Thesis (LL.M.). / Written for the Institute of Comparative Law. Title from title page of PDF (viewed 2008/07/28). Includes bibliographical references.

International commercial arbitration ('ICA') is typically characterised as a procedural alternative to litigation in national courts. The great majority of scholarly literature on ICA relates to its procedure, as opposed to substance. This is not surprising since, in ICA, the governing substantive law is usually the national law of some state. One might therefore expect that there would be no difference between the decisions of arbitrators and judges on matters governed by substantive law. However, this intuition remains untested. ICA exists outside the legal system of any state and is specifically adapted for the resolution of international commercial disputes. The decisions of international arbitrators are fertile ground for the growth of international (i.e., transnational) commercial law. A better understanding of arbitrators' decision making will therefore shed light on how international commercial law is likely to evolve. Such understanding would also enable both consumers and providers of arbitration services to make better-informed decisions. International arbitrators' decisions are not susceptible to traditional legal analysis because only a tiny, non-representative sample of arbitral awards is published. The researcher simply lacks access to the necessary data. For the same reason, quantitative statistical studies of arbitrators' decisions are unlikely to yield useful insights. This thesis adopts a sociological approach. It identifies social norms that constitute an incipient culture of ICA and assesses the effects of these norms on arbitrators' decisions on the merits. Part I consists of two case studies that focus on specific areas of contract law. These case studies, which employ standard comparative law methodologies, provide evidence that the outcomes reached in ICA do diverge from those reached in national court litigation, even when arbitrators and judges purport to apply the same substantive laws. Part II employs the sociological methodology of 'grounded theory' to explain this divergence. It analyses the writings of arbitrators, counsel and commentators in order to describe two classes of social norms: those arising from the institutional structure of ICA and those arising from the values shared by international commercial arbitrators. The thesis concludes by predicting, in general terms, the effects of these social norms on arbitrators' decisions on the merits. It also suggests the specific contract law doctrines that international arbitrators will tend to prefer. These doctrines represent a likely future of international commercial law.

This thesis aims to present the terms industrial works and industrial construction and issues relating to defining them. It furthermore focuses on summarization of characteristics and particularities of selected principal international documents, which deal with the topic of international contracts on supply of industrial works (FIDIC standard forms of contract, UNIDROIT Principles of International Commercial Contracts and Legal Guide on Drawing Up International Contracts for the Construction of Industrial Works issued by UNCITRAL) and regular parts typically contained in the international contracts on supply on supply of industrial works, especially in relation to dispute settlement and arbitration. The thesis furthermore addresses competition law issues relevant to the international supply of industrial works. This thesis is, in logical sequence, divided into five chapters, including the conclusion. The first chapter defines essential terms - industrial works and industrial construction and international contract on supply of industrial works. Second chapter deals with international organisations of importance in respect to international contracts on supply of industrial works. Third chapter follows up by analysis of arbitration agreements and prorogation clauses in international industrial...

This dissertation examines the influence of politics and legal education on choice of law for international contracts. The motivation for this study is to challenge the traditional approach of analyzing choice of law by highlighting the impact of areas exogenous to law in the judge’s decision-making process; as well as the importance of examining choice of law from a multi-disciplinary perspective. This motivation is achieved through the comparison of five jurisdictions belonging to a variety of geographical locations and legal traditions. They represent the common (U.S.) and civil law traditions (Venezuela), a mixed jurisdiction (Puerto Rico), an Arabic jurisdiction (Lebanon), and a European jurisdiction (England). Each one of these sample jurisdictions is examined in a chapter that includes the evolution of choice of law for international contracts, and the evaluation of the influence of legal education and politics in case law. When necessary, a historical background is included to clarify the previous aspects. Data have been collected from books, periodicals, online newspapers, blogs and reports, case law, interviews with university professors, judges and practitioners, and the offices of academic services from two universities. The investigation of each jurisdiction leads to a final comparative chapter in which overall and structural remarks are made. The struggle between certainty and flexibility, the interaction between judges and legislators, the expansion of flexible connecting factors, and the internationalization of commercial needs are some of the aspects evaluated under the overall comparisons. The abuse of discretionary power, the count of contacts as a choice of law method, the role of public policy in civil law traditions, and the relationships between presumptions and escape clauses, and lack choice and implied choice of law, are among the topics examined under the structural comparison section. The conclusion of this study is that judges belong to a society that shapes them and influences their decisions in ways that lawyers do not always consider when choosing the applicable law to international contracts. Two of the means by which society affects judges are legal education and politics; in this era of pluralism of the sources their impact can no longer be ignored. / acase@tulane.edu

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O presente trabalho refere-se à análise da aplicação da boa-fé na arbitragem internacional. Para a consecução do objetivo do estudo proposto, a boa-fé é analisada a partir de seus conceitos clássicos subjetivo e objetivo. É estudada conforme suas diversas formas de conceituação nos principais sistemas jurídicos ocidentais, com referência principal aos sistemas romano, germânico e de common law. Em seguida, é compreendida em nível internacional, através do estudo detido de suas manifestações nos contratos internacionais do comércio, nos princípios contratuais de aplicação internacional e nos princípios gerais de direito do comércio internacional. O papel dos árbitros na veiculação dos preceitos internacionais do princípio da boa-fé é cuidadosamente verificado, incluindo o estudo da atividade do árbitro na escolha da lei aplicável às demandas. Sintetizada a teoria de boa-fé internacional, é realizado seu estudo através de sentenças arbitrais proferidas por tribunais arbitrais especializados, notadamente, os da Câmara de Comércio Internacional. As sentenças analisadas dividem-se em grupos representativos da manifestação multifacetada da boa-fé, sempre estudada sob a óptica do comércio internacional, seus usos e costumes. O resultado do trabalho é a verificação de um conceito particular de boa-fé no comércio internacional, reunido e considerado a partir da verificação da exigência comum de parâmetros comportamentais específicos de cooperação, razoabilidade e justiça contratual. / This study is related to the analysis of the application of good faith in international arbitration. In order for the objectives of the proposed study to be achieved, good faith is analyzed from its subjective and objective classic concepts. It is studied in accordance with the several forms of classification within the main Western legal systems, with primary references to the Roman, Germanic and Common Law systems. In continuance it is interpreted in an international level, through its manifestations within the international commercial agreements, the internationally applicable contractual principles and the general principles of international commercial law. The role of the arbitrators in the dissemination of the international concepts of the good faith principle is carefully scrutinized, including the study of the arbitrators activity in deciding choice of law matters. Once perceived the theory of the international good faith, its study is effected through awards rendered by specialized courts of arbitration, notably, the ones connected to the International Chamber of Commerce. The analyzed awards are divided into groups which represent the multiple manifestations of good faith, always studied under the concept of international trade, its usages and customs. The conclusion of this analysis is the conceptualization of a particular theory of good faith in international trade, gathered and considered through the verification of the regular requirement of specific standards of behaviour of cooperation, reasonableness and contractual justice.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T20:21:10Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Nadja de Alencar Cesar Zubcov.pdf: 810343 bytes, checksum: 404319ad05fb70438bc47ced9721ec6a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-09-27 / The present paper presents a view of the development of commercialized products, the mode of production, the trade development, from the exchanges to effective international transactions; the interference of the State in legal businesses which involve the transfer of technology in the globalized era; and the importance of the removal of the borders. So as to make a complete analysis of the transfer of technology possible, we must necessarily understand the instrument which enables it the contract -, its evolution, its concepts and its requirements. Later, the issue concerning property is discussed, firstly in its classical concept, so that it is possible to compare it to the industrial property, its similarities and discrepancies. Lastly, it is necessary to understand the immaterial object of the contract of technology transfer, what it is and the main ways in which its transfers may occur. The National Institute of Industrial Property, which is responsible for the registration of such contracts, has not been forgotten / O presente trabalho apresenta uma visão do desenvolvimento dos produtos comercializados; o modo de produção; o desenvolvimento do comércio, desde as trocas até as efetivas transações internacionais; a interferência do Estado nos negócios jurídicos que envolvem a transferência de tecnologia na era globalizada; e a importância da eliminação das fronteiras. Para que seja possível uma análise completa da transferência de tecnologia, necessariamente deve-se entender o seu instrumento viabilizador o contrato , sua evolução, seu conceito e seus requisitos. Adiante se discute a questão relativa à propriedade, primeiramente em sua concepção clássica, para que seja possível compará-la com a propriedade industrial, suas semelhanças e discrepâncias. Por fim, há que se compreender o objeto imaterial do contrato de transferência de tecnologia, o que é e as principais maneiras como pode ocorrer sua transferência. Não se olvidou o Instituto Nacional de Propriedade Industrial, responsável pelo registro desses contratos

L'Algérie a engagé une politique de libéralisation de son économie et cherche à intégrer l’économie mondiale pour sortir de sa dépendance des hydrocarbures et diversifier son économie. Une politique incitative est mise en place pour accueillir les investissements direct étrangers qui constituent un enjeu majeur pour l’accroissement des échanges, le transfert de technologie, la mise à niveau des sociétés locales et la création d’emploi. D’un autre côté la mise en place d’une économie de marché exige un environnement juridique efficace et stable qui définit clairement les droits et obligations des opérateurs économiques notamment en matière de conclusion de contrats. Le cadre théorique que nous retenons pour répondre à cette question est l’analyse de la place des conventions fiscales dans l’ordre fiscal algérien et sa corrélation avec la politique de promotion des investissements. Les conventions fiscales sont telles réellement au service de l’investissement ? Pour ce faire nous avons mis en exergue tout au long de nos développements l’examen des conventions fiscales à l’épreuve des contrats internationaux permettant d’améliorer la lisibilité et la transparence de la norme fiscale afin de favoriser l’attractivité du territoire / Algeria has initiated a policy of liberalization of its economy and seeks to integrate the world economy to get out of its dependence on hydrocarbons and diversify its economy. An incentive policy is put in place to accommodate foreign direct investment, which is a major challenge for increased trade, technology transfer, upgrading of local companies andjob creation. On the other hand, the establishment of a market economy requires an effective and stable legal environment that clearly defines the rights and obligations of economic operators, particularly with regard to the conclusion of contracts. The theoretical framework that we use to answer this question is the analysis of the place of conventions and taxes in the Algerian tax system and its correlation with the investment promotion policy. Are the tax conventions really such as to serve the investment? To do this, we have highlighted throughout our development the review of tax treaties to the test of international contracts to improve the legibility and transparency of the tax standard to promote the attractiveness of the territory

Este trabalho versa sobre a boa-fé na nova lex mercatoria, sob a premissa de sua utilidade como princípio geral para seu ordenamento jurídico. A boa-fé, objetiva e aplicável desde as tratativas até a fase pós-contratual, deve ser entendida como meio de reforço da autonomia da vontade e do pacta sunt servanda, assegurando a consecução da finalidade e do espírito (princípio da materialidade) do contrato, a partir da expectativa legítima ou razoável das partes e do respeito à alocação de riscos ajustadas pelas partes na celebração do contrato. A compreensão da boa-fé deve ser construída a partir da identificação de suas três funções (interpretação, integração e, em caráter excepcionalíssimo) e da criação e implementação dos deveres acessórios. / The thesis debates good faith in the new lex mercatoria, based on its utility as a general principle for such legal system. The good faith, objectively understood and applicable during the whole contractual cyclem, from negotiation to post-contractual phase, shall be construed as a means of securing the sanctity of contracts, thus ensuring the achievement of the purpose and spirit (principle of materiality) of the contract, from the perspective of the legitimate or reasonable expectation of the parties and protection of the allocation of risks set forth by the parties when entering into the contract. The understanding of good faith has to be stem from the identification of its three functions (interpretation, integration, and, only in most exceptional cases, correction) and the creation and implementation of accessory duties.

O presente trabalho aborda, da perspectiva do ordenamento jurídico brasileiro, a cláusula de eleição de lei nos contratos internacionais. Para isso, dividimos este estudo em três partes. Na primeira, tratamos das premissas fundamentais do nosso objeto. Na segunda, abordamos especificamente a escolha de lei no Brasil. Na terceira, versamos sobre as propostas de reforma da legislação brasileira e tecemos alguns comentários a título de conclusão. Na primeira parte abordamos (i) aspectos gerais dos contratos internacionais, (ii) o princípio da autonomia da vontade, (iii) os limites à aplicação da lei estrangeira e (iv) como a escolha de lei é disciplinada na Europa e nos EUA. Na segunda parte deste trabalho, examinamos a cláusula de eleição de direito aplicável de acordo com o sistema jurídico pátrio. Em seguida, estudamos a extensão da autonomia da vontade dos contratantes. Na última parte, em vista das conclusões obtidas nos capítulos anteriores, verificamos a necessidade de reforma da legislação brasileira para adequá-la aos padrões internacionais. / The purpose of this paper is to analyze, from the perspective of the Brazilian legal system, the choice of law clause in international contracts. We divide this work in three parts. In the first one, we examine some general important issues related to our subject. In the second one, we specifically discuss the choice of law according to the Brazilian law. In the last part, we examine some proposals to update the Brazilian legal system. In the first part, we discuss (i) general aspects of international contracts, (ii) the principle of party autonomy, (iii) limitations to apply a foreign law and (iv) how the choice of law is set forth in Europe and the USA. In the second part, we analyze the choice of law clause under Brazilian law. Afterwards, we investigate the extension of party autonomy. In the last part, due to the conclusions of the previous chapters, we verify the need for an update of the Brazilian legislation to meet international standards.