Inaug.-diss.--Jena. / Lebenslauf. "Quellenverzeichnis": p.[140]-142.

Inaug.-diss.--Jena. / Lebenslauf. "Quellenverzeichnis": p.[140]-142.

Thesis (M.A.)--Marquette University, 2009. / Lowel Barrington, Lawrence Leblanc, Andrea Schneider, Advisors.

Les exigences et les risques du commerce international ont fait apparaître, au début du XXème siècle, une technique juridique adaptée au rapport entre exportateurs et importateurs. Il s'agit tout particulièrement du crédit documentaire qui peut être défini comme l'opération par laquelle la banque de l'acheteur s'engage à régler le prix des marchandises au vendeur, lorsque celui-ci remettra les documents attestant l'expédition des marchandises. Ces derniers peuvent être soit un connaissement, une facture, une lettre de transport, soit même une assurance. Toutefois, l'absence d'une règlementation précise concernant le crédit documentaire a mobilisé les praticiens, ce qui a abouti en 1993 à la naissance des «Règles et Usances Uniformes relatives aux crédits documentaires» (RUU), œuvre de la Chambre de Commerce Internationale. Aujourd'hui faute de législation de source nationale ou internationale régulant le crédit documentaire, elles s'appliquent après adhésion volontaire soit par le système bancaire d'un pays donné, soit par adhésion individuelle de banques,«à tous les crédits documentaires sauf dispositions contraires stipulées expressément par les parties». Ces pratiques sont parallèlement efficaces car elles s'appuient sur des techniques bancaires éprouvées dans la règle de l'inopposabilité des exceptions. / Requirements and risks of international trade have created, in the early twentieth century, a legal technique adapted to the relationship between exporter and importer. This is especially the documentary credit, which can be defined as a transaction in which the buyer's bank agrees to pay the price of goods to the seller, when he will submit documentation confirming the shipping of the goods. This can be either a bill of lading an invoice, or even an insurance police... However, the absence of specific regulations concerning the documentary credit decided the practitioners to give birth, in 1993, of the «Uniform Customs and Practice on Documentary Credit» (UCP), the creation of the International Chamber of Commerce. Today, because of the lack of legislation regulating national or international documentary credit source, these rules apply, after voluntary decision of the parties or by the banking system of a said country or by individual adoption by the banks, to « all documentary credits unless otherwise as expressly provided by the parties». These practices are also effective because they rely on proven banking techniques in the rule of unenforceable exceptions.

The essay focuses on the issue of the international regulation of international sales contracts. It analyses the United Nations Convention for the International Sale of Goods and documents published by the International Chamber of Commerce and by other organisations active in harmonisation and unification of instruments of regulation of international sales contracts. So, the goal of the essay is to decide whether the documents help to remove the barriers of the international trade and whether the documents do not overlap the Convention.

What is «liquidable» and how should this concept be faced by arbitrators and judges? Can an enforcement judge determine concepts such as costs, interests and/or penalties if the arbitral tribunal has not provided any parameters? What fundamental rights might be violated? In accordance with international arbitration practice, we will deal here with the problems arising from the division of functions between judges and arbitrators in relation to the enforcement of the «liquidable» concepts. / ¿Qué es lo «liquidable» y cómo debe ser este concepto enfrentado por los árbitros y jueces? ¿Puede un juez en ejecución determinar conceptos como costas, intereses y/o las penalidades sin que el tribunal arbitral le haya brindado ningún parámetro?¿Qué derechos fundamentales están en juego? En función de la práctica arbitral internacional, nos ocuparemos de los problemas que surgen por la división de funciones entre jueces y árbitros en relación con la ejecución de lo «liquidable».

This thesis provides an overview of the importance of exports for the Czech economy and the main instruments used for support of exports by state and private institutions. It also presents new export activities of a non-state institution - International Chamber of Commerce in the Czech Republic (ICC Czech Republic), which is the general public not sufficiently aware of. The work contains opinions and positions of entities being directly affected by state export promotion in the Czech Republic - particularly small and medium enterprises, large exporters, and commercial banks - and also their specific requirements for the content of state export strategy. Their opinions are derived from various surveys and analysis and based on the information obtained from ICC Czech Republic. To create high-quality export strategy, it is necessary for the Ministry of Industry and Trade to cooperate with all relevant subjects such as EGAP, Czech Export Bank, Czech Chamber of Commerce, ICC Czech Republic, but especially with the business community. The strategy also needs to include the consolidation of state export promotion services, the allocation of sufficient funds for the Czech Export Bank and EGAP, the involvement of commercial banks in foreign trade finance and enhancement of international competitiveness of Czech exports. Thus can only be increased its contribution to individual subjects of foreign trade and the State itself.

No description available.

No description available.

No description available.