INTRODUÇÃO: Ventilação assistida proporcional plus é um novo conceito de suporte ventilatório assistido que visa atuar de acordo com os níveis de esforço inspiratório, mecânica respiratória e níveis de porcentagem de apoio. A complexa interação entre esses fatores que comandam a sua função é de difícil interpretação na prática clínica. O objetivo deste estudo é provocar alterações na complacência, resistência e esforços inspiratórios, em um sistema pulmonar mecânico, para entender o funcionamento e as respostas desse modo nas suas diferentes porcentagens de apoio. MÉTODOS: No Laboratório de Ventilação Mecânica da Disciplina de Pneumologia da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, um ventilador Interplus da marca Intermed foi conectado em um pulmão mecânico da marca Michigan Instruments Inc, com a finalidade de gerar diferentes níveis de esforços inspiratórios e para disparar o ventilador Puritan-Bennett 840 da marca Covidien. Os volumes correntes expirados foram medidos e posteriormente comparados através do método estatístico ANOVA two-way, para 10 níveis de porcentagem de apoio (de 5% a 95%), 3 níveis de complacência (50, 100 e 150 mL/cmH2O), 3 níveis de resistência (5, 20 e 50 cmH2O/L/s) e 4 níveis de esforço inspiratório (-2, -5, -8 e -15 cmH2O). RESULTADOS: Trezentas e sessenta medidas de volume corrente expirado foram obtidas. Os volumes correntes expirados aumentaram significativamente com o incremento dos esforços inspiratórios, durante altos esforços inspiratórios e altas complacências. Diminuíram significativamente durante o incremento das resistências, especialmente quando combinado com baixos esforços inspiratórios e baixas complacências. O fenômeno de sobreassistência (runaway) ocorreu com porcentagem de apoio de 95% combinada com alta resistência e alta complacência. CONCLUSÃO: O modo ventilação assistida proporcional plus respondeu adequadamente às alterações provocadas nas complacências e nos esforços inspiratórios testados. Respondeu à situações de resistência extremamente alta somente quando associado com altos esforços inspiratórios. Não houve fenômeno de sobreassistência em porcentagens de apoio menores que 95%. / BACKGROUND: Proportional assist ventilation plus (PAV+) is a new concept of assist ventilatory support conceived to act according to the levels of inspiratory efforts, respiratory mechanics and percentages levels of assistance. This complex interaction among the factors commanding its function is difficult to detect in clinical setting. This study aimed to provoke changes in compliance, resistance and inspiratory efforts in a lung simulator to understand the responses of PAV+ support. METHODS: In the Mechanical Ventilation Laboratory at University of São Paulo, an Inter Plus ventilator (Intermed ®) connected to lung simulator (Michigan Instruments Inc) acted triggering Puritan-Bennett 840 ventilator (Covidien ®) at different levels of inspiratory efforts. Expiratory tidal volumes were measured and compared (ANOVA-2-way) at 10 levels of PAV+ support (from 5% to 95%), 3 levels of lung simulator compliance (50, 100, 150 mL/cmH20), 3 levels of airway resistance (5, 20, 50 cmH20/L/s) and 4 levels of inspiratory effort ( -2, -5, -8, -15 cmH20). RESULTS: A total of 360 tidal volumes were measured. They increased significantly during increment of inspiratory efforts and during higher inspiratory efforts with higher compliances. They decreased significantly during respiratory resistance increments, especially when combined with low inspiratory efforts and compliances. Runaway occurred during PAV+ support of 95% combined with high respiratory resistance and compliance. CONCLUSIONS: PAV+ responded adequately to provoked changes in the tested respiratory compliances and inspiratory efforts. It responded to very high resistance only when associated with high inspiratory efforts. There was no runaway phenomenon during PAV+ assistance below 95%.

INTRODUÇÃO: Ventilação assistida proporcional plus é um novo conceito de suporte ventilatório assistido que visa atuar de acordo com os níveis de esforço inspiratório, mecânica respiratória e níveis de porcentagem de apoio. A complexa interação entre esses fatores que comandam a sua função é de difícil interpretação na prática clínica. O objetivo deste estudo é provocar alterações na complacência, resistência e esforços inspiratórios, em um sistema pulmonar mecânico, para entender o funcionamento e as respostas desse modo nas suas diferentes porcentagens de apoio. MÉTODOS: No Laboratório de Ventilação Mecânica da Disciplina de Pneumologia da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, um ventilador Interplus da marca Intermed foi conectado em um pulmão mecânico da marca Michigan Instruments Inc, com a finalidade de gerar diferentes níveis de esforços inspiratórios e para disparar o ventilador Puritan-Bennett 840 da marca Covidien. Os volumes correntes expirados foram medidos e posteriormente comparados através do método estatístico ANOVA two-way, para 10 níveis de porcentagem de apoio (de 5% a 95%), 3 níveis de complacência (50, 100 e 150 mL/cmH2O), 3 níveis de resistência (5, 20 e 50 cmH2O/L/s) e 4 níveis de esforço inspiratório (-2, -5, -8 e -15 cmH2O). RESULTADOS: Trezentas e sessenta medidas de volume corrente expirado foram obtidas. Os volumes correntes expirados aumentaram significativamente com o incremento dos esforços inspiratórios, durante altos esforços inspiratórios e altas complacências. Diminuíram significativamente durante o incremento das resistências, especialmente quando combinado com baixos esforços inspiratórios e baixas complacências. O fenômeno de sobreassistência (runaway) ocorreu com porcentagem de apoio de 95% combinada com alta resistência e alta complacência. CONCLUSÃO: O modo ventilação assistida proporcional plus respondeu adequadamente às alterações provocadas nas complacências e nos esforços inspiratórios testados. Respondeu à situações de resistência extremamente alta somente quando associado com altos esforços inspiratórios. Não houve fenômeno de sobreassistência em porcentagens de apoio menores que 95%. / BACKGROUND: Proportional assist ventilation plus (PAV+) is a new concept of assist ventilatory support conceived to act according to the levels of inspiratory efforts, respiratory mechanics and percentages levels of assistance. This complex interaction among the factors commanding its function is difficult to detect in clinical setting. This study aimed to provoke changes in compliance, resistance and inspiratory efforts in a lung simulator to understand the responses of PAV+ support. METHODS: In the Mechanical Ventilation Laboratory at University of São Paulo, an Inter Plus ventilator (Intermed ®) connected to lung simulator (Michigan Instruments Inc) acted triggering Puritan-Bennett 840 ventilator (Covidien ®) at different levels of inspiratory efforts. Expiratory tidal volumes were measured and compared (ANOVA-2-way) at 10 levels of PAV+ support (from 5% to 95%), 3 levels of lung simulator compliance (50, 100, 150 mL/cmH20), 3 levels of airway resistance (5, 20, 50 cmH20/L/s) and 4 levels of inspiratory effort ( -2, -5, -8, -15 cmH20). RESULTS: A total of 360 tidal volumes were measured. They increased significantly during increment of inspiratory efforts and during higher inspiratory efforts with higher compliances. They decreased significantly during respiratory resistance increments, especially when combined with low inspiratory efforts and compliances. Runaway occurred during PAV+ support of 95% combined with high respiratory resistance and compliance. CONCLUSIONS: PAV+ responded adequately to provoked changes in the tested respiratory compliances and inspiratory efforts. It responded to very high resistance only when associated with high inspiratory efforts. There was no runaway phenomenon during PAV+ assistance below 95%.

Le syndrome d’apnées obstructives du sommeil (SAOS) est associé à la survenue de neuropathies optiques, en particulier la neuropathie optique ischémique antérieure aigue non artéritique (NOIAA-NA). Parmi les mécanismes d’apparition de cette neuropathie et potentiellement associés au SAOS, la dysrégulation et l’inflammation vasculaires pourraient jouer un rôle. Il n’existe aucune donnée dans la littérature sur l’effet de l’hypoxie intermittente (HI) chronique sur la fonction vasculaire de l’œil.Le but de ce travail était de développer des techniques d’évaluation de la fonction vasculaire oculaire chez le rat et de les appliquer à l’étude des conséquences vasculaires oculaires de l’HI. Ainsi, deux approches complémentaires ont été développées : 1) un prototype de fluxmètre laser Doppler (LDF) adapté au rongeur pour l’évaluation in vivo de la perfusion sanguine rétinienne et de la tête du nerf optique (TNO) et 2) le modèle d’étude de l’artère ophtalmique (AO) du rat par myographie vasculaire, in vitro.La mise au point du LDF chez le rat sain a permis de valider la pertinence du signal provenant des artères rétiniennes. A l’inverse, nos données invalident l’intérêt de la mesure au niveau de la TNO. En réponse à l’inhalation d’oxygène pur, nous observons une diminution de 17,0 ± 13,7 % de la vélocité artérielle rétinienne (VelART). Nous n’observons pas de variation significative de VelART lors d’injection intra-carotidienne d’endothéline 1 (ET-1) malgré une forte vasoconstriction des vaisseaux rétiniens. Les perspectives consistent à associer une caméra de haute résolution à un système bidirectionnel de LDF. L’étude de la réactivité de l’AO par myographie chez le rat soumis à 14 jours d’HI a mis en évidence une augmentation de la contraction à l’ET-1, associée à une augmentation de la réponse médiée par les récepteurs de type A (ETRA)et à une surexpression des ETRA au sein de l’AO. La relaxation NO-dépendante était diminuée chez le rat HI, et associée à un effet prédominant des produits vasoconstricteurs du cytochrome P450. Ces réponses étaient associées à une augmentation de la présence d’anions superoxyde dans la paroi de l’AO. Des études complémentaires sont nécessaires pour explorer les mécanismes à l’origine des ces altérations vasculaires, en particulier le rôle du stress oxydant. / Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) has recently been associated with the occurrence of optic neuropathies, especially acute non-arteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy (NAION). Among the mechanisms of NAION onset potentially associated with OSA, vascular dysregulation and inflammation may play a role. There is still no data on the effect of chronic intermittent hypoxia (IH) on vascular function of the eye. The purpose of this work was to develop techniques for assessing rat ocular vascular function and apply them to the study of the ocular vascular consequences of IH. Thus, two complementary models have been developed: 1) a laser Doppler flowmeter (LDF) prototype adapted for rodents, to evaluate in vivo retinal and optic nerve head (ONH) blood perfusion and 2) in vitro model of rat ophthalmic artery (OA) study by myography. Preliminary work on healthy rat enabled us to validate the relevance of retinal arteries LDF signal, but not that of the ONH. Retinal blood velocity (VelART) dropped by 17.0 ± 13.7% in response to pure oxygen inhalation. We did not observe any significant change in VelART signal after intracarotidian endothelin 1 (ET -1) injection, despite strong vasoconstriction of retinal vessels. OA reactivity study by myography in rats exposed to a 14-day IH showed increased contraction to ET-1, associated with an increased endothelin receptor A-mediated (ETRA) response and ETRA overexpression within the AO. NO-dependent relaxation is reduced in IH rats, and associated with a shift towards vasoconstrictive effects of cytochrome P450 products. These responses were associated with an increase in superoxide anions in the OA wall. Further studies are needed to explore the underlying mechanisms of these vascular changes, particularly the role of oxidative stress. Understanding of the LDF signal is partial and should be further explored to permit application to the study of IH rat.

Le syndrome d’apnées obstructives du sommeil (SAOS) est associé à une forte morbi-mortalité cardiovasculaire. L’hypoxie intermittente (HI), conséquence majeure des apnées, est à l’origine d’un stress oxydant, d’une activation de HIF-1 (hypoxia inducible factor 1) et d’une expression d’endothéline (ET-1), tous impliqués dans les complications cardiovasculaires liées à l’HI.Dans un premier temps, nous avons démontré que l’HI augmentait l’incidence des arythmies ventriculaires létales associées à l’ischémie myocardique. Parmi les mécanismes potentiels impliqués, l’analyse spectrale de la variabilité de la fréquence cardiaque et de la pression artérielle et le dosage des catécholamines ont mis en évidence une activation sympathique chez les animaux exposés à l’HI. L’HI est également à l’origine d’altérations de la repolarisation ventriculaire (allongement du QTc et du Tpeak-Tend) et d’une dispersion du gradient transmural (allongement de la durée du potentiel d’action endocardique) associées à une augmentation de l’expression de canaux calciques de type LTCC et TRPC dans l’endocarde.Dans la seconde partie de ce travail de thèse, nous nous sommes intéressés aux perturbations de l’homéostasie du zinc en réponse au stress oxydant causé par l’ischémie-reperfusion (IR) ou par l’HI et aux propriétés cardioprotectives de la supplémentation en zinc dans ce contexte. Nous avons montré que l’IR et l’HI induisaient une diminution des concentrations de zinc myocardiques et plasmatiques, respectivement. Nous avons mis en évidence les effets bénéfiques de la supplémentation en zinc vis-à-vis des arythmies ventriculaires et des altérations myocardiques induites par l’IR. L’administration de zinc lors de la reperfusion a également permis d’abolir l’augmentation de la taille d’infarctus induite par l’exposition chronique à l’HI.Finalement, nous avons étudié les effets de la déplétion en zinc sur des cellules endothéliales à l’aide d’un chélateur spécifique du zinc, le TPEN. Nous avons observé que l’exposition des cellules au TPEN entraînait une translocation nucléaire de HIF-1α et une augmentation de la sécrétion d’ET-1 avec, comme conséquence, une augmentation de la capacité migratoire des cellules endothéliales. Ainsi, une déplétion en zinc semble conduire à une activation de l’axe HIF-1-ET-1 connu pour ses effets délétères lors de l’HI.En résumé, l’exposition chronique à l’HI exacerbe les arythmies et augmente la taille d’infarctus lors de l’IR. L’activation sympathique, le stress oxydant et l’altération de l’homéostasie du zinc pourraient être impliqués. L’utilisation d’outils pharmacologiques permettrait de confirmer leur rôle et potentiellement de prévenir les altérations cardiovasculaires liées à l’HI et au SAOS. / Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is associated with increased cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Intermittent hypoxia (IH), one of the major consequences of apneas, leads to oxidative stress, activation of HIF-1 (hypoxia inducible factor 1) and endothelin (ET-1) expression, all known to play an important role in the cardiovascular consequences of OSA.First, we have demonstrated that IH increases the incidence of ischemia-related lethal ventricular arrhythmias. Among the potential mechanisms involved, spectral analysis of heart rate and blood pressure variability and catecholamine assay, showed a sympathetic activation in animals exposed to IH. IH was also responsible for alterations in ventricular repolarisation (increased QTc and Tpeak-Tend intervals) and dispersion of the transmural gradient (increased endocardial action potential duration). These alterations were associated with increased expression of endocardial LTCC and TRPC calcium channels.The second part of the thesis aimed at investigating zinc homeostasis in response to the oxidative stress induced by ischemia-reperfusion (IR) or IH as well as the beneficial effects of zinc supplementation in this context. We observed that IR and IH induced a decrease in myocardial and plasma zinc concentrations, respectively. We also highlighted the protective effects of zinc supplementation during reperfusion against the ventricular arrhythmias and myocardial dysfunction induced by IR. Zinc administration during reperfusion also abolished the increase in infarct size induced by chronic IH exposure.Finally, we investigated the effects of zinc depletion in endothelial cells exposed to TPEN, a specific zinc chelator. We observed that TPEN induced a nuclear translocation of HIF-1α and an increase in ET-1 secretion with a resulting increase in endothelial cell migration. Thus, zinc depletion appears to promote activation of the HIF-1-ET-1 axis, known for its deleterious effects upon IH.In summary, chronic IH exposure enhances ventricular arrhythmias and increases infarct size upon myocardial I/R. Sympathetic activation, oxidative stress and alterations of zinc homeostasis appear to be contributing factors. Pharmacological targeting of these alterations should be performed in order to confirm their role as well as to potentially prevent the deleterious cardiovascular consequences of IH and OSA.

Le syndrome d’apnées obstructives du sommeil (SAOS) est un problème de santé publique majeure affectant 6-13% de la population d’âge moyen. Des études épidémiologiques et l’accumulation de données cliniques ont montré que le SAOS joue un rôle important dans l’initiation et la progression des pathologies cardiovasculaires (CV) comme l’infarctus du myocarde (IM). Les patients hospitalisés post-IM présentent une prévalence pour le SAOS de l’ordre de 50%. De plus, le SAOS augmente la vulnérabilité du cœur à l’infarctus, ce qui se traduit par une taille d’IM plus grande, une ischémie myocardique prolongée, et une aggravation des évènements cardiovasculaires au long-terme, prédisposant les patients apnéiques à des infarctus surnuméraires, à l’insuffisance cardiaque (IC) et au décès. Il semble donc important de comprendre précisément les mécanismes impliqués dans cette susceptibilité accrue à l’ischémie myocardique afin de proposer de nouvelles cibles thérapeutiques et améliorer la prise en charge du risque CV chez les patients apnéiques. L’hypoxie intermittente chronique (HI) est le substrat physiopathologique majeur des complications CV du SAOS via l’activation de mécanismes physiopathologiques variés, tels que l’inflammation, le stress oxydant ou encore l’activation sympathique. Ce travail de thèse avait pour but de 1) caractériser la réponse aigue et chronique à l’IM chez des animaux exposés à l’HI, 2) de disséquer les mécanismes cellulaires impliqués dans la susceptibilité accrue à l’IM chez ces mêmes animaux.Nos travaux ont confirmé que l’HI induit une majoration de la taille d’infarctus suite à un évènement ischémique aigue et aggrave le remodelage cardiaque et la dysfonction contractile dans un modèle de cardiopathie ischémique chronique chez le rat. Nous avons également mis en évidence que l’HI induisait dans ce contexte une hyperactivation sympathique persistante, un stress du RE proapoptotique et l’activation du facteur de transcription HIF-1 contribuant à l’augmentation de la vulnérabilité du cœur à l’infarctus et l’aggravation post-IM des complications cardiaques au long-terme. Ces différents facteurs pourraient représenter des biomarqueurs intéressants pour prédire le risque CV chez les patients apnéiques sévères et pourraient être considérés comme des pistes thérapeutiques potentielles pour améliorer la prise en charge des patients SAOS à haut risque CV. / Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSA) is a common disease that affects 6-13% of the middle-aged population. Epidemiological and clinical data support the notion that OSA has a role in the initiation or progression of several cardiovascular (CV) diseases, including myocardial infarction (MI). Indeed, patients hospitalized with acute MI present high prevalence for OSA. Furthermore, OSA is known to major infarct size in patients that persists over time and aggravates long-term adverse events post-MI, as reinfarction, heart failure (HF) and death. OSA is characterized by intermittent hypoxia (IH) which results in desaturation-reoxygenation sequences and appears to be the major consequence of OSA in term of cardiovascular alterations associated with apneas. However, the mechanisms remain unclear. Therefore, the understanding of pathophysiologic mechanisms involved in cardiac disorders is a research priority for OSA in order to develop new therapeutic targets and improve the management of CV risk in apneic patients. There are growing evidences suggesting a major role of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and HIF-1 activation in the vulnerability to acute ischemic events and in long-term adverse complications associated with prolonged MI. Furthermore, the progression of ischemic cardiomyopathy following MI is also associated with activation of the sympathetic nervous system which substantially contributes to cardiac alterations. Furthermore, these are three mechanisms known to be activated with IH. This project aimed 1) to assess the IH-induced acute and chronic cardiac alterations following MI, 2) to study the implication of cellular mechanisms involved in the adverse ischemic events related to OSA.We have shown that IH increases infarct size following acute MI and aggravates cardiac remodeling and contractile dysfunction in a rat model of chronic ischemic cardiomyopathy. In these contexts, IH is associated with a sympathetic over activity, a proapoptotic ER stress and the activation of HIF-1, which substantially contribute to increased heart vulnerability to infarction and worsening of long-term heart complications post-MI. These different factors may represent interesting biomarkers for predicting CV risk in severe apneic patients and may be considered as potential therapeutic targets to improve the management of OSA patients with high CV risks.

Le syndrome d’apnées obstructives du sommeil (SAOS) est un problème de santé publique majeur qui est considéré comme un facteur indépendant de risque de survenue d’un infarctus du myocarde (IM). Les altérations cardiovasculaires associées au SAOS sont principalement dues à l’hypoxie intermittente (HI) chronique. En particulier, l’HI induit l’activation du facteur de transcription hypoxia-inducible factor-1 (HIF-1), susceptible d’être impliqué dans la vulnérabilité accrue du myocarde à l’ischémie-reperfusion. L’objectif de cette thèse était d’étudier le rôle de HIF-1 dans les mécanismes induits par l’HI et impliqués dans l’augmentation de la taille de l’infarctus suite à une ischémie-reperfusion. Ces travaux ont mis en évidence deux nouveaux effets délétères de l’HI, à savoir l’induction d’un stress du réticulum endoplasmique (RE) et d’altérations mitochondriales. A travers, l’inhibition génétique et/ou pharmacologique de HIF-1, nous avons montré que HIF-1 apparaît comme un acteur primordial dans l’ensemble des mécanismes délétères de l’HI, incluant ceux découverts lors de cette thèse. De plus, HIF-1 joue un rôle majeur dans l’augmentation de la taille de l’IM induite par l’HI chronique. Parallèlement, son activation myocardique est corrélée à l’index d’apnées-hypopnées chez des patients apnéiques atteints d’une maladie coronarienne (comparativement aux non-apnéiques). Par conséquent, l’activation de HIF-1 pourrait être utilisée comme marqueur diagnostic du SAOS chez les patients à risque cardiovasculaire. HIF-1 pourrait également représenter une cible pour le développement de nouvelles thérapies complémentaires ou substitutives aux traitements actuels. / Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) is a major public health problem that is considered an independent risk factor for the occurrence of myocardial infarction (MI). The cardiovascular alterations associated with OSA are mainly due to the chronic intermittent hypoxia (IH). In particular, activation by IH, the hypoxia-inducible factor-1 (HIF-1) transcription factor likely contributes to enhance myocardial vulnerability to ischemia-reperfusion injury. The aim of this thesis was to study the role of HIF-1 in the mechanisms involved in the increase in MI induced by chronic IH. This work has highlighted two new deleterious consequences of IH exposure, namely endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and mitochondrial alterations. Through genetic and/or pharmacological inhibition of HIF-1, we have shown that HIF-1 appears to be a primordial actor in all the deleterious mechanisms of IH, including those discovered during this thesis. HIF-1 also appears to play a major role in the IH-induced increase in MI size. In parallel, its myocardial activation is correlated with the apnea-hypopnea index in apnoeic, compared to non-apnoeic, patients with coronary heart disease. Therefore, HIF-1 activation could serve as a diagnostic marker of OSA in patients with cardiovascular risk. HIF 1 could also be a target for new therapeutic approaches, in complement or replacement of standard treatments.

Introduction : La mortalité associée à l’insuffisance rénale aiguë (acute kidney injury ‘’AKI’’) aux soins intensifs pédiatriques (SIP) dépasse les 50%. Des études antérieures sur la thérapie de remplacement rénal (TRR) ont fait ressortir plusieurs facteurs de risque de mortalité dont le syndrome de défaillance multiviscérale (SDMV) et la surcharge liquidienne ≥ 10 à 20% avant l’initiation de la TRR. L’objectif de cette étude était d’identifier les principaux facteurs de risque de mortalité à 28 jours après l’initiation de la TRR chez les patients atteints d’AKI aux SIP. Méthode : Il s’agit d’une étude de cohorte rétrospective aux SIP d’un centre tertiaire. Tous les enfants ayant reçus de la TRR continue ou de l’hémodialyse intermittente pour AKI, entre janvier 1998 et décembre 2014, ont été inclus. Les facteurs de risque de mortalité ont été préalablement identifiés par quatre intensivistes et deux néphrologues pédiatres et analysés à l’aide d’une régression logistique multivariée. Résultats : Quatre-vingt-dix patients ont été inclus. L’âge médian était de 9 [2-14] ans. La principale indication d’initiation de la TRR était la surcharge liquidienne (64,2%). La durée médiane d’hospitalisation aux SIP était de 18,5 [8,0-31,0] jours. Quarante patients (44,4%) sont décédés dans les 28 jours suivant l’initiation de la TRR et quarante-cinq (50,0%) avant la sortie des SIP. Le score de PELOD ≥ 20 (OR 4,66 ; 95%CI 1,68-12,92) et la surcharge liquidienne ≥ 15% (OR 9,31; 95%CI 2,16-40,11) à l’initiation de la TRR étaient associés de façon indépendante à la mortalité. Conclusion : Cette étude a permis de faire ressortir deux facteurs de risque de mortalité à 28 jours à l’initiation de la TRR : la surcharge liquidienne et la sévérité du SDMV mesurée par le score de PELOD. / Introduction: Mortality rate associated with acute kidney injury (AKI) in pediatric intensive care units (PICU) exceeds 50%. Prior studies on renal replacement therapy (RRT) have highlighted different mortality risk factors including the presence of a multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS) and fluid overload ≥ 10 to 20% before starting RRT. The aim of this study was to identify most important risk factors of 28-day mortality in patients with AKI at RRT initiation in PICU. Methods: We conducted a retrospective cohort study in a tertiary care pediatric center. All critically ill children who underwent acute continuous RRT or intermittent hemodialysis for AKI between January 1998 and December 2014 were included. A case report form was developed and specific risk factors were identified by a panel of four pediatric intensivists and two nephrologists. Risk factors analysis was made using logistic regression in SPSS and SAS software. Results: Ninety patients were included. The median age was 9 [2-14] years. The most common indication for RRT initiation was fluid overload (FO) (64.2%). The median PICU length of stay was 18.5 [8.0-31.0] days. Forty of the 90 patients (44.4%) died within 28 days after RRT initiation and forty-five (50.0%) died before PICU discharge. In a multivariate logistic regression analysis, a PELOD score ≥ 20 (OR 4.66; 95%CI 1.68-12.92) and percentage of FO ≥ 15% (OR 9.31; 95%CI 2.16-40.11) at RRT initiation were independently associated with mortality. Conclusion: This study suggests that fluid overload and severity of MODS measured by PELOD score are two risk factors of 28-day mortality in PICU patients on RRT.