Dans la première partie de ce travail de thèse, on a étudié les causes d'anomalie de pesanteur, et plusieurs causes de bruit afin d'en tirer des conclusions sur la faisabilité de certaines applications industrielles qui impliqueraient notamment l'utilisation de gravimètres ou de gradiomètres embarqués. On envisage en particulier la possibilité de constituer un système de prévention des collisions pour la navigation sous-marine, d'utiliser un gravimètre pour détecter des cavités enfouies ou encore d'observer l'anomalie de pesanteur créée par le passage d'une vague de tsunami d'une part, et d'autre part on cherche autant que possible à quantifier en spectre de puissance les bruits classiques rencontrés en gravimétrie embarquée, ainsi que le bruit gravitationnel causé par les vagues. Dans la seconde partie, on décrit la réalisation d'un gravimètre à ondes de matière, qui aura la particularité d'utiliser des atomes piégés au voisinage d'une puce en carbure de silicium. Le développement des gravimètres à ondes de matière est en effet extrêmement prometteur en terme d'exactitude de mesure du champ de pesanteur, mais le principe de réalisation utilisé jusqu'à maintenant implique que la sensibilité limite de l'instrument est proportionnelle à sa taille. D'un autre côté depuis une dizaine d'années des puces constituées de fils conducteurs déposés sur un substrat en silicium ont été développées pour le piégeage et le refroidissement d'atomes. L'utilisation d'une puce à atomes devra permettre de démontrer la possibilité de mesurer le champ de pesanteur avec une sensibilité indépendante de la taille de l'instrument, ce qui mènera à la réalisation d'un gravimètre à atomes froids compact, donc potentiellement utilisable dans un véhicule. Le défi de ce démonstrateur est d'effectuer pour la première fois la séparation spatiale cohérente d'un nuage d'atomes sur une puce atomique, à des fins de métrologie / In the first part of this work causes of gravity anomalies are studied, along with causes of noise. The feasibilities of a few industrial applications involving mobile gravity or gravity gradient meters were hence evaluated. These applications include in particular the realization of a collision avoidance device for underwater navigation, detection of underground void spaces and tsunami wave detection. Classical noises encountered in on-board gravity measurements are studied, as well as the less conventional gravity noise caused by ocean waves. The second part of the work is devoted to the implementation of a matter waves interferometry gravimeter. The particularity of the device is to use atoms trapped in the vicinity of a silicon carbide atom chip. The goal of the project is to reach for the measurement accuracies of current matter waves gravimeters with free falling atoms, with a principle that does not imply a proportionality between the size of the device and its sensitivity limit. We hope to demonstrate a proof of concept that may lead to a new generation of atomic gravimeters that are compact and therefore better suited for mobile uses. Coherent splitting of a non-condensed atom cloud for metrology purposes is probably the main challenge of the project

Seismic records contain information that allows geoscientists to make inferences about the structure and properties of the Earth’s interior. Traditionally, seismic imaging and tomography methods require wavefields to be generated and recorded by identifiable sources and receivers, and use these directly-recorded signals to create models of the Earth’s subsurface. However, in recent years the method of seismic interferometry has revolutionised earthquake seismology by allowing unrecorded signals between pairs of receivers, pairs of sources, and source-receiver pairs to be constructed as Green’s functions using either cross-correlation, convolution or deconvolution of wavefields. In all of these formulations, seismic energy is recorded and emitted by surrounding boundaries of receivers and sources, which need not be active and impulsive but may even constitute continuous, naturally-occurring seismic ambient noise. In the first part of this thesis, I provide a comprehensive overview of seismic interferometry, its background theory, and examples of its application. I then test the theory and evaluate the effects of approximations that are commonly made when the interferometric formulae are applied to real datasets. Since errors resulting from some approximations can be subtle, these tests must be performed using almost error-free synthetic data produced with an exact waveform modelling method. To make such tests challenging the method and associated code must be applicable to multiply-scattering media. I developed such a modelling code specifically for interferometric tests and applications. Since virtually no errors are introduced into the results from modelling, any difference between the true and interferometric waveforms can safely be attributed to specific origins in interferometric theory. I show that this is not possible when using other, previously available methods: for example, the errors introduced into waveforms synthesised by finite-difference methods due to the modelling method itself, are larger than the errors incurred due to some (still significant) interferometric approximations; hence that modelling method can not be used to test these commonly-applied approximations. I then discuss the ability of interferometry to redatum seismic energy in both space and time, allowing virtual seismograms to be constructed at new locations where receivers may not have been present at the time of occurrence of the associated seismic source. I present the first successful application of this method to real datasets at multiple length scales. Although the results are restricted to limited bandwidths, this study demonstrates that the technique is a powerful tool in seismologists’ arsenal, paving the way for a new type of ‘retrospective’ seismology where sensors may be installed at any desired location at any time, and recordings of seismic events occurring at any other time can be constructed retrospectively – even long after their energy has dissipated. Within crustal seismology, a very common application of seismic interferometry is ambient-noise tomography (ANT). ANT is an Earth imaging method which makes use of inter-station Green’s functions constructed from cross-correlation of seismic ambient noise records. It is particularly useful in seismically quiescent areas where traditional tomography methods that rely on local earthquake sources would fail to produce interpretable results due to the lack of available data. Once constructed, interferometric Green’s functions can be analysed using standard waveform analysis techniques, and inverted for subsurface structure using more or less traditional imaging methods. In the second part of this thesis, I discuss the development and implementation of a fully non-linear inversion method which I use to perform Love-wave ANT across the British Isles. Full non-linearity is achieved by allowing both raypaths and model parametrisation to vary freely during inversion in Bayesian, Markov chain Monte Carlo tomography, the first time that this has been attempted. Since the inversion produces not only one, but a large ensemble of models, all of which fit the data to within the noise level, statistical moments of different order such as the mean or average model, or the standard deviation of seismic velocity structures across the ensemble, may be calculated: while the ensemble average map provides a smooth representation of the velocity field, a measure of model uncertainty can be obtained from the standard deviation map. In a number of real-data and synthetic examples, I show that the combination of variable raypaths and model parametrisation is key to the emergence of previously-unobserved, loop-like uncertainty topologies in the standard deviation maps. These uncertainty loops surround low- or high-velocity anomalies. They indicate that, while the velocity of each anomaly may be fairly well reconstructed, its exact location and size tend to remain uncertain; loops parametrise this location uncertainty, and hence constitute a fully non-linearised, Bayesian measure of spatial resolution. The uncertainty in anomaly location is shown to be due mainly to the location of the raypaths that were used to constrain the anomaly also only being known approximately. The emergence of loops is therefore related to the variation in raypaths with velocity structure, and hence to 2nd and higher order wave-physics. Thus, loops can only be observed using non-linear inversion methods such as the one described herein, explaining why these topologies have never been observed previously. I then present the results of fully non-linearised Love-wave group-velocity tomography of the British Isles in different frequency bands. At all of the analysed periods, the group-velocity maps show a good correlation with known geology of the region, and also robustly detect novel features. The shear-velocity structure with depth across the Irish Sea sedimentary basin is then investigated by inverting the Love-wave group-velocity maps, again fully non-linearly using Markov chain Monte Carlo inversion, showing an approximate depth to basement of 5 km. Finally, I discuss the advantages and current limitations of the fully non-linear tomography method implemented in this project, and provide guidelines and suggestions for its improvement.

Nous présentons le développement d'un prototype de gravimètre atomique compact reposant sur l'interférométrie atomique avec des transitions Raman stimulées. Nous démontrons une amélioration importante de la compacité et de la simplicité de chaque élément du dispositif expérimental (tête de senseur, source laser, référence de fréquence micro-onde, système de filtrage des vibrations). Ce travail s'appuie sur l'utilisation d'une pyramide creuse comme miroir de rétro-réflexion, ce qui permet de réaliser toutes les fonctions d'un interféromètre atomique (piégeage et refroidissement des atomes, interféromètre, détection) avec un unique faisceau laser. Nous avons donc développé une tête de senseur très compacte, dont les fonctions clés ont toutes été simplifiées. La source laser met en jeu un unique laser émettant à 1560 nm pour interroger des atomes de Rubidium 87. Elle bénéficie de l'utilisation de composants optiques télécoms fibrés, qui ont déjà démontré leur performance et leur robustesse aux conditions environnementales. Tous les éléments du prototype sont assemblés pour permettre la mise en place de l'interféromètre. Ce type de gravimètre compact est très intéressant pour la gravimétrie de terrain. En parallèle, nous avons développé un système de réjection du bruit de vibration, basé sur l'électronique numérique. La contribution des vibrations sur la phase atomique est pré-compensée avant la fermeture de l'interféromètre, directement sur la phase optique des lasers. Ceci garantit que chaque point de mesure a une sensibilité maximum, malgré un bruit de d'accélération important. Ainsi, pour un gravimètre posé au sol en environnement urbain, nous avons démontré une sensibilité à l’accélération de l’ordre de à 1 seconde, qui atteint après 300 secondes d’intégration. Notre dispositif nous a finalement conduit à l’hybridation complète du gravimètre atomique avec un accéléromètre classique, conduisant à un accéléromètre exact très large bande [DC , 430 Hz]. Ce résultat est très prometteur, notamment pour la navigation inertielle. / We present the development of a compact atomic gravimeter, relying on atom interferometry using stimulated Raman transitions. We demonstrate a significant improvement in terms of compactness and simplicity for each element of the device (sensor head, laser source, micro-wave frequency reference, vibration rejection system). This work relies on the use of a hollow-pyramid in place of the usual retro-reflecting mirror. This component allows realizing each step of measurement (trapping and cooling of the atoms, interferometer, detection) with a single laser beam. We developed a very compact sensor head, for which we have simplified every key element. The laser source features only one single laser diode, emitting at 1560 nm to interrogate Rubidium 87 atoms. It benefits from the use of fibered optical telecom components, which have already demonstrated to be performing and robust to environmental conditions. All the elements of the accelerometer prototype are now gathered to allow for the operation of the interferometer. On-field gravimetry will greatly benefit from such compact absolute gravimeter. In parallel, we have developed a novel vibration rejection method, based on digital electronics. The atomic phase shift induced by vibrations is pre-compensated before the recombination of the wave-packets, directly on the optical phase on the Raman lasers. This ensures that each measurement point stays at maximum sensitivity, even in the presence of great acceleration noise. As a result, for a gravimeter operating directly on the ground in an urban environment, we have reached sensitivity to acceleration at a level of at 1 s, which improves down to after 300 s. Finally, our method lead us to fully hybridize the atom gravimeter with a classical accelerometer, which results in an accurate very large-band accelerometer [DC , 430 Hz]. This demonstration is very promising for applications in inertial navigation.

Le but de cette thèse est centré sur la détection et la surveillance de la déformation de surface dans le nord-ouest de la Turquie, induite par une variété de phénomènes naturels (telles que l'activité tectonique, les glissements de terrain lents, etc.) et anthropiques (extraction des eaux souterraines, activités de construction, etc.), et sur l’analyse des mécanismes de déformation associés et de leurs conséquences pour l’environnement. Ce travail est basé sur le calcul de séries temporelles de déplacement du sol par interférométrie radar à synthèse d’ouverture (InSAR) afin d'analyser l'évolution des déplacements du sol, pour trois cas d’études associés à différents phénomènes géophysiques et processus sous-jacents. L’objectif de cette thèse est double : (1) révéler et quantifier les caractéristiques spatio-temporelles du glissement asismique le long de la rupture du séisme d’Izmit du 17 août 1999, et discuter de leur relation potentielle avec les propriétés de la faille (lithologie, géologie); (2) étudier la subsidence du sol dans des zones urbaines ou des zones exploitées par l'homme, induite par divers facteurs, et discuter des rôles relatifs de la tectonique, de la lithologie et des activités anthropiques dans ce mouvement du sol.Dans la première étude de cas, j’ai combiné des mesures InSAR, à partir d’images radar TerraSAR-X (bande X) et Sentinel-1 AB (bande C) acquises sur la période 2011-2017, à des mesures GPS en champ proche, effectuées tous les six mois à partir de 2014 jusqu'en 2016, ainsi qu’à des mesures de creepmeter, pour analyser le champ de vitesse en surface autour de la NAF, après le tremblement de terre d'Izmit de 1999. Les champs de vitesse moyenne horizontale InSAR révèlent que le taux de fluage (« creep ») sur le segment central de la rupture d'Izmit continue de décroître, plus de 19 ans après le séisme, ce qui concorde globalement avec les modèles de décroissance logarithmique des glissements post-sismiques de type « afterslip ». Le long de la section de la faille rompue à une vitesse « supershear » lors du séisme d'Izmit, le fluage se poursuit à une vitesse pouvant atteindre 8 mm / an. Un événement transitoire significatif, avec un fluage en accélération, est également détecté en décembre 2016 sur la série temporelle Sentinel-1, en accord avec les mesures d’un creepmeter installé près de la zone où la vitesse de fluage est maximum. Il est associé à un déplacement de surface total de 10 mm accumulé en un mois seulement.La deuxième cas d’étude porte sur l'identification et la mesure de la déformation du sol long-terme à Istanbul à partir d'une série InSAR couvrant près de 25 ans d'observations radar par satellite (1992-2017). Cette série temporelle InSAR a été calculée à partir d'images radar de plusieurs satellites (ERS-1, ERS-2, Envisat, Sentinel-1 A, B) afin d'étudier l'étendue spatiale et le taux de subsidence du sol dans la mégapole d'Istanbul.Dans le troisième cas d’étude, une série InSAR est calculée pour quantifier la subsidence de la plaine de Bursa (sud de la région de Marmara en Turquie), auparavant interprétée comme d’origine tectonique. Dans cette étude, StaMPS est utilisé pour traiter des séries d'images radar Sentinel 1 A-B acquises entre 2014 et 2017 le long d’orbites ascendantes et descendantse. Le champ de vitesse verticale obtenu après décomposition des champs de vitesse en ligne de visée sur deux traces complémentaires révèle que la plaine de Bursa s'affaisse à des vitesses allant jusqu'à 25 mm / an. A l’est, le signal de subsidence le plus important dans le bassin forme une ellipse allongée est-ouest et est limité par une plaine alluviale Quaternaire subsidant à environ 10 mm / an. Ces observations indiquent que l'accélération récente de la subsidence est principalement due aux activités anthropiques plutôt qu'aux mouvements tectoniques régionaux. / The aim of this thesis is centered on the detection and monitoring of surface deformation in northwest Turkey induced by a variety of natural (such as tectonic activity, slow moving-landslides, etc.) and anthropogenic (ground water extraction, construction activities, etc.) hazards and on the analysis of the related deformation mechanisms and their environmental consequences. In this work, I computed Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR) time series to examine ground deformation evolution for three different case studies associated to different geophysical phenomena and underlying processes. The focus of this thesis is two-fold : (1) to reveal and monitor the spatio-temporal characteristics of aseismic slip along the August 17, 1999 Mw 7.4 Izmit earthquake rupture, and discuss its potential relationship with lithology and geology (2) to investigate ground subsidence in urban or human-exploited areas induced by various factors, and discuss the relative roles of tectonics, lithology and anthropogenic activities in such ground motion.In the first case-study, I combined InSAR measurements, based on X-band TerraSAR-X and C-band Sentinel-1 A-B radar images acquired over the period 2011-2017, with near field GPS measurements, performed every 6 months from 2014 to 2016, as well as creep meter measurements to examine the surface velocity field around the NAF after the 1999 Izmit earthquake. In this study, the Stanford Method for Persistent Scatterers InSAR package (StaMPS) was employed to process series of Sentinel 1 A-B (acquired along ascending and descending orbits) and TerraSAR-X (ascending orbits) radar images. The InSAR horizontal mean velocity fields reveal that the creep rate on the central segment of the 1999 Izmit fault rupture continues to decay, more than 19 years after the earthquake, in overall agreement with models of postseismic afterslip rate decaying logarithmically with time. Along the fault section that experienced a supershear velocity rupture during the Izmit earthquake, creep continues with a rate up to ~ 8 mm/yr. A significant transient event with accelerating creep is detected in December 2016 on the Sentinel-1 time series, consistent with creepmeter measurements, near the maximum creep rate location. It is associated with a total surface slip of 10 mm released in one month only. The second case study deals with the identification and measurement of secular ground deformation in Istanbul from a long-term InSAR time-series spanning almost 25 years of satellite radar observations (1992-2017). This InSAR time series was computed from radar images of multiple satellites (ERS-1, ERS-2, Envisat, Sentinel-1 A, B) in order to investigate the spatial extent and rate of ground subsidence in the megacity of Istanbul.In the third case study, InSAR time-series analysis is calculated for quantifying the subsidence of the Bursa Plain (southern Marmara region of Turkey), which has been interpreted as resulting from tectonic motions in the region. In this study, the StaMPS is employed to process series of Sentinel 1 A-B radar images acquired between 2014 and 2017 along both ascending and descending orbits. The vertical velocity field obtained after decomposition of line-of-sight velocity fields on the two tracks reveals that the Bursa plain is subsiding at rates up to 25 mm/yr. The most prominent subsidence signal in the basin forms an east-west elongated ellipse of deformation in the east, and is bounded by a Quaternary alluvial plain undergoing average vertical subsidence at ~10 mm/yr. The InSAR time series within the observation period is well correlated with changes in the depth of the ground water. These observations indicate that the recent acceleration of subsidence is mainly due to anthropogenic activities rather than tectonic motion.

L'utilisation des techniques de mesure optiques impose un choix, souvent difficile, entre la résolution temporelle et la résolution spatiale. L'interferométrie Speckle (IS) fournit des mesures des champs d'amplitudes de vibration de grande résolution spatiale, mais la résolution temporelle des mesures est réduite par les cadences d'acquisition des détecteurs. La thèse est dédiée au développement d'un système interférométrique adapté à la mesure des vibrations et des phénomènes dynamiques des structures, basé sur les principes de l'IS, mais ayant une résolution temporelle accrue. Le système a été testé à des cadences de plus de 26000 images/s pour les cas suivants : sollicitation harmonique mono-fréquence ou par une forme d'onde arbitraire ; sollicitation dynamique par une séquence d'échelons de force ; choc mécanique. Les essais ont démontré que le système est capable de dépasser les systèmes classiques d'IS à laser continu en ce qui concerne la mesure des phénomènes dynamiques. / The use of optical measurement techniques requires a choice, often difficult, between temporal resolution and spatial resolution. Speckle interferometry (IS) provides high spatial resolution maps of vibration amplitudes, but the temporal resolution of measurements is reduced, due to the low acquisition rates of detectors. The thesis is dedicated to the development of an interferometric system that is able to measure dynamic phenomena with superior temporal resolution. The system was tested at acquisition rates exceeding 26,000 frames/s, for the following cases: harmonic excitation; arbitrary excitation; dynamic loading by a staircase signal and mechanical shock. The tests showed that the system is able to overcome conventional systems of continuous wave SI with respect to the measurement of dynamic phenomena.

Ces travaux de thèse s'inscrivent à la frontière entre l'utilisation de l'interférométrie atomique pour tester un principe fondamental de physique, le principe d'équivalence faible, et le transfert des technologies développées dans ce but vers des applications industrielles, en particulier la navigation inertielle, à travers une collaboration avec l'entreprise iXBlue au sein d'un laboratoire commun (iXAtom) où nous avons travaillé à l'hybridation d'une centrale inertielle avec un accéléromètre atomique afin de corriger la dérive temporelle de la centrale.Afin de tester le prince d'équivalence faible, nous utilisons un interféromètre atomique double espèce (87Rb et 39K). Cette expérience est réalisée en laboratoire mais également en micropesanteur à bord de l'avion ZERO-G de Novespace. Cette particularité pose des contraintes sur les choix technologiques puisque le montage doit être robuste, compact et transportable. Notre système laser en est un bon exemple puisqu'il est basé des technologies télécom (1560 et 1534 nm) doublées en fréquence. Nous avons réalisé le premier test du principe d'équivalence en micropesanteur avec des atomes froids en 2015, ce qui représente une étape majeure vers la réalisation d'un instrument embarquable à bord d'un satellite.Le 39K est une espèce difficile à refroidir et à manipuler à cause de sa structure hyperfine étroite. Nous avons mis en place un refroidissement par mélasse grise pour cette espèce en ajoutant un laser résonnant avec la transition D1 du potassium. Nous avons également mis en place une préparation des atomes dans l'état non magnétique mF=0 efficace à 95%. Ces techniques ont amélioré le contraste de nos franges d'interférences d'un facteur 4 et nous a permis d'obtenir une sensibilité sur le paramètre d’Eötvös en laboratoire de 5.2x10-8 après 11500 s d'intégration. / This thesis is at the boundary of the fundamental physics with the test of the weak equivalence principle (WEP) and the transfer of the technologies developed to industrial applications such inertial navigation. We began collaboration in a joint laboratory (iXAtom) with the iXBlue company where we worked on the hybridization of an inertial unit with a cold atom accelerometer.In order to test the WEP, we use a dual-species atom interferometer (87Rb and 39K). This experiment works in the laboratory but it is designed to perform onboard the Novespace ZERO-G plane. This specificity puts constraints on the design of the setup because it needs to be robust, compact and transportable. Our laser system is a good example because it is based on Telecom technologies (1560 and 1534 nm) frequency doubled. We realized the first test of the weak equivalence principle on microgravity with cold atoms in 2015, which is a major step toward a future spatial mission.The 39K is an atomic species hard to cool and manipulate because of its narrow hyperfine structure. We implemented an other cooling method, the gray molasses, by using a laser resonant to the potassium D1 transition. We built a new sequence to prepare the atoms in the mF= 0 state. This sequence is effective at 95%. These techniques improved the contrast of our interference fringes by a factor 4 which led to the obtention of a sensitivity on the Eötvös parameter in the laboratory of 5.2x10-8 after 11500 s of integration.

L’objectif de la thèse est de développer une nouvelle technique d’optique adaptive pour les interferomètres gravitationels avancés, basée sur un nouveau type de miroir pour le faisceau d’injection de l’interferomètre. Le miroir déformable, basé sur une actuation thermique, doit etre un outil compatible ultra-vide, qui fonctionne sans bruit électronique ou mécanique, bon marché et permettre la correction des modes d’ordre supérieurs afin d’améliorer le matching des faisceaux de haute puissance dans les cavités laser du détecteur sous ultra-vide. Un montage experimental de caractérisation du miroir déformable a été mis en place afin d’effectuer les tests de validation du premier prototype sous air. L’élaboration d’une procédure de caractérisation des propriétés du miroir et d’une boucle de controle a permis de développer une approche efficace pour déterminer les possibilités et les limites du miroir. Nous avons ainsi pu faire la démonstration de sa capacite a corriger les aberrations de phase d’un faisceau laser infrarouge a différentes fréquences spatiales. Nous avons également démontré que le miroir vérifie les performances de stabilité, de reproductibilité et de linearité attendues. Nous avons ensuite validé l’amélioration du mode matching d’un faisceau laser sur une cavité de réference par le miroir thermiquement déformable / In this thesis we develop a new technique of adaptive optics for the Advanced Gravitational Interferometers, based on a new type of deformable mirror for the injection beam of the interferometer. This deformable mirror, based on a thermal actuation, has to be a high vacuum compatible and low-cost device, that is working without any electronic or mechanic noise. It has to allow the correction of high order modes to improve the matching of high power laser beams in the interferometer.An experimental setup has been made to characterize the first prototype on air. An efficient process and a control loop have allowed to determine the possibilities and limits of the device. We have demonstrated its ability to correct high order modes of an infrared laser beam. Afterwards, we have validated the improvement of mode matching into a fixed cavity.

A teoria da acustoelasticidade relaciona a variação de velocidade de propagação de ondas mecânicas à variação de tensão em um meio sólido. Em materiais frágeis como concreto, a danificação altera a velocidade de propagação paralelamente ao efeito acustoelástico. O objetivo deste trabalho é identificar e quantificar como a danificação e o efeito acustoelástico agem sobre a Velocidade de Pulso Ultrassônico (VPU) em corpos de prova de concreto submetidos a compressão uniaxial. Para tanto, foram realizadas três fases de ensaio. A primeira fase objetivou gerar dados para a análise da aplicação da interferometria de cauda de onda (Coda Wave Interferometry – CWI). Duas variações deste método foram estudadas e comparadas, com o propósito de determinar-se qual gera melhores resultados e quais parâmetros devem ser adotados para as análises. Para tal, um código computacional foi desenvolvido utilizando a linguagem Python 3.6.0. Foi constatado que a técnica do alongamento apresenta resultados melhores que a técnica tradicional da interferometria de cauda de onda. A segunda etapa foi dedicada ao estudo da variação de velocidade de propagação devido à recuperação de dano do corpo de prova. A terceira fase abordou a influência da geometria da amostra e da composição do concreto sobre a resposta do material à acustoelasticidade. Além disso, definiu-se um Índice de Dano (D) baseado na redução do módulo de elasticidade devido ao carregamento, a fim de isolar a variação de velocidade causada pelo efeito acustoelástico. Quanto ao estudo da recuperação de dano ao longo do tempo, a variação relativa de velocidade nas primeiras 24 horas após a retirada do carregamento se mostrou muito pequena em relação às variações geradas pelas condições de temperatura e umidade. Concluiu-se também que as amostras cilíndricas apresentaram respostas mais uniformes ao efeito acustoelástico que as amostras prismáticas. Por fim, o Índice de Dano se mostrou eficaz para isolar os efeitos da danificação e da acustoelasticidade sobre a VPU. / The acoustoelasticity theory relates the variation in propagation velocity of mechanical waves to the stress variation in a solid medium. In brittle materials such as concrete, damage affects the propagation velocity parallel to the acoustoelastic effect. This research aims to identify and quantify how damage and acoustoelastic effect act on Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity (UPV) in concrete samples subjected to uniaxial compression. In order to do so, three phases of testing were performed. The first one focused on generating data to analyze the application of the Coda Wave Interferometry (CWI). Two variations of this method were studied and compared, to the purpose of determining which variation shows better results and which parameters should be adopted in the analysis. To enable the analysis, a computational code using Python 3.6.0 language was developed. It was verified that the stretching technique shows better results than the traditional coda wave interferometry technique. The second phase was dedicated to study the variation in propagation velocity due to damage recovery in the sample. The third phase addressed the influence of the sample geometry and the concrete composition over the response from the material to the acoustoelasticity. Furthermore, a Damage Index (D) was defined based on the elastic modulus reduction due to loading, in order to isolate the variation of velocity due solely to the acoustoelastic effect. Regarding the study of damage recovery over time, the relative velocity variation in the first 24 hours following the withdrawal of the loading showed to be too little when compared to the variations caused by temperature and humidity conditions. It was also concluded that the cylindrical samples showed more uniform responses to the acoustoelastic effect than the prismatic samples. Finally, the Damage Index proved itself to be a reliable tool to isolate the effects of damage and acoustoelasticity over the UPV.

Cargas oclusais excessivas podem promover tensões exageradas às estruturas de implantes/pilares/próteses, resultando em deformação, desadaptação ou mesmo fratura dos componentes e do próprio implante. Além disso, tais sobrecargas podem gerar necrose por compressão e perda óssea peri-implantar e, ainda, a ocorrência de microdeslocamentos na interface de conexão implante-pilar (I-P) ocasionando a formação de fendas propícias à colonização bacteriana, o que pode levar ao desenvolvimento de peri-implantite, contribuindo para o insucesso do conjunto. O presente estudo objetivou avaliar, por meio de uma técnica já amplamente utilizada na Engenharia e na Física a Interferometria Eletrônica por Padrões de Speckle (ESPI) as deformações a nível do colar de implantes com conexão cônica interna (cone Morse) de diferentes diâmetros (Kopp 4,3/5,5 mm e Neodent 3,5/5,0 mm), sob dois tipos (cêntrica e excêntrica) e intensidades (50 N e 100 N) de cargas, similares as quais os implantes ficam expostos durante a função mastigatória. Testou-se a hipótese de que a deformação do colar do implante seria inversamente proporcional ao diâmetro do implante. Além disso, discutiu-se vantagens e limitações da técnica ESPI frente a outros métodos comumente utilizados na avaliação de tensões. As maiores deformações foram sempre associadas às cargas excêntricas, com exceção do G1-Kopp. A maior deformação ocorreu no G1-Neodent sob carga excêntrica de 100 N e a menor, no G2-Neodent sob carga cêntrica de 50 N. A técnica ESPI mostrou-se altamente sensível e reprodutível para avaliar deformações a nivel do colar de implantes sendo possível confirmar a hipótese inicial, visto que a maior deformação esteve sempre associada aos implantes de menor diâmetro, em ambos os sistemas de implante pesquisados. / Occlusal overloading may promote excessive stresses to the implants/abutments/prosthesis, resulting in deformation, misfit or fracture of the components, until the implants. Futhermore, strains of the implant-abutment connection can cause the formation of microgaps propitious to bacterial colonization, which leads to the development of peri-implant sites, leading to the failure of the rehabilitation. This study aimed to evaluate, by a technique widely used in the engineering and physics Electronic Speckle Pattern Interferometry (ESPI) the strains related to the implant collar with internal tappered connection (Morse taper) with different diameters (Kopp 4.3/5.5 mm and Neodent 3,5/5,0 mm), under two types (centric and eccentric) and intensities (50 N and 100 N) of loads, similar which implants are exposed during masticatory function. We tested the hypothesis that the strains of the implants collar would be inversely proportional to the diameter of the implant. In addition, the survey discussed the advantages and limitations of the ESPI technique over other methods commonly used to assess strains. The largest strain was always associated with eccentric loads, except for G1-Kopp. The largest strain occurred in the G1-Neodent under the eccentric loads of 100 N and the lowest in the G2-Neodent under the centric loads of 50 N. The ESPI technique was a highly sensitive and reproducible to evaluate the strains at the level of the collar of implants being possible to confirm the initial hypothesis, since most strains was always associated with narrower-diameter implants in both implant systems studied.

Este estudo objetivou pesquisar a distribuição das tensões através de próteses fixas implanto-suportadas e dento-implanto-suportadas em hemi-mandíbulas de canis familiaris mediante o método de interferometria holográfica de dupla exposição. Três cães foram selecionados e colocados três implantes em cada um deles (hemi-mandíbula direita: um implante e na hemi-mandíbula esquerda: dois implantes). Após a espera de dois meses, os dois tipos de próteses foram fixados sobre os implantes e os animais sacrificados. A seguir, as hemi -mandíbulas foram extraídas e fixadas no dispositivo especialmente desenhado para tal fim (CAMPOS, 2001). Todo o sistema foi colocado sobre uma mesa holográf ica e carga estática foi aplicada sobre três posições previamente estabelecidas nas próteses (sobre o pilar anterior, ponto médio da barra e pilar posterior). 18 hologramas foram obtidos mediante a técnica holográfica. A análise dos hologramas revelou que de forma geral, as hemi-mandíbulas com próteses dento-implanto-suportadas sofreram maior tensão quando comparadas com as hemi-mandíbulas com próteses implanto-suportadas. Em relação às próteses, as implanto-suportadas foram aquelas que melhor distribuíram os esforços quando comparadas com as dento-implanto-suportadas. / The aim of this study was to investigate the stress distribution of tooth-implant and implant supported prosthesis in dog mandibles by means of holographic interferometry double exposition method. Three mongrel dogs were selectioned and three osseointegrated implants were placed (right hemi-mandible: one implant and in the left hemi-mandible: two implants). After two months, both prostheses were fixed on the implants and the animals were sacrificed. The hemi-mandibles were fixed in a special device (CAMPOS, 2001) and placed on the holographic table. A static load was applied on three different positions on the prosthesis (anterior abutment, midpoint of the bar and posterior abutment) and eighteen holograms were obtained. The hologram analysis revealed that the hemi-mandibles with tooth-implant prosthesis transmitted more tension that the hemi-mandibles with implant supported prosthesis. In addition to, an equal distribution of stress were observed in the implant supported prosthesis when compared with the tooth-implant prosthesis.