The purpose of this diploma thesis is to describe an application of data envelopment analysis to the performance assessment of bank branches. The bank has used, in the first half of the year 2007, two DEA models: DEA model with the purchasing power as an implicit parameter and DEA model with the economic potential as an explicit parameter. I have used for the calculations different models, which are stated in the literature, (i.e. CCR model or BCC model), because in data received from the bank was the influence of the purchasing power already involved. Next purpose of this thesis is to summarize theoretical basis of DEA models and also this theoretical basis put together with existing foreign studies.

The purpose of this thesis is to analyse how bank branch closure has affected the formation of new firms and to explore the varying local relationships between the accessibility of bank branches and new firm formation in 290 Swedish municipalities. In the first paper, the effect of bank branch closure is examined through spatial econometric analysis, in particular, the fixed effects and the random effects spatial panel models. The findings of the first paper show that an increase in the weighted distance to the nearest bank branches due to bank branch closure negatively affects new firm formation, based on the random effects spatial panel model. The analysis also shows that spatial effects should be included in the analysis due to spill-over effects from neighbouring municipalities. In the second paper, the varying relationships between new firm formation and its determinants in 290 Swedish municipalities are examined through Geographically weighted regression (GWR). Mostly positive relationships with new firm formation are shown for firm density, human capital level, industry diversification level and percentage of immigrants living in the area. In contrast, mostly negative relationships are shown for weighted mean distance to the nearest bank branches, establishment size, unemployment rate, industry specialization. Spatially constrained multivariate clustering is also applied to group municipalities with similar conditions. Patterns in the industry composition and the location attributes are analysed for each cluster. / Syftet med denna avhandling är att analysera hur nedläggningen av bankkontorpåverkar frekvensen av nystartade företag och undersöker sambandet mellannystartsfrekvens och avståndet till närmaste bankkontor i Sveriges 290 kommuner.I avhandlingens första artikel studeras effekten av kontorsnedläggelse genom enrumslig ekonometrisk analys och rumsliga panel modeller. Resultaten visar att enökning av avståndet till närmaste bankkontor har en negativ påverkan pånyföretagandet. Vidare ger analysen vid handen att spatiala effekter bör inkluderasi analysen då det förekommer spill-over effekter från närliggande kommuner. Iavhandlingens andra artikel undersöks hur frekvensen av nystartade företag iSveriges 290 kommuner påverkas av ett antal olika faktorer, med hjälp av engeografiskt viktad regressionsmodell. Analysen visar att antalet befintliga företag,humankapital, näringslivets diversifiering, samt andelen invandrare, har ett positivtsamband med nystartsfrekvensen. Däremot finns det ett negativt samband mellannystartsfrekvens och avståndet till närmaste bankkontor, storleken bland debefintliga företagen, arbetslöshet och näringslivets specialisering. En multivariatklusteranalys har också genomförts där kommunerna fördelats över kluster medliknande egenskaper, där de ingående kommunerna har liknande förutsättningaroch strukturer. / <p>QC 20190923</p>

Σχεδόν κάθε επιχείρηση ιδιωτικού και δημόσιου τομέα την οποία μπορούμε να σκεφτούμε, έχει βρεθεί αντιμέτωπη με το πρόβλημα της χωροθέτησης των εγκαταστάσεών της κάποια στιγμή στην ιστορία της. Αυτό έχει οδηγήσει σε ένα έντονο ενδιαφέρον για την ανάλυση χωροθέτησης στα πλαίσια της επιχειρησιακής έρευνας. Η εγκατάσταση ενός νέου τραπεζικού υποκαταστήματος που αποτελεί ένα σημαντικό μέρος του προγραμματισμού και της διαχείρισης δικτύων κλάδων. απαιτεί μία πολύπλοκη διαδικασία λήψης απόφασης. Η λήψης της απόφασης αυτής μπορεί να ωφεληθεί από τη χρήση της πολυκριτηριακής ανάλυσης αποφάσεων (MCDM) καθιστώντας τη διαδικασία πιο ορθολογική και αποδοτική. Στην παρούσα εργασία εξετάζουμε το πρόβλημα της χωροθέτησης ενός τραπεζικού καταστήματος στα πλαίσια της πολυκριτηριακής ανάλυσης αποφάσεων (MCDM). / Almost every private and public sector enterprise that we can think of, has been faced with the problem of locating facilities at one time or another of its history. Τhis has led to a strong interest in location analysis within the operations research and management science community. Locating a new bank branch, an important part of branch network planning and management is a complex decision making progress. This decision making progress can benefit from the use of Multi-Criteria Decision Making (MCDM) progress by making the progress more explicit, rational and efficient. In the present work we examine the problem of locating a bank branch using MCDM.

99,9% av Sveriges företag är SMEs (små och medelstora företag), och de små företagen är viktiga bland annat för att hålla arbetslösheten nere. Trots det minskar antalet krediter till dessa företag. De fysiska bankkontoren försvinner, framför allt i mindre städer och orter, samtidigt som användningen av digitala tjänster ökar. I medierna riktas kritik mot bankerna och många menar att bankerna bara bryr sig om storstadsregionerna. Problemet är alltså att antalet bankkontor minskar, och detta gör att bankpersonal och kunder får minskade möjligheter att mötas i det fysiska rummet. Syftet med uppsatsen är att ta reda på hur relationen mellan banker och kunder i segmentet SMEs i mindre städer kan påverkas av möjligheten till kontakt i det fysiska rummet.Tidigare studier visar att det är fördelaktigt för företagskunder, särskilt SMEs, att ha en god relation till sin bank. Då ökar sannolikheten att få krediter beviljade samt att få bättre anpassade tjänster och finansiella produkter. En tidigare studie om bankkunder i Hong Kong visade att de är illojala mot sina banker, och att kostnaden att byta bank är liten jämfört med att “stå ut” med dålig service.För att nå syftet upprättades sju semistrukturerade intervjuer med personal från banker i mindre städer och orter, samt tre av deras företagskunder i SME-segmentet. Dessa intervjuer analyserades med hjälp av teorier om relationer och vad som gör kunder nöjda och i förlängningen lojala. Vi kom då fram till, i enlighet med teorin, att personlig kontakt verkar göra att kundnöjdheten och därmed också kundlojaliteten ökar. Personlig kontakt är viktig både för relationsbyggande och vid kreditbedömning, särskilt i segmentet SMEs eftersom det ofta saknas underlag för att göra en säker kvantitativ bedömning. Intervjusvaren tyder på att de företagskunder som intervjuats generellt, i motsats till den tidigare studien om lojalitet, är mycket lojala, särskilt i mer glesbefolkade områden där det finns få banker med kontor i närheten. I områden med fler alternativ ser bankpersonalen något oftare att kunder byter bank. Några av bankerna där vi intervjuat personal är just nu mitt i en förändring då bankkontor ska eller har stängts ner, vilket tyder på att antalet bankkontor fortsätter att minska. Detta trots att både bankpersonalen och de företagskunder vi intervjuat anser att bankkontoren är viktiga och att lokal närvaro och lokalkännedom bidrar till positiva synergieffekter för företagskunderna.I framtiden skulle vi gärna se en bredare studie av relationen ur företagens synvinkel. Det vore intressant med en studie som mer ingående ser på hur stort behov företag har generellt av bankkontor och kontakt med bankpersonal i det fysiska rummet. / 99,9% of all companies in Sweden are SMEs (small and medium sized enterprises), and these smaller companies are important for the employment rate. Despite this the number of credits for SMEs is decreasing. The bank branches are being closed down, especially in smaller cities, and meanwhile the usage of digital banking services is increasing. There have been several media articles discussing this matter and many believe that the banks only care about the more densely populated urban regions. The problem is that the number of bank branches is decreasing, and this means that the bank personnel and its customers have smaller chances of meeting in person. In this thesis we have studied the relationship between banks and their customers in the SME segment and how it can be affected by the opportunity for contact in person.Earlier studies show that it is beneficial for bank customers, especially SMEs, to have a good relationship with their bank. It increases the possibility for bank credits and for better service. An earlier study regarding bank customers in Hong Kong shows that they are generally illoyal to their banks, and that the cost of changing banks is small compared to receiving bad service.We performed seven semi-structured interviews with bank personnel from smaller cities, and three interviews with their SME customers. These interviews were analyzed with theories regarding relationships, customer satisfaction and customer loyalty. We found that, just like in the theories, personal contact seems to increase customer satisfaction, which also means that the customer loyalty increases. Personal contact is important both for building a relationship and increases the possibility to yield bank credits, especially in the SME segment, because it is difficult to find enough financial information to calculate a good credit score for companies in the segment. The answers from the interviews show that SMEs are generally very loyal to their banks, especially in more rural areas, where there are few banks with local bank branches. In areas with more alternatives the bank personnel can see that customers change banks more often. Some of the banks where we have interviewed personnel are currently closing down or have recently closed down bank branches. This suggests that the number of branches is still decreasing, despite the fact that both the bank personnel and the SMEs we have interviewed believe that the bank branches are important and that local presence and local knowledge create synergy effects for businesses.In the future we would like to see a broader study of the relationship from the businesses’ viewpoint. It would be interesting to study more in detail how important the bank branches, and contact with bank personnel in person, is to businesses in general.

Submitted by Camila Ziliotto Camocardi (camila.camocardi@itau-unibanco.com.br) on 2013-03-05T14:06:30Z No. of bitstreams: 1 CZC_MPFE_20130304_VPublicacao.pdf: 2794331 bytes, checksum: c52fdaf83e3a276d9b2f60f63c0ae5f8 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Suzinei Teles Garcia Garcia (suzinei.garcia@fgv.br) on 2013-03-05T17:19:29Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 CZC_MPFE_20130304_VPublicacao.pdf: 2794331 bytes, checksum: c52fdaf83e3a276d9b2f60f63c0ae5f8 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2013-03-05T17:32:35Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 CZC_MPFE_20130304_VPublicacao.pdf: 2794331 bytes, checksum: c52fdaf83e3a276d9b2f60f63c0ae5f8 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-02-04 / Este estudo tem por objetivo verificar a evolução da abertura de agências bancárias no Brasil e em específico de dois grandes bancos privados brasileiros ao longo dos anos de 1991 a 2012 e entender sua relação, seja ela de curto, médio e/ou longo prazo, com a evolução tecnológica no país, a fim de observar a correlação entre esses dois ritmos, por meio de uma regressão entre as variáveis em estudo. O que se espera inferir aqui é uma relação crescente, porém em velocidades distintas tendo em vista o grande avanço tecnológico vivenciado nos últimos 10 anos. Ao olhar as séries dos dois grandes bancos em específico, pretende-se, por meio de um teste de cointegração em séries de tempos, caracterizar um modelo explicativo da competição por posições no mercado e consequente disputa pela liderança em participação de agências. Por fim, com base nos dados de quantitativo de agências e lucratividade do Sistema Financeiro Nacional e dos dois grandes bancos estudados, pretende-se observar a relação desse ritmo (taxa de crescimento da abertura de agências) com o retorno obtido em termos de lucro por agência, seu principal ponto de venda. Ao criar estes indicadores comparativos espera-se verificar evidências a respeito de lucratividade em bancos para a configuração sugerida no Paradigma da Eficiência . O crescente uso de internet está modificando um importante traço de comportamento dos clientes potenciais que influencia sua maneira de se relacionar com os serviços financeiros e, essa dinâmica estratégica, pode servir de referência para o desenvolvimento de um novo padrão de "estabelecimento bancário". / This study aims to verify the evolution of bank branches opening in Brazil, in particular of two large Brazilian banks, from 1991 to 2012, and to understand their short, medium and/or long term relation with the technological developments in the country, in order to observe the correlation between those two rhythms through a regression between the variables under study. The inference expected here is a growing relation, but at different speeds given the major technological advances experienced in the past 10 years. By looking at the series of the two banks in particular, this study intends, through a cointegration test in time series, to characterize an explanatory model of the competition for market positions and the consequent competition for leadership in branches share. Finally, based on quantitative data from branches and profitability from both the National Financial System (SFN) and the two banks under analysis, this study aims to observe the relation of this rhythm (growth rate of branches opening) with the payoff in terms of profit per branch, its main selling point. By creating those comparative indicators, this study expects to verify evidence about banks profitability for the configuration suggested in the Efficiency Paradigm. The increasing use of internet is modifying an important behavioral trait of potential customers that influences their way of relating to financial services, and that strategic dynamics can serve as a reference for the development of a new standard for “banking establishments”.

This thesis is a comparative efficiency study of implementation of payment operations via electronic banking and bank branch network. The thesis used data of specific international bank operating in the Czech Republic. The thesis is divided into two parts. The theoretical part deals with basic products, payment systems, describe the main forms of electronic banking and part is devoted to the economic benefits of electronic banking for the bank and for the client. The practical part consists of a cost analysis of payment operations realized via by electronic banking and bank branches. In conclusion of this thesis, these costs are compared and the result is a proposed new bank strategy.

H παρούσα διατριβή προσφέρει, για πρώτη φορά, μια ολοκληρωμένη ανάλυση της επίδοσης των τραπεζών σε επίπεδο υποκαταστημάτων (branch level). Αξιολογήθηκε η επίδοση ενός ομοιογενούς δικτύου υποκαταστημάτων μεγάλης Ελληνικής Τράπεζας για την περίοδο Ιανουάριος 2006 - Ιούνιος 2009, στη βάση δύο λειτουργικών κριτηρίων, λαμβάνοντας υπόψη και την επίδραση της πρόσφατης κρίσης: στην αξία που παράγουν τα υποκαταστήματα για το μέτοχο της τράπεζας (shareholder value), όπως αυτή μετράται με το Υπολειμματικό Εισόδημα (residual income -RI), και στο βαθμό αποτελεσματικότητας κέρδους και παραγωγής (profit and production efficiency). Αναφορικά με τη διαχείριση της αξίας, βρέθηκε ότι οι λειτουργικοί παράγοντες αξίας (operational value drivers) που σχετίζονται με τη διαφοροποίηση του εισοδήματος, τη διαχείριση του ελεγχόμενου κόστους, την ικανότητα διαχείρισης του πιστωτικού κινδύνου, το spread των δανείων, και την ικανότητα του υποκαταστήματος να δημιουργεί έσοδα από καταθέσεις χαμηλού κόστους, συνδέονται στατιστικά σημαντικά με το RI. Η κρίση επηρεάζει στατιστικά σημαντικά μόνο τη διαχείριση του πιστωτικού κινδύνου, καταστρέφοντας περαιτέρω αξία για το μέτοχο και υποδεικνύοντας χαμηλότερη ικανότητα διαχείρισης του πιστωτικού κινδύνου. Επιπρόσθετα, αυτό το εμπειρικό εύρημα αποκαλύπτει και την αδυναμία του τρέχοντος λογιστικού πλαισίου σύμφωνα με το ΔΛΠ 39, να αναγνωρίζει και να καταγράφει νωρίτερα (την περίοδο της πιστωτικής ανάπτυξης) ζημιές απομείωσης της αξίας των δανείων. Όσον αφορά στη μέτρηση της αποτελεσματικότητας, βρέθηκε ότι η κρίση μειώνει στατιστικά σημαντικά μόνο τη μέση αποτελεσματικότητα κέρδους του δικτύου, απόρροια της χορήγησης κακών δανείων την περίοδο της πιστωτικής επέκτασης. / This thesis offers, for the first time, a comprehensive analysis of the performance of banks at the branch level. We evaluated the performance of a homogenous retail branch network of a large private Greek bank for the period January 2006-June 2009, based on two operational criteria, taking into account the impact of the recent crisis: the shareholder value that branches generate as measured by the Residual Income (RI) and the profit and production efficiency in branch operations. Regarding the value management, we found that diversified income, cost management, credit risk capabilities, income on core deposits and loan spread are all statistically significant associated with the RI. In addition, the value driver of credit risk capabilities is incrementally negatively associated with residual income at the branch level during the recent crisis, indicating lower ability to manage credit risk. Moreover, this finding reveals the inability of the current accounting framework under IAS 39 to recognize and record earlier (in the expansion period) impaired loans. Regarding the efficiency measurement, we found that during the crisis only the average profit-oriented efficiency of the branch network reduced significantly. We located the roots of the efficiency loss in the expansion period, in which over-optimism leads to the granting of bad quality loans.