La broncho-pneumopathie chronique obstructive (BPCO) est une maladie inflammatoire chronique des voies aériennes dont le facteur de risque principal est l’exposition chronique à la fumée de cigarette. L’histoire de la maladie est fréquemment associée à une colonisation bactérienne des voies aériennes et ponctuée d’épisodes aigus d’exacerbation de la maladie associés à une morbi-mortalité importante. Ces exacerbations sont principalement d’origine infectieuses et plus particulièrement, associées à une bactérie dans 50 % des cas, majoritairement Haemophilus influenzae, Streptococcus pneumoniae et Moraxella catarrhalis. Le contrôle de ces infections bactériennes implique en particulier une réponse immunitaire de type Th17 efficace. Cette immunité Th17 médiée principalement par les cytokines IL-17A et IL-22 est impliquée dans la physiopathologie de la BPCO mais n’a été que peu étudiée dans le contexte des exacerbations. Notre hypothèse est que la réponse Th17 aux pathogènes est altérée dans la BPCO, mécanisme qui serait impliqué dans la susceptibilité aux infections respiratoires observée chez les patients.Différentes approches ont été utilisées pour tester cette hypothèse. Tout d’abord, une approche ex vivo, à partir de cellules mononucléées circulantes (PBMC) de patients atteints de BPCO comparées à celles issues de sujets sains non fumeurs et de sujets fumeurs sans obstruction bronchique, montrant un défaut de production par les PBMC des cytokines IL-17A et IL-22 mais également des cytokines IL-6 et IL-23 produites par les cellules présentatrices d’antigènes (CPA) et impliquées dans l’activation de cette immunité Th17, en réponse à une activation par S. pneumoniae. Ensuite, une approche in vitro, avec un modèle de cellules dendritiques dérivées de monocytes (MDDC) exposées à la fumée de cigarette. Ces MDDC présentaient un défaut de maturation, de production de cytokines pro-Th17 et de leur capacité à activer une réponse Th17 lymphocytaire en réponse à S. pneumoniae. Enfin, une approche in vivo, utilisant un modèle murin de souris exposées de façon chronique à la fumée de cigarette confirmant ces résultats avec un défaut de réponse IL-17A et IL-22 mais également de production des cytokines pro-Th17 IL-1β et IL-23 par les CPA en réponse à S. pneumoniae. Dans ce modèle, l’apport d’IL-22 permettait d’améliorer la clairance bactérienne et de réduire les lésions pulmonaires, suggérant des possibilités thérapeutiques pour améliorer la prise en charge de ces exacerbations infectieuses.Ces trois approches permettent d’apporter des arguments forts en faveur d’un défaut de réponse Th17 au cours des exacerbations bactériennes de la BPCO, hypothèse confortée par d’autres travaux de notre équipe montrant dans le modèle murin d’exposition chronique à la fumée de cigarette la présence d’un défaut de production d’IL-22 dans la réponse à Haemophilus influenzae. Ces travaux qui doivent maintenant être d’une part, confirmés par une étude clinique incluant des patients atteints de BPCO en exacerbation, et d’autre part, complétés pour préciser l’impact sur les cellules lymphoïdes innées productrices de ces cytokines et sur la réponse de l’épithélium bronchique à l’infection, ouvrent la voies à des perspectives thérapeutiques dans la prise en charge de ces exacerbations bactériennes. / Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a chronic inflammatory disease of the airways mainly due to chronic exposure to cigarette smoke. Evolution of the disease is often associated with bacterial colonization of the airways and punctuated by acute exacerbation of the disease with a frequent related morbi-mortality. These exacerbations are mainly due to infection and almost 50 % are associated with bacteria, often Haemophilus influenzae, Streptococcus pneumoniae and Moraxella catarrhalis. Th17 immune response is particularly involved in control of bacterial infection and is principally mediated by IL-17A and IL-22 cytokines. This Th17 inflammation is involved in COPD physiopathology but there is paucity of data focusing on this immune response during COPD exacerbations. Our hypothesis is that Th17 immune response to pathogens is defective in COPD leading to airways infection susceptibility.We have tested our hypothesis by different approaches. First, the ex vivo responses to Streptococcus pneumoniae of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from COPD patients, healthy non smokers and healthy smokers were compared showing decreased production of IL-17A and IL-22 but also of pro-Th17 cytokines IL-6 and IL-23 which are produced by antigen presenting cells (APC). Second, we used an in vitro model of monocyte-derived dendritic cells (MDDC) exposed to cigarette smoke showing a defective MDDC maturation, pro-Th17 cytokines production and ability to promote T-cells Th17 response, in response to S. pneumoniae. Finally, an in vivo murine model of mice chronically exposed to cigarette smoke showing defective production of IL-17A and IL-22 but also of pro-Th17 cytokines IL-1β and IL-23 produced by APC, in response to S. pneumoniae. In this model, supplementation with IL-22 restored bacterial clearance and limited lung alterations suggesting therapeutic opportunities to improve infectious COPD exacerbation management.Altogether, these results strengthen our hypothesis of a defective Th17 immune response during bacterial COPD exacerbations. They are comforted by other studies in our team showing a defective IL-22 production in response to Haemophilus influenzae in our in vivo model of mice chronically exposed to cigarette smoke. Now we have to confirm these results in a clinical trial including COPD patients in exacerbation and to further explore the impact on innate lymphoid cells, which produced these cytokines, and on the innate immune response of epithelial cells to infection, in order to develop new infectious COPD exacerbation therapeutics.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T15:32:21Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 BarbaraVBM_DISSERT.pdf: 1563576 bytes, checksum: c536e73cdfce0251b3446e74e0f9cc69 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-02-24 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient?fico e Tecnol?gico / Th17 cells have been strongly associated with the pathogenesis of several autoimmune and inflammatory diseases. IL-17 and IL-23 are important cytokines associated with this lineage. The aim of this study was to analyze, through immunohistochemical methods, the immunoexpression of IL-17 and IL-23 in the inflammatory infiltrate of oral lichen planus (OLP) lesion compared to that of inflammatory fibrous hyperplasia (IFH) and between clinical forms reticular and erosive of OLP. The sample included 41 cases of OLP, of which 23 were reticular and 18 erosive and 10 cases of IFH. The results were subjected to nonparametric statistical tests with a 5% significance level. In OLP lesions histomorphological analysis, the most common findings were: hyperparakeratinization, specimens with atrophic epithelium in erosive clinical form (p = 0.011), epithelial projections in most of reticular type of lesions, in addition Civatte bodies were identified in most samples of both clinical forms. For immunohistochemistry analysis, five fields with strong immunoreactivity for IL-17 and IL-23 were photomicrographed at 400x magnification, images were transferred to a computer where with ImageJ software?, lymphocytes that exhibited cytoplasmic immunostaining for these cytokines were counted. A mean was established after for each case. There was no statistically significant difference in the number of imunopositive lymphocytes for IL-17 and IL-23 among the group of OLP and IFH group, however a larger amount of lymphocytes imunopositive for IL-17 was found in the LPO group (p = 0.079) and significantly higher amounts of those lymphocytes were found in the erosive OLP when compared to the group of reticular OLP and IFH (p = 0.019). Furthermore, a marker epithelial immunopositivity for IL-17 was observed in OLP group. Although the results of this study do not permit the forceful assertion about the participation of Th17 lineage in OLP lesions, the findings of immunopositive lymphocytes counting for IL-17 and IL-23, which are potent proinflammatory cytokines, together with the the marked epithelial immunopositivity found for IL-17 in this study, suggest a possible role of this lineage in the pathogenesis of this disorder / As c?lulas Th17 t?m sido fortemente associadas com a patogenia de diversas doen?as autoimunes e inflamat?rias. A IL-17 e a IL-23 s?o importantes citocinas associadas com esta linhagem. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi analisar, atrav?s de m?todos imunohistoqu?micos, a imunoexpress?o da IL-17 e da IL-23 no infiltrado inflamat?rio das les?es de l?quen plano oral (LPO) comparando ao da hiperplasia fibrosa inflamat?ria (HFI) e entre as formas cl?nicas reticular e erosiva do LPO com o intuito de esclarecer se a linhagem Th17 participa da patog?nese do LPO. Na amostra foram inclu?dos 41 casos de LPO, dos quais 23 eram reticulares e 18 erosivos, al?m de 10 casos de HFI. Os resultados foram submetidos a testes estat?sticos n?o param?tricos com n?vel de signific?ncia de 5%. Na an?lise histomorfol?gica das les?es de LPO, observou-se predom?nio de: les?es hiperparaceratinizadas, esp?cimes com epit?lio atr?fico na forma cl?nica erosiva (p=0,011), proje??es epiteliais nas les?es do tipo reticular, al?m de corpos de Civatte identificados na maior parte da amostra de ambas as formas cl?nicas. Para o estudo imuno-histoqu?mico, cinco campos com forte imunorreatividade para a IL-17 e para a IL-23 foram fotomicrografados sob o aumento de 400x, as fotos foram transferidas para um computador onde com o aux?lio do software ImageJ?, realizou-se a contagem dos linf?citos que exibiram imunomarca??o citoplasm?tica para estas citocinas. Posteriormente, foi estabelecida uma m?dia para cada caso. N?o foram observadas diferen?as estatisticamente significativas na quantidade de linf?citos imunopositivos para a IL-17 e para a IL-23 entre o grupo do LPO e da HFI, no entanto uma maior quantidade desses linf?citos para a IL-17 foi encontrada no grupo do LPO (p=0,079) e uma quantidade significativamente maior de linf?citos imunopositivos para a IL- 23 foi encontrada entre o grupo do LPO erosivo e da HFI (p=0,019). Al?m disto, foi observada uma marcante imunopositividade epitelial para a IL-17 no grupo do LPO. Ainda que os resultados do presente estudo n?o permitam a afirma??o contundente da participa??o da linhagem Th17 nas les?es de LPO, os achados da contagem dos linf?citos imunopositivos para a IL-17 e para a IL-23, que s?o potentes citocinas pr?-inflamat?rias, somados ? marcante imunopositividade epitelial encontrada para a IL-17 neste estudo, sugerem uma poss?vel participa??o desta linhagem na patog?nese desta desordem

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T15:32:24Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 ThamaraMMB_DISSERT.pdf: 1856423 bytes, checksum: d77238963a3bf6663f56d36a18db57b6 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-02-27 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior / Th17 cells have been strongly associated to the pathogenesis of inflammatory and autoimmune diseases, although their influence on the carcinogenesis is still little known, there are reports of anti-tumor and protumoral actions. The objective of this study is to research the presence of Th17 lineage in lip and tongue SCC, using the analysis of the immunoexpression of IL-17 and ROR?t, relating this immunoexpression with clinical and morphological findings in the attempt to better comprehend the role of these cells on the tumoral immunity of OSCCs. The results were submitted to non-parametric statistical tests with significance level of 5%. On the histomorphological analysis, it was observed the predominance of low level lesions on lip and high level lesions on tongue (p=0,024). It was not observed statistical significance between clinical stage and histological gradation of malignancy (p=0,644). For the immunohistochemical study, 5 random fields with greater immunoreactivity of the peritumoral inflammatory infiltrate were photomicrographed on the 400x magnification. It was done the count of lymphocytes which showed cytoplasmic and pericytoplasmic staining for the IL-17 cytokine as well as nuclear and cytoplasmic staining for ROR?t. It was observed statistical significance difference on the quantity of immunopositive lymphocytes to IL-17 between the groups of SCC of lip and tongue (p=0,028). For the ROR?t it was not observed statistical significance difference between the groups of SCC of lip and tongue (p=0,915). It was not observed statistical difference between the immunostaining of IL-17 and ROR?t with histological gradation of malignancy and clinical staging. The findings of this research suggest a possible anti-tumor role of IL-17 for cases of lip. The results of the analysis of the ROR?t are possibly due to the wide duality of the anti-tumor and protumoral role of the Th17 cells and their plasticity which, in the presence of different cytokines expressed on the tumor microenvironment, can alter its phenotype. / As c?lulas Th17 t?m sido fortemente associadas ? patogenia de doen?as autoimunes e inflamat?rias, por?m sua influ?ncia na carcinog?nese ainda ? pouco conhecida, havendo relatos de suas a??es tanto antitumorais quanto pr?-tumorais. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi pesquisar a presen?a da linhagem Th17 intratumoral em CCE de l?bio e l?ngua, atrav?s da an?lise da imunoexpress?o da IL-17 e do ROR?t, relacionando estes achados com dados cl?nicos e morfol?gicos na tentativa de melhor compreender o papel dessas c?lulas na imunidade tumoral dos CCEOs. Na an?lise histomorfol?gica, observou-se predom?nio de les?es de baixo grau em l?bio e de alto grau em l?ngua (p = 0,024). N?o foi observada signific?ncia estat?stica entre estadiamento cl?nico e grada??o histol?gica de malignidade (p = 0,644). Para o estudo imunoistoqu?mico, 5 campos aleat?rios com maior imunorreatividade do infiltrado inflamat?rio peritumoral foram fotomicrografados no aumento de 400x. Realizou-se a contagem de linf?citos que exibiram marca??o citoplasm?tica e pericitoplasm?tica para a citocina IL-17 bem como nuclear e citoplasm?tica para o ROR?t. Foi observada diferen?a estatisticamente significativa na quantidade de linf?citos imunopositivos para IL-17 entre os grupos de CCE de l?bio e l?ngua (p = 0,028). Para o ROR?t n?o foi observada diferen?a estatisticamente significativa entre os grupos de CCE de l?bio e l?ngua (p = 0,915). N?o foi observada diferen?a estat?stica entre a imunomarca??o da IL-17 e ROR?t com grada??o histol?gica de malignidade e com estadiamento cl?nico. Os achados dessa pesquisa sugerem um poss?vel papel antitumoral da IL-17 para os casos de l?bio. Os resultados da an?lise do ROR?t, possivelmente se devem ? ampla dualidade do papel pr?-tumoral e antitumoral das c?lulas Th17 e ? sua plasticidade que, na presen?a de diferentes citocinas expressas no microambiente tumoral, podem alterar seu fen?tipo

A leishmaniose tegumentar americana (LTA) apresenta um amplo espectro de manifestações clínicas e imunopatológicas resultante da interação entre as diferentes espécies de Leishmania e os mecanismos de resposta imune do hospedeiro. Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis e Leishmania (Leishmania) amazonensis são as espécies de maior potencial patogênico para o homem e de importância médica no Brasil. As células TCD4, quando ativadas por antígenos via MHC II podem se diferenciar em linhagens de células efetoras como Th1, Th2, Th17 e células T reguladoras (Treg). IL-23 é indispensável para as funções efetoras e manutenção de células Th17. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a expressão de Foxp3, IL-17 e IL-23 em lesões cutâneas de pacientes com diferentes formas clínicas da LTA. Biópsias parafinadas de 44 pacientes foram submetidas à imunoistoquímica, sendo 6 casos de leishmaniose cutânea anérgica difusa (LCADIDRM-) e leishmaniose cutânea disseminada borderline (LCDBIDRM-), ambas causadas por L.(L) amazonensis e 16 casos de leishmaniose cutânea localizada (LCLIDRM+) também causada por L.(L.) amazonensis; 9 casos de LCLIDRM+, 2 casos de LCDBIDRM- e 5 casos de leishmaniose cutâneo-mucosa (LCMIDRM+), todos causados por L.(V.) braziliensis. A densidade de células Tregs Foxp3+ no espectro clínico da LTA mostrou um aumento progressivo partindo das formas centrais LCL causadas por L.(V.) braziliensis (170mm2) e L.(L) amazonensis (140mm2) para as formas polares, LCADIDRM- (289mm2) e LCDBIDRM- (183mm2) causada por L.(L) amazonensis, LCDBIDRM- (189mm2) e LCMIDRM+, causadas por L.(V.) braziliensis (158mm2). A comparação entre as densidades de células IL-17+ nas diferentes formas clínicas da LTA mostrou um perfil semelhante também com um aumento progressivo da expressão de IL-17 partindo das formas centrais LCLIDRM+ causadas por L.(V.) braziliensis (232mm2) e L.(L) amazonensis (197mm2) em direção as formas polares, LCADIDRM- (470mm2) e LCDBIDRM- (340mm2) causada por L.(L.) amazonensis, LCDBIDRM- (431mm2) e LCMIDRM+ (372mm2) causada por L.(V.) braziliensis. A densidade de células IL-23+ mostrou perfil similar ao de IL-17 como no espectro de doença causada por L. (V.) braziliensis ou L. (L.) amazonensis: LCADIDRM- (687mm2), LCDBIDRM- (518mm2) e LCLIDRM+ (348mm2) por L.(L.) amazonensis, LCLIDRM+ (457mm2), LCDBIDRM- (609mm2) e LCMIDRM+ (568mm2) L. (V.) braziliensis. Diante dos nossos achados, observa-se que as células Foxp3+, IL-17+ e IL-23+ desempenham um papel importante na imunopatogênese das diferentes formas clínicas da LTA causadas por L. (V.) braziliensis ou L. (L.) amazonensis, caracterizada por uma resposta imune polarizada de diferente expressão patológica / The American cutaneous leishmaniasis (ACL) presents a wide spectrum of clinical and immunopathological manifestations resulting from the interaction between the different species of Leishmania and the mechanisms of the host immune response. Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis and Leishmania (Leishmania) amazonensis are the species with the largest pathogenic potential for humans and medical importance in Brazil. The CD4+ T cells can be differentiated into effector cell lines as Th1, Th2, Th17 and regulatory T cells (Treg). IL-23 is essential for effector functions and maintenance of Th17 cells, that produces IL-17. The aim of this study was to evaluate the expression of Foxp3, IL-17 and IL-23 in cutaneous lesions of patients with different clinical forms of ACL. Paraffin embedded biopsies from 44 patients were submitted to immunohistochemistry, there were 6 cases of anergic diffuse cutaneous leishmaniasis (ADCLDTH-) and borderline disseminated cutaneous leishmaniasis (BDCLDTH-) both caused by L. (L.) amazonensis 16 cases of cutaneous leishmaniasis (LCLDTH+) caused by L. (L.) amazonensis, 9 cases of LCLDTH+, 2 cases of BDCLDTH- and 5 cases of mucocutaneous leishmaniasis (MCLDTH+) all caused by L. (V.) braziliensis. The density of Treg Foxp3+ cells in the clinical spectrum of ACL showed a progressive increase starting from the central forms LCLDTH+ caused by L. (V.) braziliensis (170mm2) and L. (L) amazonensis (140mm2) towards the polar forms ADCLDTH- (289mm2). The intermediate clinical forms BDCLDTH- (183mm2) caused by L. (L) amazonensis and BDCLDTH-(189mm2) by L. (V.) braziliensis as well as, MCLDTH+(158mm2) did not present any significant differences. The comparison between the densities of IL-17+ cells in different clinical forms of ACL showed progressive increasing starting from the central forms LCLDTH+ caused by L. (V.) braziliensis (232mm2) and L. (L) amazonensis (197mm2) towards the polar forms, ADCLDTH-(470mm2) and BDCLDTH-(340mm2) caused by L. (L.) amazonensis BDCLDTH- (431mm2) and MCLDTH+ (372mm2) caused by L. (V.) braziliensis. The density of IL-23+ cells showed a similar profile to that of IL-17 at the disease spectrum caused by L. (V.) braziliensis and L. (L.) amazonensis: ADCLDTH-(687mm2) BDCLDTH-(518mm2) and LCLDTH+ (348mm2) by L. (L.) amazonensis; LCLDTH+ (457mm2) LCDBDTH-(609mm2) and MCLDTH+ (568mm2) L. (V.) braziliensis. In view of our findings, we notice that the Foxp3+, IL-17+ and IL-23+ cells play an important role in the immunopathogenesis of different clinical forms of ACL caused by L. (V.) braziliensis and L. (L.) amazonensis, characterized by an immune polarized response with different pathological expression

Mon projet de thèse a consisté en l’identification et la caractérisation moléculaire et immunologique de patients présentant une susceptibilité accrue aux infections fongiques par Candida sp. dans le syndrome Mendélien de candidose cutanéo-muqueuse chronique (CCMC).La CCMC est caractérisée par des infections persistantes ou récurrentes de la peau, des ongles et des muqueuses par les champignons Candida, principalement C. albicans. Elle est fréquemment associée à d’autres infections opportunistes dans certaines immunodéficiences primaires ou acquises, ou bien elle peut être associée à un tableau auto-immun. La CCMC peut finalement être isolée (CCMCi) sans autre tableau clinique sévère: la plupart des cas rapportés sont sporadiques, mais il existe également des cas familiaux avec une hérédité mendélienne autosomique principalement dominante (AD) ou plus rarement récessive (AR).Basés sur les données de la littérature, qui démontrent un rôle majeur de l’immunité dépendante des IL-17s dans la résistance aux infections mucocutanées vis-à-vis de C. albicans et nos résultats récents, qui démontrent un défaut de cette immunité dans certaines immunodéficiences primaires associées à une CCMC [les syndromes AD-HIES et AR APS-1, ainsi que chez les patients déficients en CARD9, nous avons émis l’hypothèse que parmi les patients atteints de CCMCi, certains pourraient présenter un défaut génétique affectant spécifiquement l’immunité IL-17-dépendante. Au début de ma thèse, j’ai participé à l’identification des deux premières étiologies génétiques de la CCMCi : le défaut autosomique récessif (AR) complet en IL-17RA et autosomique dominant (AD) en IL-17F. Plus récemment, j’ai identifié la troisième et la plus fréquente étiologie génétique de la CCMC par l’identification de mutations gain de fonction dans le gène STAT1 suite à une approche explorant l’ensemble du génome (séquençage de l’ensemble des exons). Ces mutations engendrent une « hyper-réponse » aux interférons de type I et II et à l’IL-27 qui inhibent la différentiation des lymphocytes T sécréteurs d’IL-17, impliqués dans l’immunité mucocutanée vis-à-vis de C. albicans chez l’homme.En conclusion, nous avons identifié, en 2011, des trois premières étiologies génétiques de la CCMCi, avec les défauts AR en IL-17RA, AD en IL-17F et des mutations gain-de-fonction de STAT1, toutes associées à un défaut de l’immunité dépendante de l’IL-17. Des mutations gain-de-fonction de STAT1 représentent à ce jour la cause génétique la plus fréquente de la CCMCi avec au total 94 patients rapportés dans la littérature depuis 2011. Nous avons ainsi démontré que la CCMCi est une immunodéficience primaire, associée à un défaut de l’immunité réalisée par les IL-17s. Ces travaux ont des implications majeures dans le domaine immunologique avec la description et la caractérisation des mécanismes biologiques impliqués dans l’immunité protectrice spécifique de C. albicans et une meilleure compréhension des mécanismes physiopathologiques associés à une susceptibilité accrue aux infections fongiques, dans des conditions naturelles d’infection ; et dans le domaine médical, avec la possibilité de diagnostics moléculaires, un conseil génétique en cas de diagnostic positif, une meilleure prise en charge des patients. / My project consists in the molecular and immunological identification and characterization of patients with increased susceptibility to fungal infections with Candida sp. suffering from the Mendelian syndrome of chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis (CMC).CMC is characterized by persistent or recurrent infections of the skin, nails and mucosae by Candida fungi, especially C. albicans. CMC is frequently associated with other opportunistic infections in some acquired or primary immunodeficiencies, or can be associated with autoimmune disorders. Finally, CMC may be present as an isolated form (chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis disease or CMCD) without any other severe infectious or autoimmune clinical manifestation: most reported cases are sporadic, but there are also familial cases with autosomal dominant (AD) or recessive (AR) Mendelian inheritance.Based the literature, which demonstrated a major role of IL-17 cytokines in mucocutaneous immunity with C. albicans, and our recent results, which show an impairment of IL-17 immunity in some primary immunodeficiencies associated with CMC (AD-HIES syndrome, AR APS-1, and CARD9-deficient patients), we hypothesized that among CMCD patients, some might have a genetic defect affecting specifically the IL-17-dependent immunity.At the beginning of my PhD, I participated in the identification of the first two genetic etiologies of CMCD: complete AR IL-17RA and partial AD IL-17F deficiencies. More recently, I identified the third and most common genetic etiology of CMCD by identifying gain of function mutations in the STAT1 gene following an approach exploring the whole genome (sequencing of all exons). These mutations are responsible for a "hyper-response" to type I and II interferons and IL-27, which inhibit the differentiation of IL-17-producing T cells. Impaired IL-17 immunity results in reduced mucocutaneous defenses against C. albicans in humans. In conclusion, we have identified in 2011, the first three genetic etiologies of CMCD with AR IL-17RA and AD IL-17F deficiencies and gain-of-function STAT1 mutations, all associated with an impaired IL-17-dependent immunity. Gain-of-function STAT1 mutations represent the most frequent genetic cause of CMCD with a total of 94 patients reported in the literature since 2011. We have shown that CMCD is a primary immunodeficiency associated with inborn errors of IL-17 immunity. This work has important implications in the field of immunology with the description and characterization of the biological mechanisms involved in protective immunity specific to C. albicans and a better understanding of the pathophysiological mechanisms associated with increased susceptibility to fungal infections in natural conditions of infection, and in the medical field, with the possibility of molecular diagnostics, genetic counseling for a positive diagnosis, and a better follow-up of the patients.

Summary<p>Immune homeostasis relies on a subtle balance between fight towards pathogens and inhibitory mechanisms that prevent inappropriate responses against self and environmental antigens (allergy). Regulatory T (Treg) cells play a central role in this balance. Optimizing Treg effects represents a promising approach for new stratetiges aiming to induce or restore tolerance against allo or self antigens. The first part of this work demonstrates that CD4+ lymphocytes that secrete IL-17A (Th17) promote allograft rejection in a murin model of skin transplantation with minor antigen disparities. Interestingly, Treg cells strengthen rather than inhibit Th17 effector mechanisms in this model. Indeed, we found that in vivo Treg depletion prevented IL-17 production by recipient T cells. An adoptive cotransfer of Treg with naive monospecific antidonor T cells in lymphopenic hosts biased the immune response towards a dominant Th17 phenotype. Finally, we observed that IL-6 was central for balancing Treg and Th17 cells as demonstrated by the prevention of Th17 differentiation, the enhanced Treg/Th17 ratio, and rejection blockade in the absence of IL-6. In conclusion, the ability of Treg to promote a Th17 pathway of rejection we described should be considered as a potential drawback of Treg-based cell therapy.<p>Based on the hypothesis that Treg promote Th17 immune response, we tested the effect of IL-17A neutralization in a model in which long-term skin allograft survival depends on a transient in vivo Treg expansion induced by exogenous IL-2. As expected, IL-2 administration prevented rejection of MHC class II disparate skin allografts. Surprisingly this treatment was inefficient in IL17A-/- recipients. We attested that IL-17A was not required for IL-2-mediated Treg expansion, recruitment or suppressive capacities. Instead, IL-17A prevented allograft rejection by inhibiting Th1 alloreactivity independently of Treg. Indeed, T-bet expression of naïve alloreactive CD4+ T cells and the subsequent Th1 immune response was significantly enhanced in IL-17A deficient mice. Our results illustrate, to our knowledge, for the first time a protective role of IL-17A in CD4+-mediated allograft rejection process.<p>In the last part of this work, we used the same mouse model of MHC class II-mismatched skin grafts in which long-term acceptance is achieved by a short-term administration of exogenous IL-2. We first confirmed that Tregs play a central role in preventing skin graft rejection as attested by the prompt donor skin destruction occuring after Treg cell depletion.<p>In the context of IL-2-mediated anti-rejection therapy, concomitant costimulatory blockade with CTLA4-Ig paradoxically restored skin allograft rejection and Th1 alloreactivity indicating that Treg-mediated suppresion absolutely required CD28-B7 or CTLA4/B7 interactions. Further experiments showed that CTLA4-Ig inhibited IL-2-driven Treg expansion, and prevented in particular the occurrence of ICOS+ Treg endowed with potent suppressive capacities. Restoring CD28 signaling was sufficient to counteract the deleterious effect of CTLA4-Ig on Treg expansion and functionality, in keeping with the hypothesis that costimulatory blockade inhibits Treg expansion and function by limiting the delivery of essential CD28-dependent signals. Inhibition of regulatory T cell function should therefore be taken into account when designing tolerance protocols based on costimulatory blockade.<p> <p>RÉSUMÉ<p>Le bon fonctionnement du système immunitaire résulte d’un équilibre entre les réponses immunes « effectrices » qui luttent contre les pathogènes et des mécanismes « régulateurs » permettant de les contrôler. Parmi ces mécanismes inhibiteurs, les lymphocytes T régulateurs (Treg) jouent un rôle crucial. En empêchant le débordement des réponses effectrices, ils préviennent l’apparition des allergies et des maladies auto-immunes ou inflammatoires. Dès lors, il est aisé d’imaginer le potentiel thérapeutique de ces cellules pour contrecarrer les phénomènes autoimmuns ou les réponses allogéniques responsables du rejet en transplantation. C’est donc l’étude des Treg chez la souris qui se trouve au centre des nos préoccupations dans ce travail.<p>Dans la première partie, nous avons démontré le rôle des lymphocytes CD4+ sécréteurs d’IL-17A (Th17) dans le rejet de greffe de peau présentant une disparité d’antigène mineur de transplantation. Dans ce modèle de rejet « Th17 », les données indiquent que, contrairement aux lignées Th1 et Th2, la réponse Th17 est favorisée par les Treg renversant ainsi le paradigme absolu du « Treg inhibiteur ». En effet, la déplétion des Treg dans notre modèle abolit l’expression des gènes caractéristiques de la voie Th17. De plus, dans un système de transfert adoptif chez la souris lymphopénique, l’ajout de Treg à une population T CD4+ effectrice naïve favorise leur différenciation en Th17. Enfin, en invalidant le gène de l’IL-6 dans notre combinaison allogénique mineure, nous avons mis en évidence la place importante de cette cytokine dans le rejet Th17 ainsi que dans la balance Th17/Treg en alloimmunité. <p>En partant du postulat que les Treg favorisent les réponses Th17, nous avons étudié l’impact de la déficience en IL-17A dans un modèle de greffe de peau réalisée en présence de quatités acrues de Treg. Pour cela, nous avons utilisé un modèle de rejet induit par une disparité isolée du CMH II au cours duquel les Treg sont amplifiés par l’injection d’IL-2 exogène durant les trois premiers jours de greffe. Dans ce système, l’expansion transitoire des Treg chez le receveur « sauvage » bloque le rejet dans 75% des cas jusqu’au jour 60 après la greffe sans le moindre traitement immunosuppresseur. Contre toute attente, l’absence d’IL-17A dans ce système restaure le rejet (receveurs IL-17A-/-). Nous avons démontré que l’IL-17A n’est pas requise pour l’expansion, la migration ou la fonction des Treg amplifiés par l’IL-2. En fait, les résultats suggèrent que l’IL-17A bloque le rejet en inhibant la réponse Th1 indépendamment des Treg. Ce point est appuyé par l’exacerbation de la voie Th1 chez le receveur IL-17A-/- et l’inhibition de l’expression de T-bet sous l’influence de l’IL-17A en culture mixte lymphocytaire. Paradoxalement, cette partie du travail rapporte donc un effet protecteur de l’IL-17A illustrant toute la complexité des rôles joués par cette cytokine. <p>La dernière partie du travail utilise le même modèle de greffe de peau allogénique (disparité du CMH II) dans lequel le rejet aigu est bloqué par l’expansion in vivo des Treg induite par l’IL-2 exogène. Nous avons confirmé que l’acceptation à long terme des greffons repose sur les propriétés inhibitrices des Treg amplifiés. Cette inhibition du rejet nécessite impérativement l’intégrité des interactions survenant entre les Treg et les cellules présentatrices d’antigènes du receveur via les molécules B7/CD28. L’ajout de CTLA4-Ig, un immunosuppresseur bloquant les interactions de ces molécules, conduit invariablement à l’accélération paradoxale du rejet. Cet effet pro-inflammatoire du CTLA4-Ig, s’explique par une action délétère sur la survie et la qualité des Treg. En conclusion, les données expérimentales obtenues dans ce dernier volet démontrent l’effet délétère potentiel de ce type de traitement dans les protocoles d’induction de tolérance basé sur l’emploi des Treg.<p> / Doctorat en sciences médicales / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

Avec environ 49 000 nouvelles femmes touchées chaque année, le cancer du sein est le plus répandu des cancers féminins. Le dépistage du cancer du sein, ainsi que l'amélioration des traitements ont fait diminuer la mortalité mais il reste encore le plus meurtrier des cancers féminins en France. Le cancer du sein étant une maladie hétérogène, individualiser les traitements des patientes est désormais l'un des objectifs premiers des praticiens. C'est autour de cet objectif commun que se sont articulés les 2 projets de ce travail de thèse. D'une part, pour l'étude clinique, j'ai établi une base de données sur la stratégie néoadjuvante des cancers du sein opérables, regroupant 318 patientes traitées à l'institut Jean Godinot. Cette base nous permet de comparer nos résultats à ceux de la littérature, de mettre en avant l'intérêt de la chimiothérapie néoadjuvante pour déterminer de nouveaux facteurs pronostics, et de valider l'évaluation des résidus tumoraux dans le sein et les ganglions par l'index RDBN. D'autre part, l'étude expérimentale nous a permis d'améliorer nos connaissances sur les mécanismes moléculaires d'échappement tumoral. Nous avons ainsi démontré le rôle pro-tumoral de l'IL-17A mais aussi de l'IL-17E, ces deux cytokines pouvant être présentes dans le microenvironnement tumoral, et mis en évidence leur implication dans la dérégulation du cycle cellulaire à travers la génération des LMW-E et l'acquisition d'un mécanisme de chimiorésistance. / With around 49 000 new affected women each year, breast cancer is the most common of feminine cancers. Breast cancer screening, and treatments improvements make mortality decreased but it stays the most murderous of feminine cancers in France.Breast cancer being a heterogeneous disease, individualizing patients' treatments is now one of first goals of practitioner. It is around of this common aim that my 2 thesis projects are turned on.On the one side, for clinical study, I designed a database on the neoadjuvant strategy of operable breast cancers, assembling 318 patients treated at Jean Godinot institute. This database allow us to compare our results with literature ones, to highlight the interest of neoadjuvant chemotherapy to determine new prognostic factors, and to validate evaluation of residual disease in breast and nodes by RDBN index.On the other side experimental study allowed us to improve our knowledge on molecular mechanisms of tumor escape. We demonstrated pro-tumoral role of IL-17A but also of IL-17E, these two cytokines can be presents in tumoral microenvironment, and evidenced their implication in cell cycle dysregulation through generation of LMW-E and acquisition of chemoristance mechanisms.

Aspergillus fumigatus is an opportunistic fungal pathogen that causes lethal invasive pulmonary disease in immunocompromised hosts and allergic asthma in sensitized individuals. This dissertation explores how eosinophils may protect hosts from acute infection while driving asthma pathogenesis by co-producing IL-23 and IL-17 in both contexts. In an acute model of pulmonary aspergillosis, eosinophils were observed to associate with and kill A. fumigatus spores in vivo. In addition, eosinopenia was correlated with higher mortality rates, decreased recruitment of inflammatory monocytes to the lungs, and decreased expansion of lung macrophages. As IL-17 signaling must occur on a local level to elicit its stereotypical response, such as the up-regulation of antimicrobial peptides and specific chemokines from stromal cells, eosinophils were discovered to be a significant source of pulmonary IL-17 as well as one of its upstream inducers, IL-23. In the context of asthma, this discovery opens a new paradigm whereby eosinophils might be driving asthma pathogenesis.

No / In recent years, different genes and proteins have been highlighted as potential biomarkers for psoriasis, one of the most common inflammatory skin diseases worldwide. However, most of these markers are not only psoriasis-specific but also found in other inflammatory disorders. We performed an unsupervised cluster analysis of gene expression profiles in 150 psoriasis patients and other inflammatory skin diseases (atopic dermatitis, lichen planus, contact eczema, and healthy controls). We identified a cluster of IL-17/tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNFalpha)-associated genes specifically expressed in psoriasis, among which IL-36gamma was the most outstanding marker. In subsequent immunohistological analyses, IL-36gamma was confirmed to be expressed in psoriasis lesions only. IL-36gamma peripheral blood serum levels were found to be closely associated with disease activity, and they decreased after anti-TNFalpha-treatment. Furthermore, IL-36gamma immunohistochemistry was found to be a helpful marker in the histological differential diagnosis between psoriasis and eczema in diagnostically challenging cases. These features highlight IL-36gamma as a valuable biomarker in psoriasis patients, both for diagnostic purposes and measurement of disease activity during the clinical course. Furthermore, IL-36gamma might also provide a future drug target, because of its potential amplifier role in TNFalpha- and IL-17 pathways in psoriatic skin inflammation. / Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG) to JW (WE-4428), the René Touraine Foundation (for AD), and the PTJ reference number 0306v12 as part of the Technology and Innovation Program (TIP) North-Rhine Westphalia (gene expression analyses)

O equilíbrio entre resposta imune e tolerância resulta da complexa interação entre células efetoras e reguladoras. Células capazes de amplificar a resposta imune foram descritas, mas um subgrupo de células T com esta capacidade ainda não foi identificado. Demonstramos que a ectoenzima CD39 ajuda a definir um subgrupo de células T CD4+ denominadas células T indutoras (Tind), capazes de amplificar proliferação e produção de citocinas por células T CD4+ efetoras, antagonizando a atividade supressora de células T reguladoras (Treg). Em doenças auto-imunes e infecções crônicas como a mielopatia associada à infecção pelo HTLV-1 (HAM/TSP), Tinds podem ter papel importante no processo inflamatório exacerbado visto nestas condições clínicas. Demonstramos ainda que as frequências de Treg estão aumentadas em pacientes infectados pelo HTLV-1 independentemente da condição clínica, mas apenas pacientes HAM/TSP apresentam aumento da frequência de Tind. Além disso, a frequência de Tind está associada à carga proviral, considerado fator de risco para o desenvolvimento da HAM/TSP. O aumento da produção de IFN- e a reduzida produção de IL-17 em pacientes HAM/TSP sugerem que células Th17 não possuem papel importante no processo inflamatório relacionado à infecção pelo HTLV-1, diferentemente do que ocorre em condições auto-imunes com quadros clínicos semelhantes à HAM/TSP. Estes dados demonstram importantes alterações no balanço entre inflamação e supressão e sugerem um papel para Tind na patogênese da HAM/TSP / The balance between immunity and tolerance is a result from the interplay between effector and regulatory cells. An immunoregulatory cell that amplifies cellular immune responses upon activation is already known; however no T-cell subset with such function has been described. We report that the ectoenzyme CD39 helps to delineate a novel subpopulation called inducer T-cell (Tind) that significantly increases the proliferation and cytokine production of effector T cells, counterbalancing the suppressive activity of regulatory T cells (Treg). In autoimmune conditions and chronic viral infections, such as HTLV-1 associated myelopathy, Tinds may play an important role in the inflammatory milieu. Here we show that Treg frequency is increased in HTLV-1-infected subjects regardless of their clinical status, but only HAM/TSP patients have increased frequency of Tind. Besides, Tind frequency is associated to HTLV-1 proviral load, a established risk factor for the development of HAM/TSP. Increased IFN- and reduced IL-17 production seen in HAM/TSP patients suggest that Th17 does not play an important role in the proinflammatory milieu related to HTLV-1 infection, unlike autoimmune disorders with clinical features similar to HAM/TSP. Altogether, our data demonstrate important changes in the inflammatory-regulatory balance and suggest a role for Tind in the pathogenesis of HAM/TSP