<p>A majority of the payments that are carried out today are executed through the electronic payment systems. Payments that are executed through these systems are administrated by payment service providers, these providers are, in general, banks. In spite of the socio-economic importance of payments and payment intermediation, there is an uncertainty regarding the legal status of payments and payment intermediation. Some describe payment intermediation as transport of means of payments, while some describe it in terms of claims and intermediation of information. There is, in other words, a need for clarification. </p><p>Since the international trade is increasing, more and more payments are made to receivers abroad. The trade with Germany is very important for Sweden. </p><p>Therefore, it can be an advantage for Swedish tradesmen, who are involved in businesses with German tradesmen, to know of the differences between Swedish and German law, when it comes to payments and payment intermediation. Also, in international trade, situations can occur that generally do not occur in domestic trade. EC-law must as well be taken into consideration, when discussing international payment intermediation between Sweden and Germany. I have in the thesis described the German legal system, in general features, and I have also made a brief outline of the Swedish international private law regulations that can be applied to a payment intermediation between Sweden and Germany. I have furthermore given a brief description of the relevant EC- regulations and -directives, in order to see to what extent a harmonization has been made, regarding payments and payment intermediation. </p><p>One of my conclusions, after having studied Swedish, German and international law, is that when the sender of a payment wants to execute a payment through the payment systems, he gives the sending bank a commission to transfer a certain amount to the receiver. In return, the sender denounces claims towards the bank, equivalent to that amount. The sending bank then gives the receiving bank a commission to credit the receiver’s account. In return, the receiving bank obtains compensation from the sending bank. The commission is final when the correct account has been credited with the correct amount at the correct time by the correct sender. I have further come to the conclusion that the receiver’s claim towards the receiving bank arises already when the receiving bank acquires the commission from the sending bank, and not when the receiver’s account is being credited. </p><p>I have thoroughly studied payments and payment intermediation according to both Swedish and German law, in order to see whether there are any differences between the legal systems. I have concluded, that there is a major difference in determining at what point of time a payment has been made, and therefore also whether the sender is in delay with the payment or not. According to Swedish law, the point of time when the receiver’s account is being credited is decisive. According to German law, at first hand, the point of time when the sender gives the commission to the sending bank is decisive. Another important difference is which legal relations the participators have with each other. In Swedish law, this matter has not been closely discussed, while in German law, in harmony with EC-law, the matter has been thoroughly analysed. The legal relations, concerning a payment intermediation, are to be regarded separately. This implies that the sender does not have legal relations with any other participant in the payment intermediation, for instance the receiving bank. I find that this model also is applicable to Swedish conditions.</p>

A majority of the payments that are carried out today are executed through the electronic payment systems. Payments that are executed through these systems are administrated by payment service providers, these providers are, in general, banks. In spite of the socio-economic importance of payments and payment intermediation, there is an uncertainty regarding the legal status of payments and payment intermediation. Some describe payment intermediation as transport of means of payments, while some describe it in terms of claims and intermediation of information. There is, in other words, a need for clarification. Since the international trade is increasing, more and more payments are made to receivers abroad. The trade with Germany is very important for Sweden. Therefore, it can be an advantage for Swedish tradesmen, who are involved in businesses with German tradesmen, to know of the differences between Swedish and German law, when it comes to payments and payment intermediation. Also, in international trade, situations can occur that generally do not occur in domestic trade. EC-law must as well be taken into consideration, when discussing international payment intermediation between Sweden and Germany. I have in the thesis described the German legal system, in general features, and I have also made a brief outline of the Swedish international private law regulations that can be applied to a payment intermediation between Sweden and Germany. I have furthermore given a brief description of the relevant EC- regulations and -directives, in order to see to what extent a harmonization has been made, regarding payments and payment intermediation. One of my conclusions, after having studied Swedish, German and international law, is that when the sender of a payment wants to execute a payment through the payment systems, he gives the sending bank a commission to transfer a certain amount to the receiver. In return, the sender denounces claims towards the bank, equivalent to that amount. The sending bank then gives the receiving bank a commission to credit the receiver’s account. In return, the receiving bank obtains compensation from the sending bank. The commission is final when the correct account has been credited with the correct amount at the correct time by the correct sender. I have further come to the conclusion that the receiver’s claim towards the receiving bank arises already when the receiving bank acquires the commission from the sending bank, and not when the receiver’s account is being credited. I have thoroughly studied payments and payment intermediation according to both Swedish and German law, in order to see whether there are any differences between the legal systems. I have concluded, that there is a major difference in determining at what point of time a payment has been made, and therefore also whether the sender is in delay with the payment or not. According to Swedish law, the point of time when the receiver’s account is being credited is decisive. According to German law, at first hand, the point of time when the sender gives the commission to the sending bank is decisive. Another important difference is which legal relations the participators have with each other. In Swedish law, this matter has not been closely discussed, while in German law, in harmony with EC-law, the matter has been thoroughly analysed. The legal relations, concerning a payment intermediation, are to be regarded separately. This implies that the sender does not have legal relations with any other participant in the payment intermediation, for instance the receiving bank. I find that this model also is applicable to Swedish conditions.

This thesis aims at contributing to the growing number of studies on banking productivity, by attempting to introduce the interest rate spread as one of the driving forces behind productivity changes and alterations of the intermediary role of banks. The analysis is based on observations form the banking sectors of Germany and Sweden. As there is no clear concensus on the proper way of measuring banking output, and the choice of method varies considerably form study to study, this paper adopts the intermediation approach which is one of the three most offen recurring methods applied in research papers. The results include some interesting revelations such as the low significance of a change in labour and capital to the growth in banking output (challenging traditional theory), and that Swedish banks on average were moving away from the traditional intermediary role between 1979 and 1996 while German banks kept lending business at their centre of attention.

This bachelor thesis brings up a discussion about museums availability and access to thearchaeological display objects towards blind and visually impaired visitors. The study phasewill take start in analyzing four museums in south Sweden, all which have exhibitions aboutthe prehistory.Visually impaired and blind visitors don’t have a lot to go on at the current exhibitions aboutprehistory. This is because of the lack of access and availability when it comes to their specialneed. To raise awareness to this problem I took out a survey for the museums to answer. I alsovisited two of the exhibitions to make my own opinion of the museums public areas; such asthe entrance, hallway and the exhibition area. Things I looked out for were Braille, audioguides and objects to touch.The sense to touch is of most importance for visually impaired and blind to create an image ofan object. Because of this I discuss the ability for an exhibition where most of the objects areexposed to all visitors to be touched. An exposure of archaeological object to benefit needsfor visually impaired is an important discussion towards the management of thearchaeological display objects, which leads the study towards replicas and experimentalarchaeology.The conclusion was that it is quite possible to design and customize an archaeologicalexhibition for the visually impaired by factors like; reconstructed objects, route marker fororientation, Braille and audio guides with well rendered image descriptions.

<p>This thesis aims at contributing to the growing number of studies on banking productivity, by attempting to introduce the interest rate spread as one of the driving forces behind productivity changes and alterations of the intermediary role of banks. The analysis is based on observations form the banking sectors of Germany and Sweden. As there is no clear concensus on the proper way of measuring banking output, and the choice of method varies considerably form study to study, this paper adopts the intermediation approach which is one of the three most offen recurring methods applied in research papers. The results include some interesting revelations such as the low significance of a change in labour and capital to the growth in banking output (challenging traditional theory), and that Swedish banks on average were moving away from the traditional intermediary role between 1979 and 1996 while German banks kept lending business at their centre of attention.</p>

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Islamic Banking, the Shariah (Islamic law) compliant banking for Muslims, is unarguably at the nascent stage of its development as a financial competitor and alternative to the conventional interest – based banking system practiced around the world. This thesis looks into the principles of Islamic banks of Pakistan and focusing three Islamic Banks in Pakistan. The thesis analyzes the findings of three banks made by interviews and compare with the conventional banking system, to check that are the principles different or same. This thesis is qualitative in nature, based on theoretical and empirical findings.

Korupcinio nusikalstamumo kontrolė ir jo teisinis reglamentavimas yra viena iš prioritetinių įstatymų leidybos krypčių – siekiama numatyti ir kriminalizuoti visas korupcinio nusikalstamumo apraiškas. Prekyba poveikiu, kaip specifinė pasyviojo ir aktyviojo kyšininkavimo forma, įtvirtinta Lietuvos Respublikos baudžiamajame įstatyme vykdant tarptautinius įsipareigojimus dėl korupcinių nusikaltimų regalamentavimo. Ši nusikalstamos veikos sudėtis nustato baudžiamąją atsakomybę asmeniui, siekiančiam pasinaudoti savo turimu poveikiu tam tikriems įtakingiems subjektams, kurie gali atitinkamai veikti papirkėjo interesais ir už tai gauna neteisėtą atlygį. Siekiant, kad prekybos poveikiu normos konstrukcija tiksliau atitiktų tarptautinės teisės keliamus reikalavimus, prekybos poveikiu sudėtis buvo išplėsta - 2011 m. atlikti BK 226 straipnio pakeitimai, ir į šios nusikalstamos veikos sudėtį įtraukti nauji sudėties požymiai, be to, kriminalizuotas aktyvusis kyšininkavimas prekybos poveikiu atvejais. Problema ta, kad šiuo metu esanti teismų praktika taikant prekybos poveikiu normą nebeatitinka dabartinių realijų, tuo tarpu naujos prekybos poveikiu sudėties konstrukcijos požymiai Lietuvoje kol kas nėra išaiškinti nei praktiniu, nei teoriniu lygmeniu. Šiame magistriniame darbe pasitelkiant loginį, analoginį, sisteminį ir kitus metodus, nagrinėjama prekybos poveikiu samprata ir raida, pateikiama šios nusikalstamos veikos sudėties požymių analizė. Taip pat tyrinėjama teismų praktika... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / Control of corruptive crimes and legal regulation thereof is one the priority fields in the legislation which seeks to anticipate and criminalize manifestation of corruption crimes. Trading in influence which is considered as a specific form of passive and active bribery is provided for in the criminal law of the Republic of Lithuania, as a result of fulfilment of international obligations regarding regulation of corruptive crimes. The wording of this criminal offence provides for criminal liability for a person who taking advantage of his influence on particular decision-making subjects who can act in favour of interests of briber and get in return an unlawful payment. In order to make the definition of trading in influence corresponding to the international law requirements as close as possible, composition of trading in influence was expanded; in 2011 Article 226 of the Criminal Code was amended and consequently new attributes of the crime were included, and active bribery in cases of trading in influence was criminalized. However, the problem arises due to the fact that the present case-law in application of the definition of trading in influence fails to correspond to the present situation, whereas attributes of the new composition of trading in influence in Lithuania have not been explained yet neither at theoretical nor practical level. This MA final thesis employs logical, analogous, systematic and other methods in order to analyse the concept and development of... [to full text]

This bachelor thesis consists of an analysis of museum environment. In the research, case studies have been done at the, Stockholm based museums, Swedish museum of Natural history’s exhibition Natur i Sverige (Nature in Sweden) and the Nordiska museet’s (Nordic history) exhibition Modemakt (Power of fashion) and learning environment Lekstugan (playhouse). The purpose of the research was to study how cultural heritage is used and developed within the museum pedagogy aimed at children. The research is based on a multimodal approach with focus on learning resources. The research examines the museums focus on children and youngsters, what the goals for this focus looks like on respective museum and how the focus is visible in the actual museums. The investigation has shown that both of the museums have a clear focus towards children and young people and follows the guidelines from the Swedish government. This thesis shows the differences between both museums in their separate ways of focus on children and youngsters. The different possibilities on focus on children and young can provide inspiration for either other museums or the specific museums in the thesis when developing or expanding their focus further. Both museums way to communicate with children and young people considered to have good potential for learning. / Denna kandidatuppsats består av en analys av museala miljöer. I undersökningen har fallstudier gjorts på Naturhistoriska riksmuseets utställning Natur i Sverige samt Nordiska museets utställning Modemakt samt lärmiljö Lekstugan. Syftet med undersökningen har varit att studera hur kulturarv används och utvecklas inom museipedagogiken riktad mot barn. Undersökningen utgår ifrån ett multimodalt perspektiv med fokus på lärresurser.   Frågeställningarna hanterar museernas riktning mot barn och unga, hur målen för detta ser ut samt hur det ser ut i verkligheten. Undersökningen har visat att båda berörda museer har en tydlig riktning mot barn och unga samt gott och väl följer regeringens riktlinjer för statliga museer.   I uppsatsen tydliggörs Naturhistoriska riksmuseets och Nordiska museets olika sätt att angripa frågan ”riktning mot barn och unga”. Detta kan utgöra inspiration för andra museer eller för de berörda museerna att utveckla sin riktning ytterligare. Båda museernas vis att kommunicera mot barn och unga bedöms ha goda förutsättningar för lärande.

This paper uses a search model with the product differentiation in a two-sided market. The two-sided market matches sellers with buyers. On the buyers' side it supplies some match information between the goods and the buyers. On the firms' side, it sells some empty slots to the firms. Any firm either takes a place in any platform or stays outside. Buyers search for a good either inside or outside the platform. Each search of the an outside firm is costly and gives the match information between the searcher (buyer) and the seller. We study two cases. In the first case, all buyers obtain the match information in the platform for free. The equilibrium price and profit of an inside firm drops in the number of inside firms. The monopoly platform, by adjusting the entrance fee, admit fewer firms under a higher search cost. If the market has two platforms, they generally admit more firms than the case with one platform. In the second case, the platform is able to impose a fee for all consumers who enter the platform. Our last result has indicated that the platform will register all buyers and firms.