Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-25T18:40:44Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Carl Douglas De Gennaro Oliveira.pdf: 1342470 bytes, checksum: 9868002de42872f20913eb856aa2b173 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-05-24 / The process of Brazil s compliance with the International Financial Reporting Standard (IFRS) took a big step forward, definitively getting on the agenda of regulatory agencies, companies and auditing firms, when Federal Law 11.638 was signed in December 2007, altering the accounting chapter of Brazilian Corporate Law, 6.404/76. This study contributes to Brazil s process of compliance with the IFRS, specifically regarding the applicability of IFRS 2 Share-based Payment, or its Brazilian corollary CPC 10 Pagamento Baseado em Ações, and the impact on accounting and on the disclosure of a long-term compensation program for executives, characterized as phantom stock options. IFRS 2 was published in February 2002 and was required internationally from January 2005, as an outcome of the growing use of commercial transaction payments based on shares, and also the IOSCO´s report that pointed out the lack of an accounting standard dealing with this kind of transaction. The study found that IFRS 2 or CPC 10 can be appropriately applied to guide the accounting treatment given to a phantom stock option program, and was a more informative accounting practice than that which had been used in Brazil, before 2008. The study also found a wide-spread need of financial knowledge regarding the valuation of stock options, such as the Black-Scholes-Merton model, as well as statistical methods for appropriately account and disclose the fair value of share-based incentive plans. Furthermore, in order to understand more fully the economic event which is being accounted, it is highly important to understand its essence. In the case of long-term share-based incentives for executives, the essence of their existence can be found in agency theory / O processo de convergência do Brasil às Normas Internacionais de Contabilidade (IFRSs) deu um grande salto e entrou definitivamente na agenda dos órgãos reguladores, empresas e auditorias, com a sanção da lei federal 11.638 em dezembro de 2007, que alterou o capítulo contábil da Lei das Sociedades Anônimas, 6.404/76. Este estudo contribui para o processo de convergência brasileiro às IFRSs, especificamente quanto à aplicabilidade do IFRS 2 Share Based Payment, ou sua correlação brasileira CPC 10 Pagamento Baseado em Ações, e dos impactos contábeis e de divulgação decorrentes de um programa de compensação de longo prazo a executivos, com as características de phantom stock options, ou opções fantasmas. O IFRS 2 foi publicado em fevereiro de 2002 e requerido internacionalmente a partir de janeiro de 2005, como uma decorrência do crescente uso de pagamento das transações comerciais com base em ações e também do relatório da IOSCO, que identificou como falha a lacuna de norma contábil que tratasse deste tipo de transação. O estudo identificou que o IFRS 2 ou CPC 10 aplica-se adequadamente para orientar o tratamento contábil de um programa de phantom stock option e representou uma prática contábil mais informativa que aquela até então adotada no Brasil, antes do ano de 2008. O estudo também identificou a grande necessidade de conhecimento de finanças relacionado à avaliação de opções, tal como o modelo Black-Scholes-Merton, bem como de métodos estatísticos, para uma apropriada contabilização e divulgação do valor justo dos planos de incentivo baseados em ações. Além disso, para que se entenda com profundidade o evento econômico que se contabiliza, é de suma importância a compreensão de sua essência. No caso de incentivos de longo prazo para executivos, baseados em ações, a essência de sua existência pode ser encontrada na Teoria de Agência

La finalidad del presente trabajo es analizar el impacto que ha ocasionado la implementación de la Norma Internacional de Contabilidad N° 21 (NIC), desde la óptica de la situación financiera y alcance tributario en las empresas del sector de servicio de telecomunicaciones. Es fundamental comprender que el concepto de globalización de la economía cambió fundamentalmente la práctica internacional de los negocios. En el primer capítulo se expone el marco teórico, que es la base sobre la cual se sustentará el análisis de nuestro trabajo de investigación. El segundo capítulo comprende el Plan de investigación en el que se establece el objetivo, planteamiento del problema principal y secundarios; y las hipótesis; el tercer capítulo determina la metodología empleada para el análisis, establecemos el objetivo y nivel de la investigación, su diseño y una descripción de los instrumentos de recolección de datos a utilizar en la investigación cualitativa y cuantitativa. En el cuarto capítulo tratamos el desarrollo del trabajo con la aplicación de los instrumentos de recolección: entrevistas y encuestas; y en el quinto capítulo se muestra el análisis de los resultados obtenidos en la investigación cualitativa y cuantitativa. Se concluye que existe impacto financiero y tributario, recomendando que las empresas deban establecer políticas y estrategias para mitigar dicho impacto. / The purpose of this paper is to analyze the impact caused by the implementation of International Accounting Standard No. 21 (NIC), from the perspective of the financial situation and tax scope in companies in the telecommunications service sector. It is fundamental to understand that the concept of globalization of the economy fundamentally changed the international practice of business. In the first chapter the theoretical framework is exposed, which is the basis on which the analysis of our research work will be based. The second chapter includes the Research Plan in which the objective is established, the main and secondary problem statement; and the hypotheses; The third chapter determines the methodology used for the analysis, we establish the objective and level of the research, its design and a description of the data collection instruments to be used in qualitative and quantitative research. In the fourth chapter we deal with the development of work with the application of collection instruments: interviews and surveys; and in the fifth chapter the analysis of the results obtained in qualitative and quantitative research is shown. It is concluded that there is a financial and tax impact, recommendations for companies should establish policies and strategies to mitigate this impact. / Tesis

文獻顯示存貨對於銷售和盈餘具有預測能力（Bernard and Noel 1991）。本文進一步探討比較後進先出法和國際會計準則允許之存貨計價方法所揭露之存貨，對於銷售和盈餘之預測能力。2003年發布之國際會計準則第二號公報「存貨」，禁止公司採用後進先出法衡量存貨，本研究擬觀察後進先出法和非後進先出法存貨對公司銷售與盈餘的預測能力是否有所差異。 本研究選取採用後進先出法並且揭露後進先出存貨準備之公司做為樣本，計算出樣本公司在國際會計準則規定下應有之存貨水準，測試與比較後進先出法之存貨與依國際會計準則揭露之存貨，孰者對銷售與盈餘之預測更具攸關性。實證結果顯示，後進先出存貨與國際會計準則存貨代理變數之實證結果並不顯著，顯示存貨在銷售與盈餘之預測迴歸模型中為一雜訊，存貨對銷售和盈餘之預測並不具有增額資訊，也說明存貨生產平穩理論與避免缺貨理論無法解釋存貨對銷售和盈餘預測之關聯性，因此無法判斷採用何種存貨計價方法所揭露之存貨，對銷售與盈餘較具預測能力。 / In economic literature, production smoothing model and stockout model address the predictability of inventory disclosure on sales and earnings. Based on these models, Bernard and Noel (1991) show that inventory disclosure predicts sales and earnings. This study further investigates and compares the predictability of the sales and earnings by inventory reported under last in, last out (LIFO) and that under International Accounting Standard 2 (IAS 2). Thus this study compares the predicting ability of inventory on sales and earnings under IFRS and non-IFRS. This study selects the companies adopting LIFO and disclosing LIFO reserve, calculates the inventory reported under IFRS, and determines the inventory’s ability to predict future sales and earnings under different inventory valuation methods. The empirical results show that the coefficients for the unexpected inventories under LIFO and IFRS are both statistically insignificant, suggesting that the unexpected inventories are merely noises in the models, and that the effects of production smoothing model and stockout model are not prevailed. Thus, it is difficult to determine which inventory valuation method can generate the inventory that leads to better sales and earnings prediction.

Universiẗat, Diss.--Bayreuth, 2007.

Univ., Diss.--Münster (Westf.), 2003.

Βασικός άξονας της εργασίας είναι η διερεύνηση των επιδράσεων της αλλαγής που επέφεραν τα Διεθνή Λογιστικά Πρότυπα στις οικονομικές καταστάσεις των εισηγμένων στο ΧΑ επιχειρήσεων κατά τη μεταβατική περίοδο 2004 με 2005. Παρουσιάζεται ο ορισμός, τα είδη, η ιστορική αναδρομή, οι αλλαγές, τα σφάλματα και το μέλλον των Διεθνών Λογιστικών Προτύπων, η διαφοροποίησή τους με τα Ελληνικά Πρότυπα και η εφαρμογή τους στα Τραπεζικά Ιδρύματα. / The aim of the present study is to investigate the repercussions of the accounting changeover from the Greek Accounting Standards (GAS) to the International Accounting Standards (IAS) in relation to the published financial statements of greek listed companies to the stock market of Athens for the transient period of 2004 to 2005. It is, also, presented the definition, the history, the future of IAS, the degree that the companies were ready to accept them. Furthermore, it appeArs the most important changes and the wrong things that do the companies while using them. In addition, it shows the differientation of GAS and IAS and the way the IFRS apply to financial institutions.

Σκοπός της παρούσας διδακτορικής διατριβής είναι να καταγραφούν οι συνέπειες της υποχρεωτικής λογιστικής μετάβασης, από τα μέχρι πρότινος και για πολλά χρόνια εφαρμοζόμενα Ελληνικά Λογιστικά Πρότυπα (ΕΛΠ) στα ΔΛΠ/ΔΠΧΠ. Κινούμενοι προς αυτή την κατεύθυνση η παρούσα διατριβή αρχικά μελετά το θεωρητικό υπόβαθρο των ΔΛΠ/ΔΠΧΠ και των ΕΛΠ και αναλύει, ταξινομεί και σχολιάζει τις διαφορές τους. Στη συνέχεια, προκειμένου να αποκαλυφτούν οι συνέπειες της υποχρεωτικής λογιστικής μετάβασης και να αναδειχτούν οι ανωτέρω διαφορές, πραγματοποιήθηκαν δύο ξεχωριστές εμπειρικές έρευνες. Στην πρώτη, μέσα από την πραγματοποίηση εξισώσεων παλινδρόμησης, εξετάστηκαν οι άμεσες συνέπειες της υποχρεωτικής υιοθέτησης των ΔΛΠ/ΔΠΧΠ, διερευνώντας την επιρροή τους στις οικονομικές καταστάσεις των εισηγμένων εταιριών του Χρηματιστηρίου Αθηνών. Στην δεύτερη εμπειρική ανάλυση, πραγματοποιήθηκε έρευνα πεδίου με ερωτηματολόγια στις εισηγμένες επιχειρήσεις του Χρηματιστηρίου Αθηνών, καταγράφοντας τις απόψεις των άμεσα θιγόμενων από την εξεταζόμενη λογιστική μετάβαση. Και για τις δύο εμπειρικές αναλύσεις που έλαβαν χώρα, εξετάστηκε το κατά πόσο οι συνέπειες της εφαρμογής των ΔΛΠ/ΔΠΧΠ είναι ομοιογενείς για όλες τις επιχειρήσεις. / The present PhD thesis intends to present the consequences of mandatory transition from Greek Accounting Standards (GAS) to IAS/IFRS. The study initially examines the theoretical background of IAS/IFRS and GAS and analyses, classifies and comments on their differences. Then two independent empirical investigations were carried out in order to reveal the above mentioned differences. The first one examined, with the use of regression analysis, the direct consequences of the mandatory transition by exploring its effect on financial statements of listed companies in the Athens Stock Exchange. The second one recorded the opinion of the listed companies toward IAS/IFRS by using questionnaires as a research instrument. Both empirical investigations examined whether IAS/IFRS mandatory implementation has similar effects on all companies.

H παρούσα διατριβή προσφέρει, για πρώτη φορά, μια ολοκληρωμένη ανάλυση της επίδοσης των τραπεζών σε επίπεδο υποκαταστημάτων (branch level). Αξιολογήθηκε η επίδοση ενός ομοιογενούς δικτύου υποκαταστημάτων μεγάλης Ελληνικής Τράπεζας για την περίοδο Ιανουάριος 2006 - Ιούνιος 2009, στη βάση δύο λειτουργικών κριτηρίων, λαμβάνοντας υπόψη και την επίδραση της πρόσφατης κρίσης: στην αξία που παράγουν τα υποκαταστήματα για το μέτοχο της τράπεζας (shareholder value), όπως αυτή μετράται με το Υπολειμματικό Εισόδημα (residual income -RI), και στο βαθμό αποτελεσματικότητας κέρδους και παραγωγής (profit and production efficiency). Αναφορικά με τη διαχείριση της αξίας, βρέθηκε ότι οι λειτουργικοί παράγοντες αξίας (operational value drivers) που σχετίζονται με τη διαφοροποίηση του εισοδήματος, τη διαχείριση του ελεγχόμενου κόστους, την ικανότητα διαχείρισης του πιστωτικού κινδύνου, το spread των δανείων, και την ικανότητα του υποκαταστήματος να δημιουργεί έσοδα από καταθέσεις χαμηλού κόστους, συνδέονται στατιστικά σημαντικά με το RI. Η κρίση επηρεάζει στατιστικά σημαντικά μόνο τη διαχείριση του πιστωτικού κινδύνου, καταστρέφοντας περαιτέρω αξία για το μέτοχο και υποδεικνύοντας χαμηλότερη ικανότητα διαχείρισης του πιστωτικού κινδύνου. Επιπρόσθετα, αυτό το εμπειρικό εύρημα αποκαλύπτει και την αδυναμία του τρέχοντος λογιστικού πλαισίου σύμφωνα με το ΔΛΠ 39, να αναγνωρίζει και να καταγράφει νωρίτερα (την περίοδο της πιστωτικής ανάπτυξης) ζημιές απομείωσης της αξίας των δανείων. Όσον αφορά στη μέτρηση της αποτελεσματικότητας, βρέθηκε ότι η κρίση μειώνει στατιστικά σημαντικά μόνο τη μέση αποτελεσματικότητα κέρδους του δικτύου, απόρροια της χορήγησης κακών δανείων την περίοδο της πιστωτικής επέκτασης. / This thesis offers, for the first time, a comprehensive analysis of the performance of banks at the branch level. We evaluated the performance of a homogenous retail branch network of a large private Greek bank for the period January 2006-June 2009, based on two operational criteria, taking into account the impact of the recent crisis: the shareholder value that branches generate as measured by the Residual Income (RI) and the profit and production efficiency in branch operations. Regarding the value management, we found that diversified income, cost management, credit risk capabilities, income on core deposits and loan spread are all statistically significant associated with the RI. In addition, the value driver of credit risk capabilities is incrementally negatively associated with residual income at the branch level during the recent crisis, indicating lower ability to manage credit risk. Moreover, this finding reveals the inability of the current accounting framework under IAS 39 to recognize and record earlier (in the expansion period) impaired loans. Regarding the efficiency measurement, we found that during the crisis only the average profit-oriented efficiency of the branch network reduced significantly. We located the roots of the efficiency loss in the expansion period, in which over-optimism leads to the granting of bad quality loans.

This work consist of two parts. The first section describes the theory, which relates to the financial statements in accordance with Czech law, even according to international accounting standards. In the practical part of work I already deal with the financial statements of the company KOVOSVIT MAS, a. s. First, I focused on the financial statements in accordance with Czech accounting and consequently I have dealt with financial statements in accordance to IAS/IFRS.

The objective of this thesis is to compare financial statements prepared under Czech law (?ČÚL? or ?CZ GAAP?) and financial statements prepared under international accounting standards IAS/IFRS. The theoretical part elaborates on the formal comparison of financial statements prepared under ČÚL and under IAS/IFRS and the objective of the comparison is the contents, form and methods used for preparing financial statements under the two legislations. General accounting in the Czech Republic is governed by Act 563/1991 Coll., on Accounting and IAS/IFRS is similarly governed by the Framework. The other part discusses some selected IAS/IFRS standards that are applied in a certain company and they are compared with Czech accounting standards. The practical part of the thesis discusses the transformation of the financial statements prepared under ČÚL to financial statements under IAS/IFRS in a certain company. As a result of such transformation, certain lines disclosed under the balance sheet and the income statement show different figures and they have impact on the closing amounts and the profit/loss of the company. The outcome of the practical part are reports prepared under ČÚL and under IAS/IFRS and in the end I assess the influence of different methods used on the reported data. I focused only on two most important parts of financial statements, i.e. balance sheet and income statement.