Over the last decade, investment treaty arbitration has been confronted with relatively extensive and fundamental criticisms. The problem with the system in fact boils down to a misconception by tribunals of the nature of investment treaty arbitration. Many scholars and tribunals have perceived and treated investment treaty arbitration as a reciprocal arrangement with a private function. This is so mainly because of the way they formulate the establishment of investment treaty arbitration. To put it simply, it has been though that investment treaty arbitration, similar to international commercial arbitration, is founded upon a reciprocal contract made through a merger of intentions of the host State and the foreign investor. This perception would necessarily lead to the application of the principle of party autonomy as the main governing principle over the process of arbitration; a principle that is well tailored to adjudications with private function. Contrary to this, a careful examination of the nature of investment treaty arbitration reveals not only the public dimensions of the system, but also the unilaterality of the framework on which the system stands. These two characteristics require a shift in paradigm; otherwise, the system will expose to more and more legitimacy crises. The present research, therefore, tends to make a clear distinction between the two systems of international commercial and investment treaty arbitration, and explore the implications of this paradigm-shifting for the process of investment treaty arbitration, in particular, the way tribunals interpret the instrument of consent and the autonomy of tribunals in the course of the arbitration.

O presente trabalho aborda, da perspectiva do ordenamento jurídico brasileiro, a cláusula de eleição de lei nos contratos internacionais. Para isso, dividimos este estudo em três partes. Na primeira, tratamos das premissas fundamentais do nosso objeto. Na segunda, abordamos especificamente a escolha de lei no Brasil. Na terceira, versamos sobre as propostas de reforma da legislação brasileira e tecemos alguns comentários a título de conclusão. Na primeira parte abordamos (i) aspectos gerais dos contratos internacionais, (ii) o princípio da autonomia da vontade, (iii) os limites à aplicação da lei estrangeira e (iv) como a escolha de lei é disciplinada na Europa e nos EUA. Na segunda parte deste trabalho, examinamos a cláusula de eleição de direito aplicável de acordo com o sistema jurídico pátrio. Em seguida, estudamos a extensão da autonomia da vontade dos contratantes. Na última parte, em vista das conclusões obtidas nos capítulos anteriores, verificamos a necessidade de reforma da legislação brasileira para adequá-la aos padrões internacionais. / The purpose of this paper is to analyze, from the perspective of the Brazilian legal system, the choice of law clause in international contracts. We divide this work in three parts. In the first one, we examine some general important issues related to our subject. In the second one, we specifically discuss the choice of law according to the Brazilian law. In the last part, we examine some proposals to update the Brazilian legal system. In the first part, we discuss (i) general aspects of international contracts, (ii) the principle of party autonomy, (iii) limitations to apply a foreign law and (iv) how the choice of law is set forth in Europe and the USA. In the second part, we analyze the choice of law clause under Brazilian law. Afterwards, we investigate the extension of party autonomy. In the last part, due to the conclusions of the previous chapters, we verify the need for an update of the Brazilian legislation to meet international standards.

O presente trabalho aborda, da perspectiva do ordenamento jurídico brasileiro, a cláusula de eleição de lei nos contratos internacionais. Para isso, dividimos este estudo em três partes. Na primeira, tratamos das premissas fundamentais do nosso objeto. Na segunda, abordamos especificamente a escolha de lei no Brasil. Na terceira, versamos sobre as propostas de reforma da legislação brasileira e tecemos alguns comentários a título de conclusão. Na primeira parte abordamos (i) aspectos gerais dos contratos internacionais, (ii) o princípio da autonomia da vontade, (iii) os limites à aplicação da lei estrangeira e (iv) como a escolha de lei é disciplinada na Europa e nos EUA. Na segunda parte deste trabalho, examinamos a cláusula de eleição de direito aplicável de acordo com o sistema jurídico pátrio. Em seguida, estudamos a extensão da autonomia da vontade dos contratantes. Na última parte, em vista das conclusões obtidas nos capítulos anteriores, verificamos a necessidade de reforma da legislação brasileira para adequá-la aos padrões internacionais. / The purpose of this paper is to analyze, from the perspective of the Brazilian legal system, the choice of law clause in international contracts. We divide this work in three parts. In the first one, we examine some general important issues related to our subject. In the second one, we specifically discuss the choice of law according to the Brazilian law. In the last part, we examine some proposals to update the Brazilian legal system. In the first part, we discuss (i) general aspects of international contracts, (ii) the principle of party autonomy, (iii) limitations to apply a foreign law and (iv) how the choice of law is set forth in Europe and the USA. In the second part, we analyze the choice of law clause under Brazilian law. Afterwards, we investigate the extension of party autonomy. In the last part, due to the conclusions of the previous chapters, we verify the need for an update of the Brazilian legislation to meet international standards.

Dentre as instituições democráticas, os partidos políticos são as que gozam de menor confiança e prestígio perante a sociedade. Ainda assim, levando em consideração o papel essencial que desempenham no processo político democrático, o objetivo deste trabalho é analisar como o Direito pode contribuir para o fortalecimento dos partidos políticos brasileiros e para a reversão do atual quadro de descrença. Com esse escopo, o primeiro capítulo tratará da evolução histórica das agremiações que atuaram no cenário político nacional e da legislação partidária elaborada em cada período, a fim de identificar as origens dos problemas enfrentados atualmente e em que medida as leis já elaboradas foram suficientes para conter os desvios. Em seguida, o segundo capítulo, discorrerá sobre as principais funções exercidas pelos partidos nas arenas eleitoral e legislativa, bem como sobre a estrutura e funcionamento interno dos três maiores partidos nacionais, por meio da leitura dos seus Estatutos, com o intuito de apreender as falhas e êxitos resultantes de sua atuação. No terceiro capítulo, serão abordados o fenômeno da desconfiança e seus efeitos sobre a democracia, bem como o papel das leis na correção dos desvios, tomando como exemplo seu desempenho em outras áreas do Direito. Após, passaremos à análise dos entraves impostos à legislação partidária no Brasil, em especial a tutela excessiva da autonomia partidária. Por fim, tendo a legislação estrangeira como referência, faremos algumas sugestões com o intuito de aprimorar a atuação dos partidos políticos pátrios. Consciente de que o Direito não tem condições de resolver isoladamente as mazelas que assolam o sistema partidário brasileiro, cujas raízes estão profundamente fincadas na sociedade, esse trabalho procurará demonstrar que a Ciência Jurídica pode, ao menos, dar início às mudanças necessárias, seja incentivando os comportamentos corretos, seja proibindo e punindo os comportamentos desviados / Even though the political parties are the less prestigious and credible amongst democratic institutions, due to its unique role in the democratic political process this thesis aims to analyze how Law can contribute to the strengthening of the Brazilian political parties and to the regain of its credibility. Having this into account, the first chapter will examine the parties historical evolution on the Brazilian political scenario along with the related legislation of each period, focusing on identifying the origins of the currently problems and the role of the legislation on solving them. Afterwards, the second chapter will discuss the main functions of the political parties on the legislative and electoral arenas and the internal structure of the three main Brazilian political parties, trying to focus on the flaws and achievements of their performance. The third chapter will study the trust issues between political parties and their voters along with its effects on democracy and the role of the legislation on political parties, in comparison to its performance on the other legal areas. After this, it will be analyzed the barriers imposed to the Brazilian legislation on political parties, especially the excessive supervision of party autonomy. Finally, taking the foreign legislation as a reference, some suggestions will be made in order to improve the Brazilian political parties performance. Considering that Law, on its own, is unable to solve the Brazilian political parties issues, this paper aims to demonstrate that the importance of Legal Science is to initiate the necessary chances, stimulating proper behavior or punishing improper demeanor.

The globalization and the realization of a European common insurance market have increased the importance of cross border insurance contracts. Despite that, a gathered set of rules regulating cross border insurance contracts does not exist. The sets of rules within Private International Law which arises today when determining the applicable law regarding cross border insurance contracts are the law of 1993 on applicable law to certain insurance contracts (the law of 1993) and the law of 1998 on applicable law to contractual obligations (Rome Convention). Since the Rome Convention is the only Community instrument which still is in the form of a treaty, work has been done in order to convert it into a regulation, called the Rome-I-regulation. Therefore, the future Rome I-regulation is of importance for the thesis as well since it most likely will replace the Rome Convention. Swedish law is based on the principle of party autonomy, which means that the contracting parties have the right to freely agree on the content of the contract, including the choice of law. However, the thesis shows that some limitations to the parties’ freedom of choice does exist in the different sets of rules. The thesis also examines how the two sets of rules differ concerning the extent of the freedom of choice of law. Further, the thesis investigates the distinction between the rules regarding the choice of law within the same set of rules. In addition, the objective choice of law in accordance with the sets of rules is discussed. Which of the sets of rules that is applicable on a certain insurance contract is often difficult to foresee, particularly for someone who is not familiar with the legal systems. It is even more complicated to determine which provision in a certain set of rules that is applicable on a contracting party. Article 3 in the Rome Convention permits party autonomy regarding the choice of law in a business to business relation. When the contract involves a consumer, the party autonomy is reduced. Here, article 5 in the Rome Convention allow the parties to choose applicable law, but the choice shall not have the result of depriving the consumer of the protection afforded to him by the mandatory rules of the law of the consumer’s country. A problem that the provision brings is that most of the insurance consumer contracts fall outside its scope since they rarely meet the criteria which the provision sets out. Instead the consumer contracts normally fall under the provisions in article 3, especially developed for businessmen on an equal level. The law of 1993 differ between small and large risks. A free choice of law is basicly only allowed when the insurance contract involves a large risk, which mainly includes risks insured by larger companies. When the insured risk is defined as a small risk, the choice of law is limited. Only under certain circumstances are the parties allowed to choose another law than the law in the country where the policy-holder has his habitual residence or central administration, or the law of the country where the risk is situated. Insurance contracts regarding small risks are usually signed by private persons or, to a certain extent, small- or medium sized companies. / Gränsöverskridande försäkringsavtal har fått en ökad betydelse i takt med globaliseringen och efter genomförandet av en inre europeisk marknad på försäkringsområdet. Trots det saknas ett samlat regelverk som reglerar lagval avseende gränsöverskridande försäkringsavtal. De regelverk i svensk internationell privaträtt som idag aktualiseras vid fastställandet av tillämplig lag på gränsöverskridande skadeförsäkringsavtal är lag (1993:645) om tillämplig lag för vissa försäkringsavtal (1993 års lag) och lag (1998:167) om tillämplig lag för avtalsförpliktelser (Romkonventionen). Då Romkonventionen är det enda gemenskapsinstrument som är i formen av ett fördrag pågår det ett arbete för att omvandla konventionen till en förordning, med arbetsnamnet Rom I. Även den framtida Rom I-förordningen är av betydelse för uppsatsen eftersom den med stor sannolikhet kommer att ersätta Romkonventionen. Utgångspunkten i svensk rätt är att avtalsfrihet råder, även vad gäller val av tillämplig lag. Det finns emellertid vissa begränsningar av parternas fria lagval i regelverken. Framställningen undersöker främst hur regelverken skiljer sig åt vad gäller omfattningen av parternas fria lagval. Ytterligare tillkommer det att utröna de olikheter som finns avseende partautonomin mellan reglerna i samma regelverk. Diskussion förs även om hur det objektiva lagvalet fastställs enligt regelverken i det fall parterna inte har gjort något lagval. Vilket av regelverken som blir tillämpligt på ett visst försäkringsavtal är svårt att förutse, framför allt för någon som inte är juridiskt insatt. Ännu svårare är det att fastställa vilken regel i ett visst regelverk en försäkringstagare omfattas av. Enligt artikel 3 i Romkonventionen råder i princip obegränsad partsautonomi mellan näringsidkare vad gäller lagvalet. Annorlunda blir det i ett konsumentförhållande där omfattningen av partsautonomin är begränsad. Parterna kan avtala om tillämplig lag även här, men lagvalet får inte medföra att konsumenten berövas det skydd som denne garanteras enligt lagen i sitt hemland enligt artikel 5. Problemet med bestämmelsen är att de flesta konsumentförsäkringsavtal hamnar utanför reglernas tillämpningsområde då de sällan kan uppfylla kriterierna som ställs upp i artikeln. Som en följd därav omfattas de istället av den generella regeln i artikel 3 som är särskilt utvecklad för jämbördiga näringsidkare. Det objektiva lagvalet fastställs i konventionen enligt närhetsprincipen med hjälp av en rad presumptioner. För försäkringsavtal aktualiseras i huvudsak regeln om den karaktäristiska prestationen. I 1993 års lag görs en uppdelning mellan massrisker och stora risker. Lagen tillåter endast partsautonomi i den mån den försäkrade risken faller under definitionen av en stor risk. Hit hör främst försäkringar som tecknats av större företag. Då den försäkrade risken är en massrisk är det fria lagvalet istället starkt begränsat. Ytterst sällan har parterna rätt att välja någon annan lag än lagen i det land där försäkringstagaren har sitt hemvist eller centrala förvaltning, eller, lagen i det land där risken är belägen. Försäkring för massrisker tecknas främst av privatpersoner och i viss mån av mindre företag. Även i Rom I råder obegränsad partsautonomi för de försäkringsavtal som omfattas av huvudregeln i artikel 3. Däremot har partsautonomin helt tagits bort för de konument-försäkringsavtal vilka faller under artikel 5. Istället underkastas ett sådant avtal alltid konsumentens lands lag. Vidare har en fast regel utformats för att fastställa det objektiva lagvalet som innebär att försäkringsgivarens lands lag skall tillämpas på försäkringsavtalet, såtillvida avtalet inte omfattas av artikel 5. Romkonventionen och 1993 års lag skiljer sig åt, både lagtekniskt och i deras bakomliggande syfte. Reglerna i konventionen är av generell natur eftersom de är utformade för tillämpas på ett stort antal olika slags avtal. 1993 års lag är istället specifikt utformad för att reglera lagval för försäkringsavtal. Att lagvalsreglerna är oharmoniserade leder till att EU-medborgare behandlas olika beroende på var försäkringstagaren har sitt försäkrade intresse. Ur konsumentskyddssynpunkt är Romkonventionen inte heller särskilt väl lämpad för försäkringsavtal. Omfattningen av partsautonomin för försäkringsavtal varierar, både mellan regelverken och inom dem. Problemet med de oharmoniserade lagvalsreglerna på försäkringsområdet har uppmärksammats vid arbetet med revideringen av Romkonventionens artiklar med anledning av en framtida omvandling till en förordning. Problemet kvarstår dock även efter revideringen av artiklarna. Omfattningen av partsautonomin har inskränkts i Rom I i förhållande till Romkonventionen.

<p>The globalization and the realization of a European common insurance market have increased the importance of cross border insurance contracts. Despite that, a gathered set of rules regulating cross border insurance contracts does not exist. The sets of rules within Private International Law which arises today when determining the applicable law regarding cross border insurance contracts are the law of 1993 on applicable law to certain insurance contracts (the law of 1993) and the law of 1998 on applicable law to contractual obligations (Rome Convention). Since the Rome Convention is the only Community instrument which still is in the form of a treaty, work has been done in order to convert it into a regulation, called the Rome-I-regulation. Therefore, the future Rome I-regulation is of importance for the thesis as well since it most likely will replace the Rome Convention.</p><p>Swedish law is based on the principle of party autonomy, which means that the contracting parties have the right to freely agree on the content of the contract, including the choice of law. However, the thesis shows that some limitations to the parties’ freedom of choice does exist in the different sets of rules. The thesis also examines how the two sets of rules differ concerning the extent of the freedom of choice of law. Further, the thesis investigates the distinction between the rules regarding the choice of law within the same set of rules. In addition, the objective choice of law in accordance with the sets of rules is discussed.</p><p>Which of the sets of rules that is applicable on a certain insurance contract is often difficult to foresee, particularly for someone who is not familiar with the legal systems. It is even more complicated to determine which provision in a certain set of rules that is applicable on a contracting party. Article 3 in the Rome Convention permits party autonomy regarding the choice of law in a business to business relation.</p><p>When the contract involves a consumer, the party autonomy is reduced. Here, article 5 in the Rome Convention allow the parties to choose applicable law, but the choice shall not have the result of depriving the consumer of the protection afforded to him by the mandatory rules of the law of the consumer’s country. A problem that the provision brings is that most of the insurance consumer contracts fall outside its scope since they rarely meet the criteria which the provision sets out. Instead the consumer contracts normally fall under the provisions in article 3, especially developed for businessmen on an equal level.</p><p>The law of 1993 differ between small and large risks. A free choice of law is basicly only allowed when the insurance contract involves a large risk, which mainly includes risks insured by larger companies. When the insured risk is defined as a small risk, the choice of law is limited. Only under certain circumstances are the parties allowed to choose another law than the law in the country where the policy-holder has his habitual residence or central administration, or the law of the country where the risk is situated. Insurance contracts regarding small risks are usually signed by private persons or, to a certain extent, small- or medium sized companies.</p> / <p>Gränsöverskridande försäkringsavtal har fått en ökad betydelse i takt med globaliseringen och efter genomförandet av en inre europeisk marknad på försäkringsområdet. Trots det saknas ett samlat regelverk som reglerar lagval avseende gränsöverskridande försäkringsavtal. De regelverk i svensk internationell privaträtt som idag aktualiseras vid fastställandet av tillämplig lag på gränsöverskridande skadeförsäkringsavtal är lag (1993:645) om tillämplig lag för vissa försäkringsavtal (1993 års lag) och lag (1998:167) om tillämplig lag för avtalsförpliktelser (Romkonventionen). Då Romkonventionen är det enda gemenskapsinstrument som är i formen av ett fördrag pågår det ett arbete för att omvandla konventionen till en förordning, med arbetsnamnet Rom I. Även den framtida Rom I-förordningen är av betydelse för uppsatsen eftersom den med stor sannolikhet kommer att ersätta Romkonventionen. Utgångspunkten i svensk rätt är att avtalsfrihet råder, även vad gäller val av tillämplig lag. Det finns emellertid vissa begränsningar av parternas fria lagval i regelverken. Framställningen undersöker främst hur regelverken skiljer sig åt vad gäller omfattningen av parternas fria lagval. Ytterligare tillkommer det att utröna de olikheter som finns avseende partautonomin mellan reglerna i samma regelverk. Diskussion förs även om hur det objektiva lagvalet fastställs enligt regelverken i det fall parterna inte har gjort något lagval.</p><p>Vilket av regelverken som blir tillämpligt på ett visst försäkringsavtal är svårt att förutse, framför allt för någon som inte är juridiskt insatt. Ännu svårare är det att fastställa vilken regel i ett visst regelverk en försäkringstagare omfattas av. Enligt artikel 3 i Romkonventionen råder i princip obegränsad partsautonomi mellan näringsidkare vad gäller lagvalet. Annorlunda blir det i ett konsumentförhållande där omfattningen av partsautonomin är begränsad. Parterna kan avtala om tillämplig lag även här, men lagvalet får inte medföra att konsumenten berövas det skydd som denne garanteras enligt lagen i sitt hemland enligt artikel 5. Problemet med bestämmelsen är att de flesta konsumentförsäkringsavtal hamnar utanför reglernas tillämpningsområde då de sällan kan uppfylla kriterierna som ställs upp i artikeln. Som en följd därav omfattas de istället av den generella regeln i artikel 3 som är särskilt utvecklad för jämbördiga näringsidkare. Det objektiva lagvalet fastställs i konventionen enligt närhetsprincipen med hjälp av en rad presumptioner. För försäkringsavtal aktualiseras i huvudsak regeln om den karaktäristiska prestationen.</p><p>I 1993 års lag görs en uppdelning mellan massrisker och stora risker. Lagen tillåter endast partsautonomi i den mån den försäkrade risken faller under definitionen av en stor risk. Hit hör främst försäkringar som tecknats av större företag. Då den försäkrade risken är en massrisk är det fria lagvalet istället starkt begränsat. Ytterst sällan har parterna rätt att välja någon annan lag än lagen i det land där försäkringstagaren har sitt hemvist eller centrala förvaltning, eller, lagen i det land där risken är belägen. Försäkring för massrisker tecknas främst av privatpersoner och i viss mån av mindre företag.</p><p>Även i Rom I råder obegränsad partsautonomi för de försäkringsavtal som omfattas av huvudregeln i artikel 3. Däremot har partsautonomin helt tagits bort för de konument-försäkringsavtal vilka faller under artikel 5. Istället underkastas ett sådant avtal alltid konsumentens lands lag. Vidare har en fast regel utformats för att fastställa det objektiva lagvalet som innebär att försäkringsgivarens lands lag skall tillämpas på försäkringsavtalet, såtillvida avtalet inte omfattas av artikel 5.</p><p>Romkonventionen och 1993 års lag skiljer sig åt, både lagtekniskt och i deras bakomliggande syfte. Reglerna i konventionen är av generell natur eftersom de är utformade för tillämpas på ett stort antal olika slags avtal. 1993 års lag är istället specifikt utformad för att reglera lagval för försäkringsavtal. Att lagvalsreglerna är oharmoniserade leder till att EU-medborgare behandlas olika beroende på var försäkringstagaren har sitt försäkrade intresse. Ur konsumentskyddssynpunkt är Romkonventionen inte heller särskilt väl lämpad för försäkringsavtal. Omfattningen av partsautonomin för försäkringsavtal varierar, både mellan regelverken och inom dem. Problemet med de oharmoniserade lagvalsreglerna på försäkringsområdet har uppmärksammats vid arbetet med revideringen av Romkonventionens artiklar med anledning av en framtida omvandling till en förordning. Problemet kvarstår dock även efter revideringen av artiklarna. Omfattningen av partsautonomin har inskränkts i Rom I i förhållande till Romkonventionen.</p>

This study offers the so-called ”Choice-Based Perspective” of the choice-of-law question or “CBP”. Drawing on the legal philosophy of Immanuel Kant and through careful evaluation of comprehensive theory of Kant’s follower- Friedrich Carl von Savigny, CBP offers a purely private conception of the subject which rejects the conventional wisdom that choice-of-law has to be grounded on the principle of states’ sovereignty. Furthermore, it will be argued that the proposed approach holds much sway in practice, for the normative underpinnings of CBP are already embedded in many traditional and contemporary choice-of-law rules, doctrines, and concepts.

This study offers the so-called ”Choice-Based Perspective” of the choice-of-law question or “CBP”. Drawing on the legal philosophy of Immanuel Kant and through careful evaluation of comprehensive theory of Kant’s follower- Friedrich Carl von Savigny, CBP offers a purely private conception of the subject which rejects the conventional wisdom that choice-of-law has to be grounded on the principle of states’ sovereignty. Furthermore, it will be argued that the proposed approach holds much sway in practice, for the normative underpinnings of CBP are already embedded in many traditional and contemporary choice-of-law rules, doctrines, and concepts.

Dentre as instituições democráticas, os partidos políticos são as que gozam de menor confiança e prestígio perante a sociedade. Ainda assim, levando em consideração o papel essencial que desempenham no processo político democrático, o objetivo deste trabalho é analisar como o Direito pode contribuir para o fortalecimento dos partidos políticos brasileiros e para a reversão do atual quadro de descrença. Com esse escopo, o primeiro capítulo tratará da evolução histórica das agremiações que atuaram no cenário político nacional e da legislação partidária elaborada em cada período, a fim de identificar as origens dos problemas enfrentados atualmente e em que medida as leis já elaboradas foram suficientes para conter os desvios. Em seguida, o segundo capítulo, discorrerá sobre as principais funções exercidas pelos partidos nas arenas eleitoral e legislativa, bem como sobre a estrutura e funcionamento interno dos três maiores partidos nacionais, por meio da leitura dos seus Estatutos, com o intuito de apreender as falhas e êxitos resultantes de sua atuação. No terceiro capítulo, serão abordados o fenômeno da desconfiança e seus efeitos sobre a democracia, bem como o papel das leis na correção dos desvios, tomando como exemplo seu desempenho em outras áreas do Direito. Após, passaremos à análise dos entraves impostos à legislação partidária no Brasil, em especial a tutela excessiva da autonomia partidária. Por fim, tendo a legislação estrangeira como referência, faremos algumas sugestões com o intuito de aprimorar a atuação dos partidos políticos pátrios. Consciente de que o Direito não tem condições de resolver isoladamente as mazelas que assolam o sistema partidário brasileiro, cujas raízes estão profundamente fincadas na sociedade, esse trabalho procurará demonstrar que a Ciência Jurídica pode, ao menos, dar início às mudanças necessárias, seja incentivando os comportamentos corretos, seja proibindo e punindo os comportamentos desviados / Even though the political parties are the less prestigious and credible amongst democratic institutions, due to its unique role in the democratic political process this thesis aims to analyze how Law can contribute to the strengthening of the Brazilian political parties and to the regain of its credibility. Having this into account, the first chapter will examine the parties historical evolution on the Brazilian political scenario along with the related legislation of each period, focusing on identifying the origins of the currently problems and the role of the legislation on solving them. Afterwards, the second chapter will discuss the main functions of the political parties on the legislative and electoral arenas and the internal structure of the three main Brazilian political parties, trying to focus on the flaws and achievements of their performance. The third chapter will study the trust issues between political parties and their voters along with its effects on democracy and the role of the legislation on political parties, in comparison to its performance on the other legal areas. After this, it will be analyzed the barriers imposed to the Brazilian legislation on political parties, especially the excessive supervision of party autonomy. Finally, taking the foreign legislation as a reference, some suggestions will be made in order to improve the Brazilian political parties performance. Considering that Law, on its own, is unable to solve the Brazilian political parties issues, this paper aims to demonstrate that the importance of Legal Science is to initiate the necessary chances, stimulating proper behavior or punishing improper demeanor.

Todos os sistemas jurídicos produzem leis e decisões judiciais, cuja diferença reside principalmente na predominância de uma dessas características. No sistema de civil law, preponderante no Brasil, prevalece a elaboração das normas, organizadas em códigos e leis. O sistema jurídico da common law, por sua vez, é baseado primordialmente em decisões judiciais, que inclusive condicionam a admissibilidade da intromissão normativa, vinculando a todos, independentemente de obrigatoriedade expressa ou sanções por descumprimento, como no Canadá. Apesar das diferenças, a rápida adesão do universo do civil law à economia de mercado e à globalização, por um lado, e o esforço de harmonização e unificação, por outro, têm contribuído para a diluição de fronteiras teóricas práticas entre os dois sistemas, além de suscitar um recrudescimento do interesse pela teoria do contrato. No Brasil, um dos exemplos dessa diluição, motivada principalmente pela morosidade processual ligada à tradição e cultura nacionais que nutrem certa simpatia pelos recursos, é a Lei de Arbitragem por meio da qual se conferiu aos tribunais arbitrais uma natureza quase judicial, iniciativa pioneira dos sistemas de common law. A difusão da arbitragem como meio alternativo de solução de controvérsias, sobretudo no âmbito empresarial, decorre em especial de sua flexibilidade procedimental, em cujo ambiente de liberdade se destaca seu grande protagonista, o árbitro, ao lhe permitir experimentar novos e variados meios de investigação dos fatos, otimizando a capacidade de compreensão do direito aplicável ao caso sob análise. As cláusulas arbitrais, particularmente, compatibilizam-se com os princípios da autonomia privada e da duração razoável do processo, refletindo inteiramente nos custos de transação das relações entre agentes econômicos. Elas instrumentalizam as denominadas estruturas de conservação, que remetem a uma atuação pacificadora de baixa litigiosidade, de modo a preservar e atualizar os valores inicialmente perseguidos pelos contratantes. Com isso, viabiliza-se a minimização dos riscos, maximização dos direitos e aprimoramento dos resultados das transações, sendo uma ferramenta eficiente sob a ótica econômica. Em sendo a cláusula arbitral uma extensão da autonomia negocial, constitui um poderoso instrumento de auxílio à cooperação eficiente entre as partes, induzindo comportamento mediante redução de custos de transação e incentivando o cumprimento do contrato com a interpretação e regulamentação de promessas. Considerando, assim, a forte interpenetração das duas tradições jurídicas, torna-se imperiosa a análise da cláusula arbitral no contexto de um sistema misto, cujo ponto de partida será o Canadá em confronto com o sistema brasileiro. A pesquisa, por sua vez, não prescindirá dos contributos da análise econômica do Direito que compaginam o Direito com a própria evolução da sociedade, com destaque para a interação entre organizações econômicas e instituições, pois estas, ao estruturarem incentivos para os intercâmbios humanos (políticos, sociais e econômicos), afetam o desempenho da economia, definem e limitam o conjunto de escolha dos indivíduos, permitindo-lhes a redução de incertezas. A mesma lógica aplicar-se-á à arbitragem frente à postura do Poder Judiciário, cuja instituição é fundamental para garantir direitos de propriedade, fazer cumprir contratos e, acima de tudo, atribuir enforcement à cláusula compromissória arbitral. / All legal systems produce laws and judgments, whose difference consists mainly on the predominance in one of those characteristics. The civil law system, preponderant in Brazil, prevails the preparation of rules, organized in codes and laws. The legal system of common law is based primarily on judicial decisions that condition, inclusive the admissibility of the normative intromission, binding to all, regardless of the obligation expressed or sanctions for default, as in Canada. Despite the differences (the quick adhesion of the civil law universe to the market economy and globalization for one side, and the effort of harmonization and unification on the other side), they have contributed to the dilution of practical theoretical borders between the two systems, in addition to causing a resurgence of interest in contract theory. In Brazil, one of the examples of this dilution, motivated mainly by slowness procedural, linked to national tradition and culture which maintained some sympathy for appeals, it is the arbitrations law through whereby was conferred to arbitral tribunals a quasi-judicial nature, pioneering initiative of common law systems. Specially in the commercial context, the arbitration diffusion as an alternative dispute resolution derives mainly from its procedural flexibility, in which freedom environment makes its big protagonist stand out, the arbitrator, because it allows him to try new and varied means of facts investigation, optimizing the ability of understanding the law applicable to the case under examination. Particularly, the arbitration clauses are compatible with the principle of private autonomy and reasonable duration of proceedings, reflecting in transaction costs on relations between economic agents. They prime the socalled \"conservation structures\", which refer to a peacemaking activity of the lower litigation, in order to preserve and update the values initially persecuted by contractors. So, the risks are reduced, the rights are maximized and the results of the transactions are improved, being a powerful tool under the economic perspective. As the arbitration clause is an extension of the negotiating autonomy, it constitutes a powerful aid tool to the efficient cooperation between both, inducing behavior through transaction reduction costs and encouraging the fulfillment of the contract with the interpretation and regulation promises. Considering the strong interpenetration of the legal traditions, it becomes essential to analyze the arbitral clause in the mixed system context, whose starting point will be the Canada in confrontation with the Brazilian. The research, wont do without the contribution of economic analysis of Law which paginate the Law with the society evolution, with emphasis on the interaction between economic organizations and institutions, that structuring incentives for human exchanges (political, social and economic), they affect the economy performance, define and limit the choice of individuals by allowing them to reduce uncertainties. The same logic will apply to arbitration before the judiciary\'s attitude, whose institution is critical to ensure property rights, enforcing contracts and assign enforcement to arbitration clause.