In connection to the increase of emissions of greenhouse gases, electrification of the society is pointed out as absolute necessary to achieve the climate goals. To succeed with this, a substantial proportion of the intermittent electricity production needs, with the help from technical solutions, be used as a buffer for this production. The production of renewable hydrogen gas is seen as one of the solutions. The purpose of this study is to function as a foundation for a pilot study for establishment of production of renewable hydrogen which Jämtkraft will conduct during 2023. The study is compiled with information from updated science reports and studies, authorities or equate sources, Jämtkraft and workshops. The production cost of hydrogen gas has been set to price of electricity, three sizes of electrolysers and two types of electrolysers. The selling price has been divided into the transport sector and the industry sector. The calculations have been made with help from calculation methods from Jämtkraft and according to levelized cost of hydrogen formula. It is clear the production cost of hydrogen strongly correlates with the electricity price. The size of the electrolyser also affects, a larger electrolyser decreases the production costs of hydrogen. The difference between types of electrolysers do not affect the cost significantly, rather the placement and energy source to the hydrogen production. In comparison to 2020, the competitiveness for hydrogen within the transport sector has increased. The increase of the electricity cost has decreased the competitiveness within the industry sector. For economic success of an establishment of hydrogen production in Jämtland a careful analyse of customer interest must be made and an adjustment of selling price according to the electricity price. An investment rather towards the transport sector rather than the industry sector is to recommend. / I samband med de ökade utsläppen av växthusgaser, anses elektrifiering av samhället vara absolut nödvändigt för att uppnå klimatmålen. För att lyckas med detta, krävs det att en storandel av den intermittenta elproduktionen genom tekniska lösningar kan nyttjas som en buffert för denna produktion. Där ses produktion av förnyelsebar vätgas som en avlösningarna. Syftet med studien är att fungera som underlag för den förstudie för etableringav produktion av förnyelsebar vätgas som Jämtkraft genomför under 2023. Studien har sammanställts med information från uppdaterade forskningsstudier, myndigheter ellerl ikställda källor, Jämtkraft samt workshops. Vätgasproduktionskostanden har ställts mot elpris, tre storlekar på elektrolysör samt två typer av elektrolysör. Försäljningspriset har fördelats på transport-, och industrisektor. Beräkningarna har gjort med kalkylmetoder från Jämtkraft samt enligt Levelized Cost of Hydrogen- modellen. Det är tydligt är att vätgasproduktionskostanden korrelerar stark med elpriset. Även storleken på elektrolysör påverkar, en större elektrolysör minskar vätgasproduktionskostnaden. Typ av elektrolysör påverkar inte kostnaden nämnvärt, utan mer placering och vilken energityp som är källa till vätgasen. Sett mot 2020 har konkurrenskraften för vätgas inom transportsektorn ökat. Ökningen av elkostnaden, sett mot 2020, har bidragit till en minskad konkurrenskraft mot industrisektorn. För att ekonomiskt lyckas med en etablering av förnyelsebar vätgasproduktion i Jämtlands län måste en noggrann kundintressenanalys göras samt anpassa försäljningspriset efter elpriset. En satsning mot transportsektorn snarare än industrisektorn är att rekommendera. / <p>2023-08-22</p>

Paper [I] Using a unique and highly detailed data set on energy consumption at the appliance-level for 200 Swedish households, seemingly unrelated regression (SUR)-based end-use specific load curves are estimated. The estimated load curves are then used to explore possible restrictions on load shifting (e.g. the office hours schedule) as well as the cost implications of different load shift patterns. The cost implications of shifting load from "expensive" to "cheap" hours, using the Nord Pool spot prices as a proxy for a dynamic price, are computed to be very small; roughly 2-4% reduction in total daily costs from shifting load up to five hours ahead, indicating small incentives for households (and retailers) to adopt dynamic pricing of electricity. Paper [II] Using a detailed data set on appliance-level electricity consumption at the hourly level, we provide the first estimates of hourly and end-use-specific income elasticities for electricity. Such estimates are informative about how consumption patterns in general, and peak demand in particular, will develop as households’ income changes. We find that the income elasticities are highest during peak hours for kitchen and lighting, with point estimates of roughly 0.4, but insignificant for space heating. Paper [III] In this paper, I estimate the price elasticity of electricity as a function of the choice between fixed-price and variable-price contracts. Further, assuming that households have imperfect information about electricity prices and usage, I explore how media coverage of electricity prices affects electricity demand, both by augmenting price responsiveness and as a direct effect of media coverage on electricity demand, independent of prices. I also address the endogeneity of the choice of electricity contract. The parameters in the model are estimated using unique and detailed Swedish panel data on monthly household-level electricity consumption. I find that price elasticities range between −0.025 and −0.07 at the mean level of media coverage, depending on contract choice, and that households with monthly variation in electricity prices respond more to prices when there is extensive media coverage of electricity prices. When media coverage is high, for example 840 news articles per month (which corresponds to the mean plus two standard deviations), the price elasticity is −0.12, or 1.7 times the elasticity at the mean media coverage. Similarly, media coverage is also found to have a direct effect on electricity demand. Paper [IV] I explore how households switch between fixed-price and variable-price electricity contracts in response to variations in price and temperature, conditional on previous contract choice. Using panel data with roughly 54000 Swedish households, a dynamic probit model is estimated. The results suggest that the choice of contract exhibits substantial state dependence, with an estimated marginal effect of previous contractchoiceof0.96, andthattheeffectofvariationinpricesandtemperatureonthechoice of electricity contract is small. Further, the state dependence and price responsiveness are similar across housing types, income levels and other dimensions. A plausible explanation of these results is that transaction costs are larger than the relatively small cost savings from switching between contracts.