional surfaces. For these purposes, we developed a Digital and Photorefractive Holographic Interferometry arrangement for the generation and analysis of optical beams and a Digital and Photorefractive Holographic Microscopy for micro-structures analysis (resolution targets and blood cells). The obtained results are in agreement with those predicted theoretically, allowing an excellent perspective of applications of these systems in the analysis and characterization of optical beams and micro and nano-structured surfaces.

Nous présentons un nouveau type d'imageur plénoptique appelé LOFI (Laser Optical Feedback Imaging). Le grand avantage de cette technique est qu'elle est auto-alignée, car le laser sert à la fois de source et de détecteur de photons. De plus, grâce à un effet d'amplification intra-cavité produit par la dynamique du laser, et grâce à un marquage acoustique des photons réinjectés, ce dispositif possède une sensibilité ultime au photon unique. Cette sensibilité est nécessaire si l'on veut réaliser des images à travers des milieux diffusants. L'autre intérêt présenté par le caractère plénoptique de notre imageur, est qu'il permet d'obtenir simultanément une double information: la position et la direction de propagation des rayons lumineux. Cette propriété offre des possibilités inhabituelles, comme celle de conserver la résolution d'un objectif de microscope bien au-delà de sa distance de travail, ou encore de pouvoir corriger par un post-traitement numérique les aberrations causées par la traversée d'un milieu hétérogène. Le dispositif LOFI plénoptique semble donc idéal pour une imagerie en profondeur à travers des milieux complexes, tels que les milieux biologiques. Les performances très intéressantes de cette imageur sont cependant obtenues au prix d'un filtrage spatial très coûteux en photons et au prix d'une acquisition des images réalisées point par point, donc relativement lente. / We present LOFI (Laser Optical Feedback Imaging). The main advantage of this technique is that it is auto-aligned, as the laser plays both the role of an emitter and a receiver of photons. Furthermore, thanks to an intra-cavity amplification effect caused by the laser dynamics and an acoustic tagging of re-injected photons, this setup reaches a shot noise sensitivity (single photon sensitive). This sensitivity is necessary if our aim is to make images through scattering media. The other interest, which comes from the plenoptic property of our setup, is that one have access to a complete information about light rays (position and direction of propagation). This property implies unusual possibilities like keeping a constant resolution beyond microscope objectives working distance or being able to numerically compensate, after acquisition, aberrations caused by the propagation through heterogeneous media. Our setup is thus ideal for deep imaging through complex media (turbid and heterogeneous) like biological ones. These interesting properties are achieved at the price of a spatial filtering degrading photon collection efficiency and of a point by point image acquisition which is slow.

La caractérisation des distributions spatio-temporelles des déformations transitoires le long de failles actives constitue actuellement l’un des axes privilégiés de recherches visant la compréhension des processus contrôlant le cycle sismique. Dans ce contexte, nous nous intéressons à deux sites d’études aux caractéristiques comportementales distinctes: la lacune sismique de Guerrero, siège de 4 séismes lents depuis 1997 (zone de subduction, d’une longueur de 100 km à l’ouest d’Acapulco au Mexique, dernière rupture en 1911, temps de récurrence ~4 ans) et le segment de Parkfield (segment de 20-30 km le long de la faille de San Andreas, Californie, 7 ruptures successives -Mw6- depuis 1857, temps de récurrence de ~22 ans). Dans le cas du Mexique, nous portons notre attention sur le séisme lent de 2009-2010 survenu au niveau de la lacune sismique et, dans le cas du segment de Parkfield, nous décrivons la déformation post-sismique suite au séisme du 28 septembre 2004, dernière rupture en date de ce segment, sur la période 2005-2010. Nous utilisons l’interférométrie radar différentiel satellitaire (DINSAR), complété de données GPS, pour estimer les faibles déformations (centimétriques) générées en surface par ces types de déformations. À l’issue de ce travail, dans le cas de la lacune sismique de Guerrero, nos mesures semblent montrer que le séisme lent de 2009-2010 affecte la partie sismogène de la lacune tout en affectant une portion de la subduction qui dépasse les limites géographiques de celle-ci. Dans le cas de Parkfield, nous parvenons à mettre en avant une prolongation temporelle jusqu’en 2010 du glissement post-sismique en plus d’une extension spatiale de ce glissement qui dépasse les limites de la rupture de 2004. Ces nouveaux éléments permettent de discuter plus en avant l’impact de ces déformations transitoires sur le comportement de ces systèmes de failles situés tout deux, sur des sites d’intérêts scientifiques majeurs. / Characterizing the spacio-temporal evolution of transient deformations along active faults is, by now, one of the most promising ways to better understand the mechanisms that drive the seismic cycle. In this context, we focused our attention on two areas that exhibit different characteristic behaviour types: the Guerrero seismic gap, a location of 4 consecutive slow slip events since 1997 (subduction zone, 100 km long westward from Acapulco, Mexico, last ruptured in 1911, repeating time ~4 years) and the Parkfield segment (20-30 km long segment, San Andreas fault, California, 7 successive breaks -Mw6- since 1857, repeating time ~22 years). In the case of Mexico, we particularly focused our attention on the 2009-2010 slow slip event that occurred at the gap location. In the case of Parkfield, we described the post-seismic deformation related to the 28th September 2004 Mw6 event (last recorded break) from 2005 to 2010. We used space-based differential radar interferometry (DINSAR) in addition to GPS data, to assess surface displacements at centimeter scale that are in relation with those two phenomena. As an outcome of the work, in the Guerrero seismic gap case, our measurements indicate that the 2009-2010 slow slip event has affected the seismogenic part of the gap and extents outside the spatial limits of it. In the case of Parkfield, our measurements indicate that the Parkfield segment has a post-seismic behaviour that lasts until 2010 at least and spatially extends outside the edge the 2004 coseismic trace along the fault line. These elements allow us to discuss the implication of such transient deformations in the two particular cases of the Guerrero seismic gap and the Parkfield segment, both of first scientific interest.